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Sholay
1975 film by Ramesh Sippy

Sholay is a landmark 1975 Hindi-language action-adventure film directed by Ramesh Sippy and written by Salim–Javed. It stars Dharmendra and Amitabh Bachchan as two criminals hired to capture the dacoit Gabbar Singh. The film, shot in Ramanagara, Karnataka, became a huge commercial success, breaking box office records in India and overseas, especially in the Soviet Union. Regarded as one of the greatest Indian films, it blends elements of Dacoit Westerns and masala films. Its dialogues, characters, and music by R. D. Burman have had enduring cultural impact. Sholay was re-released in 3D format in 2014, cementing its legacy.

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Plot

Jai and Veeru are small-time crooks who are released from prison, where they are recruited by a former Inspector Thakur Baldev Singh to capture a notorious dacoit named Gabbar Singh wanted for ₹50,000,1 as the duo had saved Thakur from a train robbery which makes Thakur to recruit them for the mission with an additional ₹20,000 reward. The duo leave for Thakur's village in Ramgarh, where Gabbar is residing and terrorizing the villagers.

After reaching Ramgarh, Veeru falls for Basanti, a feisty talkative horse-cart driver. Jai meets Thakur's widowed daughter-in-law Radha and falls for her, who later reciprocates his feelings. The two thwart Gabbar's dacoits, who came to extort money. During the festival of Holi, Gabbar's gang attacks the villagers where they corner Jai and Veeru, but the duo manage to attack and chase them away from the village. The duo are upset at Thakur's inaction (when Jai and Veeru were cornered, Thakur had a gun within his reach, but did not help them) and consider calling off the mission. Thakur reveals that a few years ago, Gabbar had killed his family members (except Radha and Ramlal), and had both his arms cut off; he concealed the dismemberment by always wearing a shawl, which was the sole reason he could not use the gun.

Seeing how much Thakur has suffered, Jai and Veeru took pity by taking an oath that they will capture Gabbar alive, free of charge. After learning the duo's heroics, Gabbar kills the local imam Rahim Chacha's son Ahmed, all to threaten the villagers to make Jai and Veeru surrender to him. The villagers refuse and instead get the duo to kill a few of Gabbar's henchmen in revenge for the boy's death. Gabbar angrily retaliates by having his men capture Veeru and Basanti. Jai arrives and attacks the hideout, where the trio are able to flee Gabbar's hideout with dacoits in pursuit. Shooting from behind a rock, Jai and Veeru nearly run out of ammunition. Unaware that Jai was wounded in the gunfight, Veeru is forced to leave for more ammunition and also to drop Basanti at a safe place.

Jai sacrifices himself by using his last bullet to ignite dynamite sticks on a bridge from close range, killing Gabbar's men. Veeru returns, and Jai dies, leaving Radha and Veeru devastated. Enraged, Veeru attacks Gabbar's den and kills his remaining men where he catches Gabbar and nearly beats him to death. Thakur appears and reminds Veeru of the vow to hand over Gabbar alive. Thakur uses his spike-soled shoes to severely injure Gabbar and his hands. The police arrive and arrest Gabbar for his crimes. After Jai's funeral, Veeru leaves Ramgarh and finds Basanti waiting for him on the train.

Cast

Production

Development

The screenwriter pair Salim–Javed, consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar, began narrating the idea for Sholay as a four-line snippet to filmmakers in 1973.89 The idea was rejected by two producer/director teams, including directors Manmohan Desai and Prakash Mehra.10 About six months after the release of Zanjeer (1973),11 Salim-Javed contacted G. P. Sippy and his son Ramesh Sippy,12 and narrated the four-line snippet to them.13 Ramesh Sippy liked the concept of Sholay and hired them to develop it. The original idea of the film involved an army officer who decided to hire two ex-soldiers to avenge the murder of his family. The army officer was later changed to a policeman because Sippy felt that it would be difficult to get permission to shoot scenes depicting army activities. Salim-Javed completed the script in one month, incorporating names and personality traits of their friends and acquaintances.14 The film's script and dialogues are in Hindustani;15 Salim-Javed wrote the dialogues in Urdu script, which was then transcribed by an assistant into Devanagari script so that Hindi readers could read the Urdu dialogues.16

The film's plot was loosely styled after Akira Kurosawa's 1954 samurai cinema film, Seven Samurai.1718 Sholay is a defining example of the Dacoit Western film, combining the conventions of Indian dacoit films, especially Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957) and the Dilip Kumar and Nitin Bose film Gunga Jumna (1961),19 with that of Westerns,2021 especially Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns such as Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) as well as The Magnificent Seven (1960).22 It also has some plot elements borrowed from the Indian films Mera Gaon Mera Desh (1971) and Khote Sikkay (1973).23 A scene depicting an attempted train robbery was inspired by a similar scene in Gunga Jumna,24 and has also been compared to a similar scene in North West Frontier (1959).25 A scene showing the massacre of Thakur's family has been compared with the massacre of the McBain family in Once Upon a Time in the West.26 Sholay may have also been influenced by Sam Peckinpah's Westerns, such as The Wild Bunch (1969) and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973), and George Roy Hill's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).27

The character Gabbar Singh was modelled on a real-life dacoit Gabbar Singh Gujjar who had menaced the villages around Gwalior in the 1950s. Any policeman captured by Gujjar had his ears and nose cut off, and was released as a warning to other policemen.2829 The fictional Gabbar was also influenced by larger-than-life characters in Pakistani author Ibn-e-Safi's Urdu novels,30 Dilip Kumar's dacoit character Gunga from the film Gunga Jumna who speaks with a similar mixed Khariboli and Awadhi dialect,31 and villains from Sergio Leone's films.32 Sippy wanted to do away with the clichéd idea of a man becoming a dacoit due to societal issues, as was the case in other films, and focused on Gabbar being an emblem of pure evil. To emphasise the point of Gabbar being a new type of villain, Sippy avoided the typical tropes of dacoits wearing dhotis and pagris and sporting a tika and worshipping "Ma Bhavani"; Gabbar would be wearing army fatigues.33 The character of the jailer, played by Asrani was influenced by Adolf Hitler. Javed Akhtar brought a book on World War II which had several pictures of Hitler posing to set the typical posture of the character in the film. Asrani spiced up his character with some ideas about Hitler's speech delivery he had heard from a teacher in FTII. The trademark 'Ha Ha' at the end of his monologues was inspired by a similar performance by Jack Lemmon in The Great Race.3435 Soorma Bhopali, a minor comic relief character, was based on an acquaintance of actor Jagdeep, a forest officer from Bhopal named Soorma. The real-life Soorma eventually threatened to press charges when people who had viewed the film began referring to him as a woodcutter.36 The main characters' names, Jai and Veeru, mean "victory" and "heroism" in Hindi.37

Casting

The producers considered Danny Denzongpa for the role of Gabbar Singh, but he could not accept it as he was committed to act in Feroz Khan's Dharmatma (1975), under production at the same time.38 Amjad Khan, who was the second choice, prepared himself for the part by reading the book Abhishapta Chambal, which told of the exploits of Chambal dacoits. The book was written by Taroon Kumar Bhaduri, the father of fellow cast member Jaya Bhaduri.39 Sanjeev Kumar also wanted to play the role of Gabbar Singh, but Salim-Javed "felt he had the audience's sympathy through roles he'd done before; Gabbar had to be completely hateful."40

Sippy wanted Shatrughan Sinha to play the part of Jai, but there were already several big stars signed, and Amitabh Bachchan, who was not very popular yet, lobbied hard to get the part for himself.41 He was cast after Salim-Javed recommended him for Sholay in 1973; Bachchan's performance in their first collaboration, Zanjeer, convinced Salim-Javed he was the right actor for the part.42 Salim-Javed were also impressed with Bachchan's performance in Raaste Kaa Patthar (1972), and at Bachchan's request, Dharmendra had personally put in a word for him. All these factors ensured that the role was Bachchan's.43

As cast members had read the script ahead of time, many were interested in playing different parts. Pran was considered for the role of Thakur Baldev Singh, but Sippy thought Sanjeev Kumar was a better choice.44 Initially, Salim-Javed approached Dilip Kumar to play Thakur's role, but he turned down the offer; Dilip Kumar later said it was one of the few films he regretted turning down.45 Initially, Dharmendra was also interested to play the role of Thakur. He eventually gave up the role when Sippy informed him that Sanjeev Kumar would play Veeru if that happened, and would thus be paired with Hema Malini, who Dharmendra was trying to woo. Dharmendra knew that Kumar was also interested in Malini.46 Malini was reluctant to play the role of a tangewali, more so after Sippy told her that the film belongs to Sanjeev Kumar and Amjad Khan, but she trusted Sippy to give her a meaty role, given that he had played a huge role in essaying her stardom through their previous collaborations.47

During the film's production, four of the leads became romantically involved.48 Bachchan married Bhaduri four months before filming started. This led to shooting delays when Bhaduri became pregnant with their daughter Shweta. By the time the film released, she was pregnant with their son Abhishek. Dharmendra had begun courting Malini during their earlier film Seeta Aur Geeta (1972), also directed by Sippy, and used the location shoot of Sholay to further pursue her. During their romantic scenes, Dharmendra would often pay the light boys to spoil the shot, thereby ensuring many retakes which would allow him to spend more time with her. The couple married five years after the film's release.49

Filming

Much of Sholay was shot in the rocky terrain of Ramanagara, a town near Bangalore, Karnataka.5051 The filmmakers had to build a road from the Bangalore highway to Ramanagara for convenient access to the sets.52 Art director Ram Yedekar had an entire township built on the site. A prison set was constructed near Rajkamal Studios in Bombay, also outdoors, to match the natural lighting of the on-location sets.53 One part of Ramanagara was for a time called "Sippy Nagar" as a tribute to the director of the film.54 As of 2010[update], a visit to the "Sholay rocks" (where much of the film was shot) was still being offered to tourists travelling through Ramanagara.55

Filming began on location on 3 October 1973, with a scene featuring Bachchan and Bhaduri.56 The film had a lavish production for its time (with frequent banquets and parties for the cast),57 took two and a half years to make, and went over budget. One reason for its high cost was that Sippy re-filmed scenes many times to get his desired effect. "Yeh Dosti", a 5-minute song sequence, took 21 days to shoot, two short scenes in which Radha lights lamps took 20 days to film because of lighting problems, and the shooting of the scene in which Gabbar kills the imam's son lasted 19 days.58 The train robbery sequence, shot on the Bombay–Poona railway route near Panvel, took more than 7 weeks to complete.59

Sholay was the first Indian film to have a stereophonic soundtrack and to use the 70 mm widescreen format.60 However, since actual 70 mm cameras were expensive at the time, the film was shot on traditional 35 mm film and the 4:3 picture was subsequently converted to a 2.2:1 frame.61 Regarding the process, Sippy said, "A 70 mm [sic] format takes the awe of the big screen and magnifies it even more to make the picture even bigger, but since I also wanted a spread of sound we used six-track stereophonic sound and combined it with the big screen. It was definitely a differentiator."62 The use of 70 mm was emphasised by film posters on which the name of the film was stylised to match the CinemaScope logo. Film posters also sought to differentiate the film from those which had come before; one of them added the tagline: "The greatest star cast ever assembled – the greatest story ever told".63

Alternate version

The director's cut of Sholay has a different ending in which Thakur kicks Gabbar onto a nail on one of the two poles that Gabbar had used to chain Thakur when he had cut off his arms, stabbing him in the back and killing him, along with some additional violent scenes. Thakur's shoe soles getting armed with spikes, Gabbar's death scene, and the scene in which the imam's son is killed, were cut from the film by India's Censor Board, as was the scene in which Thakur's family is massacred.64 The Censor Board was concerned about the violence, and that viewers may be influenced to violate the law by punishing people severely.65 Although Sippy fought to keep the scenes, eventually he had to re-shoot the ending of the film, and as directed by the Censor Board, have the police arrive just before Thakur can kill Gabbar.66 The censored theatrical version was the only one seen by audiences for fifteen years. The original, unedited cut of the film finally came out in a British release on VHS in 1990.67 Since then, Eros International has released two versions on DVD. The director's cut of the film preserves the original full frame and is 204 minutes in length; the censored widescreen version is 198 minutes long.68697071

Themes and interpretations

Scholars have noted several themes in the film, such as glorification of violence, conformation to feudal ethos, debate between social order and mobilised usurpers, homosocial bonding, and the film's role as a national allegory.72

Koushik Banerjea, a sociologist in the London School of Economics, notes that Sholay exhibits a "sympathetic construction of 'rogue' masculinity" exemplified by the likeable outlaws Jai and Veeru.73 Banerjea argues during the film, the moral boundary between legality and criminality gradually erodes.74 Film scholar Wimal Dissanayake agrees that the film brought "a new stage in the evolving dialectic between violence and social order" to Indian cinema.75 Film scholar M. Madhava Prasad states that Jai and Veeru represent a marginalised population that is introduced into conventional society.76 Prasad says that, through the elements of revenge included in the plot and the application of Jai and Veeru's criminality for the greater good, the narrative reflects reactionary politics, and the audience is compelled to accept feudal order.77 Banerjea explains that though Jai and Veeru are mercenaries, they are humanised by their emotional needs. Such dualism makes them vulnerable, in contrast to the pure evil of Gabbar Singh.78

Gabbar Singh, the film's antagonist, was well received by the audience, despite his pervasive sadistic cruelty.79 Dissanayake explains that the audience was fascinated by the dialogues and mannerisms of the character, and this element of spectacle outweighed his actions, a first for Indian melodrama.80 He notes that the picturisation of violence in the film was glamourised and uninhibited.81 He further notes that, unlike earlier melodramas in which the female body occupies the audience's attention as an object of male fetish, in Sholay, the male body becomes the centrepiece. It becomes the battleground where good and evil compete for supremacy.82 Dissanayake argues that Sholay can be viewed as a national allegory: it lacks a comforting logical narrative, it shows social stability being repeatedly challenged, and it shows the devaluation of human life resulting from a lack of emotions. Taken together, these elements comprise the allegorical representation of India.83 The narrative style of Sholay, with its violence, revenge, and vigilante action, is occasionally compared by scholars to the political unrest in India at the time of its release. This tension culminated in the Emergency (rule by decree) declared by prime minister Indira Gandhi in 1975.84

Dissanayeke and Sahai note that, although the film borrowed heavily from the Hollywood Western genre, particularly in its visuals, it was successfully "Indianised".85 As an example, William van der Heide has compared a massacre scene in Sholay with a similar scene in Once Upon a Time in the West. Although both films were similar in technical style, Sholay emphasised Indian family values and melodramatic tradition, while the Western was more materialistic and restrained in its approach.86 Maithili Rao, in Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema, notes that Sholay infuses the style of the Western genre into a "feudalistic ethos".87 Ted Shen of the Chicago Reader notes Sholay's "hysterical visual style" and intermittent "populist message".88 Cultural critic and Islamic scholar Ziauddin Sardar lampoons the film in his book The Secret Politics of Our Desires: Innocence, Culpability and Indian Popular Cinema, both for its caricature and stereotyping of Muslim and women characters, and for what he calls mockery of innocent villagers.89 Sardar notes that the two most prominent Muslim characters in the film are Soorma Bhopali (a buffoonish criminal), and an impotent victim of the bandits (the imam). Meanwhile, the sole function of one female character (Radha) is to suffer her fate in silence, while the other female lead (Basanti) is just a garrulous village belle.90

Some scholars have indicated that Sholay contains homosocial themes.9192 Ted Shen describes the male bonding shown in the film as bordering on camp style.93 Dina Holtzman, in her book Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora, states that the death of Jai, and resultant break of bonding between the two male leads, is necessary for the sake of establishing a normative heterosexual relationship (that of Veeru and Basanti).94

Music

R. D. Burman composed the film's music, and the lyrics were written by Anand Bakshi. The songs used in the film, and released on the original soundtrack are listed below.95 Following that is a list of unused tracks and dialogues which were released later on an updated soundtrack.96

Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar and Manna Dey performed vocals for Dharmendra, Malini and Bachchan, respectively.

The song "Mehbooba Mehbooba" was sung by its composer, R. D. Burman, who received his sole Filmfare Award nomination for playback singing for his effort. The song, which is often featured on Bollywood hit song compilations,97 is based on "Say You Love Me" by Greek singer Demis Roussos.98

"Mehbooba Mehbooba" has been extensively anthologised, remixed, and recreated.99 A version was created in 2005 by the Kronos Quartet for their Grammy-nominated album You've Stolen My Heart, featuring Asha Bhosle.100 It was also remixed and sung by Himesh Reshammiya, along with Bhosle, in his debut acting film Aap Kaa Surroor (2007). "Yeh Dosti" has been called the ultimate friendship anthem.101102 It was remixed and sung by Shankar Mahadevan and Udit Narayan for the 2010 Malayalam film Four Friends,103 and also in 2010 it was used to symbolise India's friendship with the United States during a visit from President Barack Obama.104

Several songs from the soundtrack were included in the annual Binaca Geetmala list of top filmi songs. "Mehbooba Mehooba" was listed at No. 24 on the 1975 list, and at No. 6 on the 1976 list. "Koi Haseena" was listed at No. 30 in 1975, and No. 20 in 1976. "Yeh Dosti" was listed at No. 9 in 1976.105 Despite the soundtrack's success, at the time, the songs from Sholay attracted less attention than the film's dialogue—a rarity for Hindi language films. The producers were thus prompted to release records with only dialogue.106107 Taken together, the album sales reached an unprecedented 500,000 units.108 By 1979, the soundtrack went Platinum109 (equivalent to 1 million sales at the time),110 becoming one of the top-selling Bollywood soundtracks of the 1970s.111

Music critic Oli Marlow reviewed the soundtrack in 2013, calling it a unique fusion of religious, folk, and classical music, with influences from around the world. He also commented on the sound design of the film, calling it psychedelic, and saying that there was "a lot of incredible incidental music" in the film that was not included in the soundtrack releases.112 In a 1999 paper submitted to London's Symposium on Sound in Cinema, film critic Shoma A. Chatterji said, "Sholay offers a model lesson on how sound can be used to signify the terror a character evokes. Sholay is also exemplary in its use of soundmatching to jump cut to a different scene and time, without breaking the continuity of the narrative, yet, intensifying the drama."113

Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Title Music (Sholay)" (Instrumental) 02:46
2."Yeh Dosti"Kishore Kumar and Manna Dey05:21
3."Haa Jab Tak Hai Jaan"Lata Mangeshkar05:26
4."Koi Haseena"Kishore Kumar and Hema Malini04:00
5."Holi Ke Din"Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar05:42
6."Mehbooba Mehbooba"R. D. Burman03:54
7."Yeh Dosti" (sad version)Kishore Kumar01:49
Bonus tracks — Released later
No.TitleSingers / SpeakersLength
8."Ke Chand Sa Koi Chehra" (Qawwali)Kishore Kumar, Manna Dey, Bhupinder Singh, Anand Bakshi –
9."Veeru Ki Sagai" (dialogues)Hema Malini, Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan –
10."Gabbar Singh" (dialogues)Amjad Khan, Sanjeev Kumar, Dharmendra –

Reception

Box office

Sholay was released on 15 August 1975, Indian Independence Day, in Bombay. Due to lackluster reviews and a lack of effective visual marketing tools, it saw poor financial returns in its first two weeks. From the third week, however, viewership picked up owing to positive word of mouth.114 During the initial slow period, the director and writer considered re-shooting some scenes so that Amitabh Bachchan's character would not die. When business picked up, they abandoned this idea.115 After being helped additionally by a soundtrack release containing dialogue snippets,116 Sholay soon became an "overnight sensation".117 The film was then released in other distribution zones such as Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, and Hyderabad on 11 October 1975.118 It became the highest-grossing Hindi language film of 1975, and film ranking website Box Office India has given the film a verdict of All Time Blockbuster.119

Sholay went on to earn a still-standing record of 60 golden jubilees120 across India,121 and was the first film in India to celebrate a silver jubilee122 at over 100 theatres.123 It was shown continuously at Bombay's Minerva theatre for over five years.124 Sholay was the Indian film with the longest theatrical run until Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) broke its record of 286 weeks in 2001.125126

Exact figures are not available on the budget and box-office earnings of Sholay, but film trade sources provide estimates of its success. According to Box Office India, Sholay earned about ₹150 million in net income127 (valued at about US$16,778,000 in 1975)128 in India during its first run,129 which was many times its ₹30 million (valued at about US$3,355,000 in 1975)130 budget.131132 Those earnings in India were a record that remained unbroken for nineteen years, which is also the longest amount of time that a film has held the record for being the highest grossing film in India. Its original gross was increased further with re-releases during the late 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s.133 The film's total gross revenue in India amounted to ₹350 million134135 ($39.15 million).136 Box Office India estimates the film's total footfalls in India as over 100 million tickets sold.137 The film was also an overseas success in the Soviet Union, where it was released in 1979.138 The film sold 48.4 million tickets during its initial run at the Soviet box office,139 before eventually selling 60 million tickets including re-runs.140 The film was also released in China, as two parts in 1988.141

It was the highest-grossing Indian film ever up until Disco Dancer (1982),142 and the highest-grossing film in India up until Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994).143 In 1985, India Today estimated that the film drew a total audience of 250 million over the years,144 which is comparable to the number of tickets sold by some of the world's highest-grossing films of all time adjusted for inflation.145 It is often cited that, after adjusting the figures for inflation, Sholay remains one of the highest-grossing films in the history of Indian cinema, although such figures are not known with certainty.146 Box Office India estimated ₹1.63 billion as Sholay's adjusted domestic net income in 2008,147148 while Times of India estimated over ₹3 billion as the adjusted domestic gross in 2009.149 Mid-Day estimated the film's total adjusted gross as ₹15 billion ($246 million) in 2014.150

Critical response

Initial critical reviews of Sholay were negative. Among contemporary critics, K.L. Amladi of India Today called the film a "dead ember" and "a gravely flawed attempt".151152 Filmfare said that the film was an unsuccessful mincing of Western style with Indian milieu, making it an "imitation western—neither here nor there."153 Others labelled it as "sound and fury signifying nothing" and a "second-rate take-off" of the 1971 film Mera Gaon Mera Desh.154 Trade journals and columnists initially called the film a flop.155 In a 1976 article in the journal Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, author Michael Gallagher praised the technical achievement of the film, but otherwise criticised it stating, "As a spectacle it breaks new ground, but on every other level it is intolerable: formless, incoherent, superficial in human image, and a somewhat nasty piece of violence".156

Over time, the critical reception to Sholay greatly improved; it is now considered a classic, and among the greatest Hindi-language films.157158 In a 2005 BBC review, the well-rounded characters and simple narrative of the film were commended, but the comical cameos of Asrani and Jagdeep were considered unnecessary.159 On the film's 35th anniversary, the Hindustan Times wrote that it was a "trailblazer in terms of camera work as well as music," and that "practically every scene, dialogue or even a small character was a highlight."160 In 2006, The Film Society of Lincoln Center described Sholay as "an extraordinary and utterly seamless blend of adventure, comedy, music and dance", labelling it an "indisputable classic".161 Chicago Review critic Ted Shen criticised the film in 2002 for its formulaic plot and "slapdash" cinematography, and noted that the film "alternates between slapstick and melodrama".162 In their obituary of the producer G.P. Sippy, The New York Times said that Sholay "revolutionized Hindi filmmaking and brought true professionalism to Indian script writing".163

Awards

Sholay was nominated for nine Filmfare Awards, and the only winner was M. S. Shinde, who won the award for Best Editing.164 The film also won three awards at the 1976 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards (Hindi section): "Best Actor in Supporting Role" for Amjad Khan, "Best Cinematographer (Colour)" for Dwarka Divecha, and "Best Art Director" for Ram Yedekar.165 Sholay received a special award at the 50th Filmfare Awards in 2005: Best Film of 50 Years.166

AwardsCategoryNomineeResult
Bengal Film Journalists Association AwardsBest Supporting ActorAmjad KhanWon
Best CinematographyDwarka Divecha
Best Art DirectionRam Yadekar
23rd Filmfare AwardsBest EditingM. S. Shinde
Best FilmG. P. SippyNominated
Best DirectorRamesh Sippy
Best ActorSanjeev Kumar
Best Supporting ActorAmjad Khan
Best ComedianAsrani
Best StorySalim-Javed
Best Music DirectorR. D. Burman
Best LyricistAnand Bakshi for "Mehbooba Mehbooba"
Best Male Playback SingerR. D. Burman
50th Filmfare AwardsSpecial AwardBest Film for Completing 50 YearsReceived

Legacy and cultural influence

Sholay has received many "Best Film" honours. It was declared the "Film of the Millennium" by BBC India in 1999.167 It topped the British Film Institute's "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time poll of 2002,168 and was voted the greatest Indian movie in a Sky Digital poll of one million British Indians in 2004.169 It was also included in the magazine Time's "Best of Bollywood" list in 2010,170 and in IBN Live's list of the "100 greatest Indian films of all time" in 2013.171 In 2023, Time Out ranked it #1 on its list of the "100 Best Bollywood Movies."172

Sholay inspired many films and pastiches, and spawned a genre of films, the "Curry Western",173 which is a play on the term Spaghetti Western. A more accurate label for the genre is the Dacoit Western, due to its roots in earlier Indian dacoit films such as Mother India (1957) and Gunga Jumna (1961).174 It was also an early and most definitive masala film,175176 and a trend-setter for "multi-star" films.177 The film was a watershed for scriptwriters in Hindi language films, who were not paid well before Sholay; after the film's success, its writing duo Salim-Javed became stars in their own right and script writing became a more respected profession.178 The BBC has described Sholay as the "Star Wars of Bollywood", comparing its impact on Hindi language films to the impact that Star Wars (1977) later had on Hollywood, while comparing Gabbar Singh to Darth Vader.179

Certain scenes and dialogues from the film earned iconic status in India, such as "Kitne aadmi the" (How many men were there?), "Jo dar gaya, samjho mar gaya" (One who is scared is dead), and "Bahut yaarana laagta hai" (Looks like you two are very close) – all dialogues of Gabbar Singh.180181 These and other popular dialogues entered the people's daily vernacular.182 Characters and dialogues from the film continue to be referred to and parodied in popular culture.183 Gabbar Singh, the sadistic villain, ushered in an era in Hindi films characterised by "seemingly omnipotent oppressors as villains", who play the pivotal role in setting up the context of the story, such as Shakal (played by Kulbhushan Kharbanda) of Shaan (1980), Mogambo (Amrish Puri) of Mr. India (1987) and Bhujang (Amrish Puri) of Tridev (1989).184 Filmfare, in 2013, named Gabbar Singh the most iconic villain in the history of Indian cinema,185 and four actors were included in its 2010 list of "80 Iconic Performances" for their work in this film.186187188189

The film is often credited with making Amitabh Bachchan a "superstar", two years after he became a star with Zanjeer (1973).190191 Some of the supporting actors remained etched in public memory as the characters they played in Sholay; for example, Mac Mohan continued to be referred to as "Sambha", even though his character had just one line.192 Major and minor characters continue to be used in commercials, promos, films and sitcoms.193194 Amjad Khan acted in many villainous roles later in his career. He also played Gabbar Singh again in the 1991 spoof Ramgarh Ke Sholay, and reprised the role in commercials.195 The British Film Institute in 2002 wrote that fear of Gabbar Singh "is still invoked by mothers to put their children to sleep".196 The 2012 film Gabbar Singh, named after the character, became the highest-grossing Telugu film up to that point.197 Comedian Jagdeep, who played Soorma Bhopali in the film, attempted to use his Sholay success to create a spinoff. He directed and played the lead role in the 1988 film Soorma Bhopali, in which Dharmendra and Bachchan had cameos.198

Sholay was remade in Bangladesh as Dost Dushman (1977), becoming the first Dhallywood film to portray a number of lengthy action scenes, was condemned by many film critics for 'bringing violence' to the cinema screen in the country.199 In 2004, Sholay was digitally remastered and shown again to packed theatres in India, including Mumbai's Minerva, where it had run successfully 29 years earlier.200 Another attempt to remake Sholay, Ram Gopal Varma's film Aag (2007), starring Amitabh Bachchan as the villain, was a commercial and critical disaster.201 Because of television and home media, Sholay is widely available and still popular. Twenty years after its release, Sholay was first shown on the Indian DD National television channel, where it drew the highest ratings ever for an Indian film broadcast.202 Video game producer Mobile2win released the Sholay Ramgarh Express game for mobile phones in 2004, along with other Sholay themed content such as wallpapers, video clips, and ringtones; another video game Sholay: Bullets of Justice developed by Gameshastra has also been released.203204 Sholay Adventures, a 2014 Indian animated television film adaptation of Sholay aired on Pogo TV.205 In 2019, a film titled The Sholay Girl, based on the stunt woman Reshma Pathan, was released. Pathan had worked as the body double for Malini in the film.206

Sholay has been the subject of two books and many articles. Wimal Dissanayake and Malti Sahai's Sholay, A Cultural Reading (1992) attempts a comprehensive scholarly study that sets the film within the broader history of popular cinema in India. Anupama Chopra's Sholay: The Making of a Classic (2000) provides an inside look at the film's production based on interviews with the director, stars, and crew members.207208

Sholay has been labelled by Chopra as the gold standard in Indian cinema, and a reference point for audiences and trade analysts. Over the years, the film has reached a mythic stature in popular culture,209 and has been called the greatest Hindi film of all time.210 It belongs to only a small collection of films, including Kismet (1943), Mother India (1957), Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), which are repeatedly watched throughout India, and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance.211 The lasting effect of Sholay on Indian cinema was summarised by Anupama Chopra, when in 2004 she called it "no longer just a film, [but] an event".212 In the 2000 book Sholay: The Making of a Classic, the noted director Shekhar Kapur stated "there has never been a more defining film on the Indian screen. Indian film history can be divided into Sholay BC and Sholay AD".213 The film was jointly released in Pakistan by Geo films and Mandviwalla Entertainment on 17 April 2015, almost 40 years after its theatrical release. The film's premiere in the country was held in Karachi.214

Screenwriter V. Vijayendra Prasad, responsible for a number of blockbusters in the early 21st century, including the South Indian franchise Baahubali and the Hindi film Bajrangi Bhaijaan (starring Salim's son Salman Khan), cited Sholay as a major inspiration on his work.215

3D re-release

Filmmaker Ketan Mehta's company Maya Digital was responsible for converting Sholay into the 3D format.216 Mehta was approached by G. P. Sippy's grandson, Sasha Sippy, about the project in 2010.217 In March 2012, Shaan Uttam Singh, the grandson of producer G. P. Sippy, said that he would sponsor a conversion of the film to 3D, and release it in late 2012;218 this was later postponed to late 2013,219 and eventually finalised for 3 January 2014.220 It took ₹250 million (US$2.9 million) to convert Sholay to 3D.221

Under the leadership of computer animator Frank Foster, 350 people worked to convert the film into the digital 3D format, for which every scene had to be individually restored, colour-corrected and re-composited in 3D to match the depth.222223 New set-pieces, particularly those suited to the new format were also included, such as digital logs which scatter in the direction of the camera during the first half of the film when the train collides with them, the gunshot scene which frees Jai and Veeru from their handcuffs, and panoramic views of Gabbar's hideout in the caves.224

The theatrical trailer and release date were unveiled by the original script-writers Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar.225 The two original leads, Bachchan and Dharmendra, were also involved in promoting the re-release.226 The film was released in 1,000 screens in India, and additional screens overseas.227 It earned approximately ₹13 crore (US$1.5 million) during its re-release, becomes the third highest grossing re-released Indian film of all time.228229

See also

Footnotes

Bibliography

Wikiquote has quotations related to Sholay.

References

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  71. The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) notes three running times of Sholay. The version that was submitted in film format to BBFC had a running time of 198 minutes. A video version of this had a running time of 188 minutes. BBFC notes that "When a film is transferred to video the running time will be shorter by approximately 4% due to the differing number of frames per second. This does not mean that the video version has been cut or re-edited." The director's cut was 204 minutes long.[58] /wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification ↩

  72. For glorification of violence, see Wimal Dissanayake, Malti Sahai, Sholay: A Cultural Reading (Delhi: Wiley Eastern, 1992), 115-19. ISBN 8122403948; for feudal ethos, see Hrishikesh Ingle, "Regionalist Disjuncture in Bollywood", in Vikrant Kishore et al., eds., Salaam Bollywood: Representations and interpretations (London: Routledge, 2016), 202. ISBN 1317232852; on social order/disorder, see Dissanayake, "The Concepts of Evil and Social Order in Indian Melodrama: An Evolving Dialect", in Melodrama and Asian Cinema, ed. Dissanayake (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993); on homosocial bonding, Dinah Holtzman, "Between Yaars: The Queering of Dost in Contemporary Bollywood Films", in Rini Bhattacharya et al., eds., Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora (London: Anthem Press, 2011), 118-22. ISBN 0857288970; as national allegory, John Hutnyk, Global South Asia on Screen (NY: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2018), 206. ISBN 1501324985. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

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