The "Republican Revolution", "Revolution of '94", or "Gingrich Revolution" are political slogans that refer to the Republican Party's (GOP) success in the 1994 U.S. midterm elections, which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives, and a pick-up of eight seats in the Senate. It was led by Newt Gingrich.
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Rather than campaigning independently in each district, Republican candidates chose to rally behind a single national program and message fronted by Georgia congressman and House Republican whip Newt Gingrich. They alleged that President Bill Clinton was not the "New Democrat" he claimed to be during his 1992 campaign, but was a "tax and spend" liberal. The Republicans offered an alternative to Clinton's policies in the form of the Contract with America.2
The gains in seats in the mid-term election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of both the House and the Senate in January 1995. Republicans had not held the majority in the House for 40 years, since the 83rd Congress (elected in 1952). From 1933 to 1995, Republicans had controlled both House and Senate for only four years. From 1933 into the early 1970s, most white conservatives in the South belonged to the Democratic Party, and created the Solid South bloc in Congress. Most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised in those years, based on anti-Black laws and subjective administration of voter registration practices.
By the mid-1990s, white conservatives from the South joined Republicans in other parts of the country, leading to the change in Congress. Large Republican gains were made in state houses as well when the GOP picked up twelve gubernatorial seats and 472 legislative seats. In so doing, it took control of 20 state legislatures from the Democrats. Prior to this, Republicans had not held the majority of governorships since 1970. In addition, this was the first time in 50 years that the GOP controlled a majority of state legislatures.
Discontent with Democratic candidates was foreshadowed by a string of elections after 1992, including Republicans winning the mayoralties of New York and Los Angeles in 1993. In that same year, Christine Todd Whitman won the New Jersey governorship. Bret Schundler became the first Republican mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, which had been held by the Democratic Party since 1917.
Republican George Allen won the 1993 Virginia gubernatorial election, and Texas Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison won a U.S. Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election. Republicans also picked up three congressional seats from Democrats in Oklahoma and Kentucky in May 1994.
On November 9, 1994, the day after the election, Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama, a conservative Democrat, changed parties, becoming a Republican; on March 3, 1995, Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell switched to the Republican side as well, increasing the GOP Senate majority.3
Effect
When the 104th United States Congress convened in January 1995, House Republicans voted former Minority Whip Newt Gingrich—the chief author of the Contract with America—to become Speaker of the House. The new senatorial Republican majority chose Bob Dole, previously Minority Leader, as Majority Leader. Republicans pursued an ambitious agenda, but were often forced to compromise with Democratic president Bill Clinton, who wielded veto power.
The 1994 election also marked the end of the conservative coalition, a bi-partisan coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats (often referred to as "boll weevil Democrats", for their association with the South). This white conservative coalition had often managed to control Congressional outcomes since the end of the New Deal era.
Pick-ups
Numerous Republican freshmen entered Congress. Of the 230 Republican House members of the 104th Congress, almost a third were new to the House.4 In the Senate, 11 of 54 (20%) Republicans were freshmen.
Senate
| Name | State | Predecessor | Predecessor's fate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Richard Shelby | Alabama | Himself as a Democrat | Switched parties5 |
| Jon Kyl | Arizona | Dennis DeConcini | Retired |
| Ben Nighthorse Campbell | Colorado | Himself as a Democrat | Switched parties6 |
| Olympia Snowe | Maine | George Mitchell | Retired |
| Spencer Abraham | Michigan | Donald Riegle | Retired |
| Mike DeWine | Ohio | Howard Metzenbaum | Retired |
| Jim Inhofe | Oklahoma | David Boren | Retired7 |
| Rick Santorum | Pennsylvania | Harris Wofford | Defeated |
| Fred Thompson | Tennessee | Harlan Mathews | Retired8 |
| Bill Frist | Tennessee | Jim Sasser | Defeated |
| Kay Bailey Hutchison | Texas | Bob Krueger | Defeated9 |
House of Representatives
Governorships
| Name | State | Predecessor | Predecessor's fate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fob James | Alabama | Jim Folsom Jr. | Defeated |
| John G. Rowland | Connecticut | Lowell P. Weicker Jr.12 | Retired |
| Phil Batt | Idaho | Cecil D. Andrus | Retired |
| Bill Graves | Kansas | Joan Finney | Retired |
| Gary Johnson | New Mexico | Bruce King | Defeated |
| George Pataki | New York | Mario Cuomo | Defeated |
| Frank Keating | Oklahoma | David Walters | Retired |
| Tom Ridge | Pennsylvania | Bob Casey Sr. | Term-limited |
| Lincoln Almond | Rhode Island | Bruce Sundlun | Defeated (in primary) |
| Don Sundquist | Tennessee | Ned McWherter | Term-limited |
| George W. Bush | Texas | Ann Richards | Defeated |
| Jim Geringer | Wyoming | Mike Sullivan | Term-limited |
See also
- 1998 United States elections
- 2000 United States elections
- 2002 United States elections
- 2004 United States elections
- 2010 United States elections
- 2014 United States elections
- 2016 United States elections
- 2018 United States elections
- Federal Assault Weapons Ban
External links
References
Republican Revolution Fades USA Today, January 19, 2003 https://web.archive.org/web/20030622214418/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-01-19-gop-revolution-usat_x.htm ↩
Rothenberg, Stuart (October 23, 2006). "How High the Wave? Don't Just Think 1994; Think 1974, 1958, 1982". RothenbergPoliticalReport.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2015-01-11. /wiki/Stuart_Rothenberg ↩
"U.S. Senate: Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)". Senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved 2023-01-09. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#16 ↩
Amer, Mildred (June 16, 2005). "Freshmen in the House of Representatives and Senate by Political Party: 1913–2005" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. The Library of Congress: 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191435/http://www.llsdc.org/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RS20723.pdf ↩
Shelby had been elected in 1986 and 1992 as a Democrat, but switched parties in 1994. /wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama ↩
Campbell was elected in 1992 as a Democrat, but switched parties on March 3, 1995. /wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Colorado ↩
Boren's impending resignation to assume the presidency of the University of Oklahoma triggered a special election where Inhofe won. Boren resigned a week after the special election, with Inhofe being sworn in 2 days later for the remainder of Boren's term ending in 1997. /wiki/University_of_Oklahoma ↩
Mathews was appointed to the seat as a caretaker following the resignation of Vice President Al Gore; Thompson was elected to serve the remaining two years of the term. /wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States ↩
Hutchison won the Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election to succeed Bob Krueger, who had been appointed to this seat following the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen, who had become the Secretary of the Treasury, seen as a precursor to the Republican Revolution. /wiki/1993_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Texas ↩
Cantwell eventually elected as Senator in 2000. /wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Washington ↩
Inslee eventually returned to the Congress in 1999 following his victory in the 1998 House of Representatives elections. /wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Washington ↩
Weicker was a member of A Connecticut Party. /wiki/A_Connecticut_Party ↩