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<h2 id="soviet-satellite-states">Soviet satellite states</h2> <h3>Interwar period</h3> <p>When the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921/LtapehNN">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a> broke out, Mongolian revolutionaries expelled the Russian <a href="/facts/White_movement/lAGgYPBE">White Guards</a> (during the <a href="/facts/Russian_Civil_War/MLfkI67n">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917–1923 following the <a href="/facts/October_Revolution/5q9GlMv9">October Revolution</a> of 1917) from Mongolia, with the assistance of the Soviet <a href="/facts/Red_Army/n15nLQTu">Red Army</a>. The revolution also officially ended Manchurian sovereignty over Mongolia, which had existed since 1691.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Although the <a href="/facts/Theocracy/RHWYhm6s">theocratic</a> <a href="/facts/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia/6D67vw3d">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</a> still nominally continued, with successive series of violent struggles, Soviet influence grew stronger. In 1924, after the <a href="/facts/Bogd_Khan/oPGR1Mwp">Bogd Khan</a> died of <a href="/facts/Laryngeal_cancer/M2WKLPnf">laryngeal cancer</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> or, as some sources suggest, at the hands of Soviet spies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%2527s_Republic/hMaGKtfM">Mongolian People's Republic</a> was proclaimed on November 26, 1924. A nominally independent and sovereign country, it has been described as being a satellite state of the Soviet Union in the years from 1924 <a href="/facts/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990/YtneRebH">until 1990</a>. This is supported by the fact that the Mongolian PR collapsed less than two months after the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union/Fyn5jw3n">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>During the Russian Civil War, Red Army troops occupied <a href="/facts/Tuva/PNR0xpI9">Tuva</a> in January 1920, which had also been part of the <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing Empire</a> of China and a <a href="/facts/Protectorate/TEBGopb9">protectorate</a> of <a href="/facts/Russian_Empire/hg1g5SpV">Imperial Russia</a>. The <a href="/facts/Tuvan_People%2527s_Republic/4ggtwdS8">Tuvan People's Republic</a> was proclaimed a nominally independent state in 1921, although it was tightly controlled by Moscow and is considered a satellite state of the Soviet Union until 1944, when the USSR annexed it into the <a href="/facts/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic/W9pC4bK6">Russian SFSR</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Another early Soviet satellite state in <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a> was the short-lived <a href="/facts/Far_Eastern_Republic/woIuLrFM">Far Eastern Republic</a> in Siberia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Post-World War II</h3> <p>At the end of <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>, most Eastern and Central European countries were occupied by the Soviet Union,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and along with the Soviet Union made up what is called the <a href="/facts/Soviet_empire/IYX5ypJe">Soviet empire</a>. Soviet forces remained in these countries after the war's end.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Through a series of coalition governments including <a href="/facts/Communist_party/67myQQ7w">communist parties</a>, and then a forced liquidation of coalition members opposed by the Soviets, <a href="/facts/Stalinism/rrkfMruT">Stalinist</a> systems were established in each country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Stalinists gained control of existing governments, police, press and radio outlets in these countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Soviet satellite states of the Cold War included:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/People%2527s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania/P0M3yl47"></a> <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania/P0M3yl47">People's Republic of Albania</a> (1946–1961)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Polish_People%2527s_Republic/hypM0C8R"></a> <a href="/facts/Polish_People%2527s_Republic/hypM0C8R">Polish People's Republic</a> (1947–1989)</li> <li><a href="/facts/People%2527s_Republic_of_Bulgaria/yCW1fYUn"></a> <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Republic_of_Bulgaria/yCW1fYUn">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a> (1946–1990)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania/sIqLNfBy"></a> <a href="/facts/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania/sIqLNfBy">Romanian People's Republic</a> (1947–1965)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic/gJIrAxHu"></a> <a href="/facts/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic/gJIrAxHu">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> (1948–1989)</li> <li><a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6"></a> <a href="/facts/East_Germany/PwI902Q6">German Democratic Republic</a> (1949–1990)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hungarian_People%2527s_Republic/IbhUc1vu"></a> <a href="/facts/Hungarian_People%2527s_Republic/IbhUc1vu">Hungarian People's Republic</a> (1949–1989)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia/PXRlHx9q"></a> <a href="/facts/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia/PXRlHx9q">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%2527s_Republic/hMaGKtfM"></a> <a href="/facts/Mongolian_People%2527s_Republic/hMaGKtfM">Mongolian People's Republic</a> (1925–1991)</li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP"></a> <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> (1948–1956)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C"></a><a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan/XU07Fy3R"></a> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan/XU07Fy3R">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1978–1991)</li></ul> <p>Albania, Romania, and Yugoslavia ceased to be satellites before the <a href="/facts/Revolutions_of_1989/gLWM6JLk">revolutions of 1989</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia/PXRlHx9q">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a> is considered an early Soviet satellite,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> as it broke from Soviet orbit in the 1948 <a href="/facts/Tito%25E2%2580%2593Stalin_split/BoHworpK">Tito–Stalin split</a>, with the <a href="/facts/Cominform/B8eWJ2AE">Cominform</a> offices being moved from <a href="/facts/Belgrade/Xeaz5zIy">Belgrade</a> to <a href="/facts/Bucharest/4xQnsGwM">Bucharest</a>, and Yugoslavia subsequently formed the <a href="/facts/Non-Aligned_Movement/PIdnjRvD">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. The <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania/P0M3yl47">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/facts/Enver_Hoxha/nEuYw1g3">Enver Hoxha</a>, broke ties with the Soviet Union in the <a href="/facts/Albanian%25E2%2580%2593Soviet_split/LAKxmsNR">Albanian–Soviet split</a> following the Soviet <a href="/facts/De-Stalinization/8TKutdRn">de-Stalinisation</a> process,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and removed itself from Soviet influence in 1961.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Romania's <a href="/facts/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania/bnSQVTD0">de-satellization process</a> started in 1956 and ended by 1965,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> with serious economic disagreements with Moscow resulting in a final rejection of Soviet hegemony in 1964.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>From 1945 to 1948 <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a> was under <a href="/facts/Soviet_Civil_Administration/vkWwN0Ex">Soviet Civil Administration</a>, following this provisional governments were established under the <a href="/facts/Provisional_People%2527s_Committee_of_North_Korea/vlhzd3UG">Provisional People's Committee of North Korea</a> and <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Committee_of_North_Korea/TBEpKnSX">People's Committee of North Korea</a> resulting in the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Some scholars consider North Korea a satellite state under the Soviet Union from 1948 until the 1958 <a href="/facts/August_faction_incident/4cMSHr2D">August faction incident</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>The short-lived <a href="/facts/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic/8PyNuCg2">East Turkestan Republic</a> (1944–1949) was a Soviet satellite until <a href="/facts/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/a6JwljHX">it was absorbed into</a> the <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">People's Republic of China</a>. Between 1945 and the <a href="/facts/Iran_crisis_of_1946/2YfdtLyI">Iran crisis of 1946</a> the <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan_People%2527s_Government/bn5Tkpjc">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> and <a href="/facts/Republic_of_Mahabad/jswNmRPN">Republic of Mahabad</a> existed as satellite states in Soviet-occupied Iran. The <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan/XU07Fy3R">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> was a satellite regime of the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1991. Between 1979 and 1989, Afghanistan was also under <a href="/facts/Soviet%25E2%2580%2593Afghan_War/nBl7TvtD">Soviet military occupation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="post-cold-war-usage-of-the-term">Post-Cold War usage of the term</h2> <p>Some commentators have expressed concern that <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a> military and diplomatic interventions in the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a>, and elsewhere might lead, or perhaps have already led, to the existence of American satellite states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> <a href="/facts/William_Pfaff/4hhqIcdb">William Pfaff</a> warned that a permanent American presence in <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a> would "turn Iraq into an American satellite state".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> In the Asia-Pacific, John Pilger accused ex Australian Prime Minister John Howard of turning the country into America's 51st state<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a> has regularly been described by <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a> for being a "puppet state" of the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>The term has also been used in the past to describe the relationship between <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>, as Syria has been accused of intervening in Lebanese political affairs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/facts/Eswatini/Mfz58p4W">Eswatini</a> and <a href="/facts/Lesotho/gYSatY8p">Lesotho</a> have both been described as satellite states of <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/American_imperialism/hd2Pxs5u">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Banana_republic/g5XuLDts">Banana republic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buffer_state/DD6Xhwf4">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Client_state/ClQprt0c">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_Bloc/12f32hA7">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Finlandisation/lQdnKnQY">Finlandisation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Neocolonialism/LetJm7zX">Neo-colony</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Protectorate/TEBGopb9">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Puppet_state/cNDM9tpK">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sister_republic/QtBsSDxB">Sister republic</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Soviet_empire/IYX5ypJe">Soviet empire</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suzerainty/jzSCjQe4">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vassal_state/k9usEEMA">Vassal state</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Langley, Andrew (2006), <a href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet0000lang"><i>The Collapse of the Soviet Union: The End of an Empire</i></a>, Compass Point Books, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7565-2009-6</li> <li>Merkl, Peter H. (2004), <i>German Unification</i>, Penn State Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-271-02566-2</li> <li>Olsen, Neil (2000), <a href="https://archive.org/details/albania00neil"><i>Albania</i></a>, Oxfam, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-85598-432-5</li> <li>Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003), <i>International law from below: development, social movements, and Third World resistance</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-01671-1</li> <li>Rao, B. V. (2006), <i>History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002</i>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-932705-56-2</li> <li>Wettig, Gerhard (2008), <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7425-5542-6</li> <li>Wood, Alan (2005), <i>Stalin and Stalinism</i>, <a href="/facts/Routledge/aSwcES11">Routledge</a>, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-415-30732-1</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Betts, R. R. (January 1945). "The European Satellite States: Their War Contribution and Present Position". International Affairs. 21 (1): 15–29. doi:10.2307/3018989. JSTOR 3018989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Source: NATO website 2nd Footnote at bottom". nato.int. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018. <a href="http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/1.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sik, Ko Swan (1990). Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7923-0876-8. <a href="978-0-7923-0876-8" target="_blank">978-0-7923-0876-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"satellite, n. meanings, etymology and more". Oxford English Dictionary. <a href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/satellite_n?tab=meaning_and_use#24278178" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/dictionary/satellite_n?tab=meaning_and_use#24278178</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wood, Alan (2005) [1990]. Stalin and Stalinism. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-415-30732-1. Retrieved 2009-09-10. <a href="978-0-415-30732-1" target="_blank">978-0-415-30732-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"History of the U.S. and Mongolia". U.S. Embassy in Mongolia. <a href="https://mn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/" target="_blank">https://mn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Кузьмин, С.Л.; [Kuzmin, S.L.]; Оюунчимэг, Ж.; [Oyunchimeg, J.]. "Буддизм и революция в Монголии" [Buddhism and the revolution in Mongolia] (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164044/https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164044/https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Догсомын Бодоо 1/2 on YouTube (Mongolian) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuB0b_dEZ5g" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuB0b_dEZ5g</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Sik, Ko Swan (1990). Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7923-0876-8. <a href="978-0-7923-0876-8" target="_blank">978-0-7923-0876-8</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Narangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert B (2003). Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia: 1895–1945. Psychology Press. pp. 13, 66. ISBN 978-0-7007-1482-7. <a href="978-0-7007-1482-7" target="_blank">978-0-7007-1482-7</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Narangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert B (2003). Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia: 1895–1945. Psychology Press. pp. 13, 66. ISBN 978-0-7007-1482-7. <a href="978-0-7007-1482-7" target="_blank">978-0-7007-1482-7</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Narangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert B (2003). Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia: 1895–1945. Psychology Press. pp. 13, 66. ISBN 978-0-7007-1482-7. <a href="978-0-7007-1482-7" target="_blank">978-0-7007-1482-7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Wettig 2008, p. 69 - Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6 <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Rao 2006, p. 280 - Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 1-932705-56-2 <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Rao 2006, p. 280 - Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 1-932705-56-2 <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Rao 2006, p. 280 - Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 1-932705-56-2 <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Rao 2006, p. 280 - Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 1-932705-56-2 <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Langley 2006, p. 30 - Langley, Andrew (2006), The Collapse of the Soviet Union: The End of an Empire, Compass Point Books, ISBN 0-7565-2009-6 <a href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet0000lang" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet0000lang</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Merkl 2004, p. 53 - Merkl, Peter H. (2004), German Unification, Penn State Press, ISBN 0-271-02566-2 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Rajagopal 2003, p. 75 - Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003), International law from below: development, social movements, and Third World resistance, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-01671-1 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Schmid, Alex Peter (October 19, 1985). Social Defence and Soviet Military Power: An Inquiry Into the Relevance of an Alternative Defence Concept : Report. Center for the Study of Social Conflict (C.O.M.T.), State University of Leiden. ISBN 9789034607386 – via Google Books. <a href="9789034607386" target="_blank">9789034607386</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Rao 2006, p. 280 - Rao, B. V. (2006), History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002, Sterling Publishers Pvt. 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