Power engineering

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Electrical_engineering/YYXW1KLW">Electrical engineering § History</a>

<h2 id="pioneering-years">Pioneering years</h2>
<a href="/facts/Electricity/hNC8D65W">Electricity</a> became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the <a href="/facts/Incandescent_light_bulb/31frjg0A">incandescent light bulb</a> and the <a href="/facts/Voltaic_pile/9KoUfqGE">voltaic pile</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> Probably the greatest discovery with respect to power engineering came from <a href="/facts/Michael_Faraday/NDcc3lyt">Michael Faraday</a> who in 1831 discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an <a href="/facts/Electromotive_force/s6sNaHQL">electromotive force</a> in a loop of wire—a principle known as <a href="/facts/Electromagnetic_induction/T36JjtgY">electromagnetic induction</a> that helps explain how generators and transformers work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>
In 1881 two electricians built the world's first power station at <a href="/facts/Godalming/AoaWUzb6">Godalming</a> in England. The station employed two waterwheels to produce an alternating current that was used to supply seven Siemens <a href="/facts/Arc_lamp/1y99ep6E">arc lamps</a> at 250 volts and thirty-four <a href="/facts/Incandescent_lamp/31frjg0A">incandescent lamps</a> at 40 volts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> However supply was intermittent and in 1882 <a href="/facts/Thomas_Edison/IeDbdyP4">Thomas Edison</a> and his company, The Edison Electric Light Company, developed the first steam-powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City. The <a href="/facts/Pearl_Street_Station/HFlA5YMo">Pearl Street Station</a> consisted of several generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> The power station used <a href="/facts/Direct_current/r9MNUx84">direct current</a> and operated at a single voltage. Since the direct current power could not be easily transformed to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss during transmission, the possible distance between the generators and load was limited to around half-a-mile (800 m).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
That same year in London <a href="/facts/Lucien_Gaulard/kD3CEjqI">Lucien Gaulard</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Dixon_Gibbs/rkxQWV4r">John Dixon Gibbs</a> demonstrated the first transformer suitable for use in a real power system. The practical value of Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at <a href="/facts/Turin/PudIVEnr">Turin</a> where the transformer was used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single <a href="/facts/Alternating_current/qxICS3xa">alternating current</a> generator.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes. Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in <a href="/facts/Series_and_parallel_circuits/007qC7j8">series</a> so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Following the demonstration <a href="/facts/George_Westinghouse/XfKhz8MG">George Westinghouse</a>, an American entrepreneur, imported a number of the transformers along with a <a href="/facts/Siemens/coa80TQn">Siemens</a> generator and set his engineers to experimenting with them in the hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power system.
One of Westinghouse's engineers, <a href="/facts/William_Stanley%2c_Jr./DkDGEQjA">William Stanley</a>, recognised the problem with connecting transformers in series as opposed to <a href="/facts/Series_and_parallel_circuits/007qC7j8">parallel</a> and also realised that making the iron core of a transformer a fully enclosed loop would improve the <a href="/facts/Voltage_regulation/lPfFAfcp">voltage regulation</a> of the secondary winding. Using this knowledge he built the world's first practical transformer based alternating current power system at <a href="/facts/Great_Barrington%2c_Massachusetts/VYlgzTPb">Great Barrington, Massachusetts</a> in 1886.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> In 1885 the Italian physicist and electrical engineer <a href="/facts/Galileo_Ferraris/Fmorp4qC">Galileo Ferraris</a> demonstrated an <a href="/facts/Induction_motor/DgTnMmJM">induction motor</a> and in 1887 and 1888 the Serbian-American engineer <a href="/facts/Nikola_Tesla/MzqGhnkj">Nikola Tesla</a> filed a range of patents related to power systems including one for a practical two-phase induction motor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> which Westinghouse licensed for his AC system.
By 1890 the power industry had flourished and power companies had built thousands of power systems (both direct and alternating current) in the United States and Europe – these networks were effectively dedicated to providing electric lighting. During this time a fierce rivalry in the US known as the "<a href="/facts/War_of_the_currents/Lx6WfEvo">war of the currents</a>" emerged between Edison and Westinghouse over which form of transmission (direct or alternating current) was superior. In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was designed to drive an electric motor and not just provide electric lighting. The installation powered a 100 horsepower (75 kW) synchronous motor at <a href="/facts/Telluride%2c_Colorado/kvFKVtJ8">Telluride, Colorado</a> with the motor being started by a Tesla induction motor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> On the other side of the Atlantic, <a href="/facts/Oskar_von_Miller/IaMVe1Hb">Oskar von Miller</a> built a 20 kV 176 km three-phase transmission line from <a href="/facts/Lauffen_am_Neckar/bMeqX3Ps">Lauffen am Neckar</a> to <a href="/facts/Frankfurt_am_Main/Pw4Xj9A4">Frankfurt am Main</a> for the Electrical Engineering Exhibition in Frankfurt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the <a href="/facts/Adams_Power_Plant/exzzKbqr">Adams No. 1 generating station</a> at <a href="/facts/Niagara_Falls/xoxUleQq">Niagara Falls</a> began transmitting three-phase alternating current power to Buffalo at 11 kV. Following completion of the Niagara Falls project, new power systems increasingly chose <a href="/facts/Alternating_current/qxICS3xa">alternating current</a> as opposed to <a href="/facts/Direct_current/r9MNUx84">direct current</a> for electrical transmission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="twentieth-century">Twentieth century</h2>
<h3>Power engineering and Bolshevism</h3>

The generation of electricity was regarded as particularly important following the <a href="/facts/October_Revolution/5q9GlMv9">Bolshevik seizure of power</a>. <a href="/facts/Lenin/Q6AdmavM">Lenin</a> stated "Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> He was subsequently featured on many Soviet posters, stamps etc. presenting this view. The <a href="/facts/GOELRO_plan/DgF3UUAs">GOELRO plan</a> was initiated in 1920 as the first Bolshevik experiment in industrial planning and in which Lenin became personally involved. <a href="/facts/Gleb_Krzhizhanovsky/jUanHSU1">Gleb Krzhizhanovsky</a> was another key figure involved, having been involved in the construction of a power station in <a href="/facts/Moscow/XUU6VkdY">Moscow</a> in 1910. He had also known Lenin since 1897 when they were both in the St. Petersburg chapter of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.

<h3>Power engineering in the USA</h3>
In 1936 the first commercial <a href="/facts/High-voltage_direct_current/FDIob86A">high-voltage direct current</a> (HVDC) line using <a href="/facts/Mercury-arc_valve/mDFqcNV4">mercury-arc valves</a> was built between <a href="/facts/Schenectady%2c_New_York/QKnQGCSh">Schenectady</a> and <a href="/facts/Mechanicville%2c_New_York/hEf7HaEW">Mechanicville, New York</a>. HVDC had previously been achieved by installing direct current generators in series (a system known as the <a href="/facts/Thury_system/oqG89pc8">Thury system</a>) although this suffered from serious reliability issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> In 1957 <a href="/facts/Siemens/coa80TQn">Siemens</a> demonstrated the first solid-state rectifier (solid-state rectifiers are now the standard for HVDC systems) however it was not until the early 1970s that this technology was used in commercial power systems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> In 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first <a href="/facts/Circuit_breaker/vbw6cWSe">circuit breaker</a> that used <a href="/facts/Sulfur_hexafluoride/jeee0PJ8">SF6</a> as the interrupting medium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> SF6 is a far superior <a href="/facts/Dielectric/PnVt9P2G">dielectric</a> to air and, in recent times, its use has been extended to produce far more compact switching equipment (known as <a href="/facts/Switchgear/Yuxo2FIW">switchgear</a>) and <a href="/facts/Transformer/EYYfXWrF">transformers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Many important developments also came from extending innovations in the <a href="/facts/Information_and_communications_technology/wG6q8RfN">ICT</a> field to the power engineering field. For example, the development of computers meant <a href="/facts/Load_flow_study/QbMNhIbM">load flow studies</a> could be run more efficiently allowing for much better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better remote control of the power system's switchgear and generators.

<h2 id="power">Power</h2>

Power Engineering deals with the <a href="/facts/Electricity_generation/Uo6mQQ1T">generation</a>, <a href="/facts/Electric_power_transmission/I9w3lRmM">transmission</a>, <a href="/facts/Electricity_distribution/F5NfTeWP">distribution</a> and utilization of <a href="/facts/Electricity/hNC8D65W">electricity</a> as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include <a href="/facts/Transformer/EYYfXWrF">transformers</a>, <a href="/facts/Electric_generator/5sATsUGX">electric generators</a>, <a href="/facts/Electric_motor/ArD7BGDa">electric motors</a> and <a href="/facts/Power_electronics/8BAQ3jDP">power electronics</a>.
Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather than pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical.

<h2 id="fields">Fields</h2>
<a href="/facts/Electricity_generation/Uo6mQQ1T">Electricity generation</a> covers the selection, design and construction of facilities that convert energy from primary forms to electric power.
<a href="/facts/Electric_power_transmission/I9w3lRmM">Electric power transmission</a> requires the engineering of high voltage transmission lines and substation facilities to interface to generation and distribution systems. <a href="/facts/High_voltage_direct_current/FDIob86A">High voltage direct current</a> systems are one of the elements of an electric power grid.
<a href="/facts/Electric_power_distribution/F5NfTeWP">Electric power distribution</a> engineering covers those elements of a power system from a substation to the end customer.
<a href="/facts/Power_system_protection/gX2g5TNH">Power system protection</a> is the study of the ways an electrical power system can fail, and the methods to detect and mitigate for such failures.
In most projects, a power engineer must coordinate with many other disciplines such as civil and mechanical engineers, environmental experts, and legal and financial personnel. Major power system projects such as a large generating station may require scores of design professionals in addition to the power system engineers. At most levels of professional power system engineering practice, the engineer will require as much in the way of administrative and organizational skills as electrical engineering knowledge.

<h2 id="professional-societies-and-international-standards-organizations">Professional societies and international standards organizations</h2>
In both the UK and the US, professional societies had long existed for civil and mechanical engineers. The <a href="/facts/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers/7KbKwEQb">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a> (IEE) was founded in the UK in 1871, and the <a href="/facts/AIEE/j4DpqULH">AIEE</a> in the United States in 1884. These societies contributed to the exchange of electrical knowledge and the development of electrical engineering education. 
On an international level, the <a href="/facts/International_Electrotechnical_Commission/hSK0kjwI">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC), which was founded in 1906, prepares standards for power engineering, with 20,000 electrotechnical experts from 172 countries developing global specifications based on consensus.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Energy_economics/l27IsUHM">Energy economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Industrial_ecology/WRcYYmza">Industrial ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Power_electronics/8BAQ3jDP">Power electronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Power_system_simulation/seR6tXmb">Power system simulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Power_engineering_software/W0kYzcxa">Power engineering software</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Power engineering.

<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308100205/http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/pes">IEEE Power Engineering Society</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/view_department.php?deptid=63">Jadavpur University, Department of Power Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="http://pepei.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=17">Power Engineering International Magazine Articles</a></li>
<li><a href="http://pepei.pennnet.com/articles/print_toc.cfm?Section=ARTCL&p=6">Power Engineering Magazine Articles</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.asope.org/">American Society of Power Engineers, Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.niulpe.org/">National Institute for the Uniform Licensing of Power Engineer Inc.</a></li>
<li><a href="http://cpe.wpi.edu/online/power.html">Worcester Polytechnic Institute Power Systems Engineering</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

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<li id="fn:16">Vladimir, Lenin (1920). Our Foreign and Domestic Position and Party Tasks. Moscow. Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country, since industry cannot be developed without electrification.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/nov/21.htm" target="_blank">https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/nov/21.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Power engineering open-in-new

Power engineering