Heavy-light decomposition

<h2 id="decomposition-into-paths">Decomposition into paths</h2>
If the edges of a tree T are partitioned into a set of heavy edges and light edges, with one heavy edge from each non-leaf node to one of its children, then the subgraph formed by the heavy edges consists of a set of paths, with each non-leaf vertex belonging to exactly one path, the one containing its heavy edge. Leaf nodes of the tree that are not the endpoint of a heavy edge may be considered as forming paths of length zero. In this way, each vertex belongs to exactly one of the paths. Each path has a head vertex, its topmost vertex.
Alternatively, the paths of heavy edges may be extended by including one light edge, the one from the head of the path to its parent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> In this variation of the decomposition, some vertices belong to multiple paths, but every edge of T belongs to exactly one path.

<h2 id="the-path-tree">The path tree</h2>
The paths of the decomposition may themselves be organized into a tree called the "path tree", "heavy path tree", or "compressed tree". Each node of the path tree corresponds to a path of the heavy path decomposition. If p is a path of the heavy path decomposition, then the parent of p in the path tree is the path containing the parent of the head of p. The root of the path tree is the path containing the root of the original tree. Alternatively, the path tree may be formed from the original tree by <a href="/facts/Edge_contraction/PRqKXEkj">edge contraction</a> of all the heavy edges.
A "light" edge of a given tree is an edge that was not selected as part of the heavy path decomposition. If a light edge connects two tree nodes x and y, with x the parent of y, then x must have at least twice as many descendants as y. Therefore, on any root-to-leaf path of a tree with n nodes, there can be at most log2 n light edges. Equivalently, the path tree has height at most log2 n.

<h2 id="applications">Applications</h2>
Heavy path decomposition was introduced by Sleator & Tarjan (1983) as part of the <a href="/facts/Amortized_analysis/9fFYenJz">amortized analysis</a> of their <a href="/facts/Link%2fcut_tree/lXQcEpyt">link/cut tree</a> structure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> and by Harel & Tarjan (1984) as part of their <a href="/facts/Data_structure/yNsNvL1I">data structure</a> for <a href="/facts/Lowest_common_ancestor/lUuLKAGk">lowest common ancestors</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> The link/cut tree data structure uses a partition of a dynamic tree into paths that is not necessarily the heavy path decomposition; its analysis uses a <a href="/facts/Potential_method/NQUvGTbg">potential function</a> measuring its distance from the heavy path decomposition, and the small height of the path tree implies that each data structure operation performs only a small number of steps that cannot be charged against improvements to this function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> In the lowest common ancestor data structure, the decomposition is used to embed the input tree into a <a href="/facts/Complete_binary_tree/TDV7GMpu">complete binary tree</a> of logarithmic depth, allowing each query to be solved by constant-time <a href="/facts/Bitwise_operation/0gkqnUda">bitwise operations</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
Subsequent applications of heavy path decomposition have included solving the <a href="/facts/Level_ancestor_problem/5VHvm3LN">level ancestor problem</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> computing the <a href="/facts/Edit_distance/P8qVBmAD">edit distance</a> between trees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> <a href="/facts/Graph_drawing/uhh73BVo">graph drawing</a> and <a href="/facts/Greedy_embedding/3s6jdNPM">greedy embedding</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> finding a path near all nodes of a given graph,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> fault diagnosis in <a href="/facts/Fiber-optic_communication/dc6S0Hg5">fiber-optic communication</a> networks,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> and decoding <a href="/facts/Grammar-based_code/z308LVJV">grammar-based codes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> among others.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Harvey, Nicholas J. A.; Pătraşcu, Mihai; Wen, Yonggang; Yekhanin, Sergey; Chan, Vincent W. S. (2007), "Non-adaptive fault diagnosis for all-optical networks via combinatorial group testing on graphs", 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2007), pp. 697–705, doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2007.87, ISBN 978-1-4244-1047-7 <a href="978-1-4244-1047-7" target="_blank">978-1-4244-1047-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Sleator, Daniel D.; Tarjan, Robert Endre (1983), "A data structure for dynamic trees", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 26 (3): 362–391, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(83)90006-5, MR 0710253 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sleator" target="_blank">/wiki/Daniel_Sleator</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Harel, Dov; Tarjan, Robert E. (1984), "Fast algorithms for finding nearest common ancestors", SIAM Journal on Computing, 13 (2): 338–355, doi:10.1137/0213024 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Tarjan</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Sleator, Daniel D.; Tarjan, Robert Endre (1983), "A data structure for dynamic trees", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 26 (3): 362–391, doi:10.1016/0022-0000(83)90006-5, MR 0710253 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sleator" target="_blank">/wiki/Daniel_Sleator</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Harel, Dov; Tarjan, Robert E. (1984), "Fast algorithms for finding nearest common ancestors", SIAM Journal on Computing, 13 (2): 338–355, doi:10.1137/0213024 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" target="_blank">/wiki/Robert_Tarjan</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Dietz, Paul F. (1991), "Finding level-ancestors in dynamic trees", Algorithms and data structures (Ottawa, ON, 1991), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 519, Berlin: Springer, pp. 32–40, doi:10.1007/BFb0028247, ISBN 3-540-54343-0, MR 1146687 <a href="3-540-54343-0" target="_blank">3-540-54343-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Klein, Philip N. (1998), "Computing the edit-distance between unrooted ordered trees", Algorithms—ESA '98 (Venice), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1461, Berlin: Springer, pp. 91–102, doi:10.1007/3-540-68530-8_8, ISBN 978-3-540-64848-2, MR 1683332, S2CID 9910968 <a href="978-3-540-64848-2" target="_blank">978-3-540-64848-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Demaine, Erik D.; Mozes, Shay; Rossman, Benjamin; Weimann, Oren (2010), "An optimal decomposition algorithm for tree edit distance", ACM Transactions on Algorithms, 6 (1): A2, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73420-8_15, MR 2654906 <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" target="_blank">/wiki/Erik_Demaine</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Buchsbaum, Adam L.; Westbrook, Jeffery R. (2000), "Maintaining hierarchical graph views", Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (San Francisco, CA, 2000), New York: ACM, pp. 566–575, MR 1755515 <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Westbrook" target="_blank">/wiki/Jeff_Westbrook</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Eppstein, David; Goodrich, Michael T. (2011), "Succinct greedy geometric routing using hyperbolic geometry", IEEE Transactions on Computers, 60 (11): 1571–1580, doi:10.1109/TC.2010.257, MR 2830035, S2CID 40368995 <a href="/wiki/David_Eppstein" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Eppstein</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Duncan, Christian A.; Eppstein, David; Goodrich, Michael T.; Kobourov, Stephen G.; Nöllenburg, Martin (2013), "Drawing trees with perfect angular resolution and polynomial area", Discrete and Computational Geometry, 49 (2): 157–182, arXiv:1009.0581, doi:10.1007/s00454-012-9472-y, MR 3017904, S2CID 254034095 <a href="/wiki/David_Eppstein" target="_blank">/wiki/David_Eppstein</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Alstrup, Stephen; Lauridsen, Peter W; Sommerlund, Peer; Thorup, Mikkel (1997), "Finding cores of limited length", Algorithms and Data Structures, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume, vol. 1272, Springer, pp. 45–54, doi:10.1007/3-540-63307-3_47, ISBN 978-3-540-63307-5 <a href="978-3-540-63307-5" target="_blank">978-3-540-63307-5</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Harvey, Nicholas J. A.; Pătraşcu, Mihai; Wen, Yonggang; Yekhanin, Sergey; Chan, Vincent W. S. (2007), "Non-adaptive fault diagnosis for all-optical networks via combinatorial group testing on graphs", 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2007), pp. 697–705, doi:10.1109/INFCOM.2007.87, ISBN 978-1-4244-1047-7 <a href="978-1-4244-1047-7" target="_blank">978-1-4244-1047-7</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Bille, Philip; Landau, Gad M.; Raman, Rajeev; Sadakane, Kunihiko; Satti, Srinivasa Rao; Weimann, Oren (2011), "Random access to grammar-compressed strings", Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, pp. 373–389, MR 2857133 <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/MR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Heavy-light decomposition open-in-new

Heavy-light decomposition