Cast stone

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>The earliest known use of cast stone was in the <a href="/facts/Cit%25C3%25A9_de_Carcassonne/jQVnDKD5">Cité de Carcassonne</a>, France, in about 1138.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> It was first used extensively in London in the late 19th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> and gained widespread acceptance in America in the 1920s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p><p>One of the earliest developments in the industry was <a href="/facts/Coade_stone/9hW7xEcz">Coade stone</a>, a fired <a href="/facts/Ceramic/9JKudpqX">ceramic</a> form of <a href="/facts/Stoneware/h6JS15YF">stoneware</a>. Another well-known variety was <a href="/facts/Victoria_stone/W753kbmq">Victoria stone</a>, which is composed of three parts finely crushed Mount Sorrel (Leicestershire) granite to one of <a href="/facts/Portland_cement/kPj8EjnP">Portland cement</a>, carefully mechanically mixed and poured into moulds. After setting the blocks are placed in a solution of <a href="/facts/Sodium_silicate/055T0IYW">silicate of soda</a> to <a href="/facts/Indurate/bkPTPxqQ">indurate</a> and harden them. Many manufacturers turned out a very non-porous product able to resist corrosive <a href="/facts/Sea_air/e7cI0weL">sea air</a> and industrial and residential air pollution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>
</p><p>According to <a href="/facts/Rupert_Gunnis/xupFJpzo">Rupert Gunnis</a> a Dutchman named Van Spangen set up an artificial stone manufactury at Bow in London in 1800 and later went into partnership with a Mr. Powell. The firm was broken up in 1828, and the moulds sold to a sculptor, Felix Austin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a>
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<h2 id="manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2>
<p>Today most artificial stone consists of fine <a href="/facts/Portland_cement/kPj8EjnP">Portland cement</a>-based <a href="/facts/Concrete/K6whGVNx">concrete</a>, placed to set in wooden, rubber-lined fiberglass or iron moulds. There are two common manufacturing methods, the dry tamp method and the wet cast process. In the dry tamp method, used for smaller pieces, <a href="/facts/Concrete_slump_test/n8fIbfe8">zero-slump concrete</a> is compacted in the mould by vibration; in the wet cast method, used for larger building elements including those with internal reinforcement or anchor fixings, wetter concrete is cast in the mould for 24 hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Moulds may be made of sand, wood, plaster, gelatin,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> rubber-lined fiberglass, or iron; in the dry tamp method, they can be re-used.
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<h2 id="standards">Standards</h2>
<p>In the US and some other countries, the industry standard for physical properties and raw materials constituents is <a href="/facts/ASTM_International/xzdCexYJ">ASTM</a> C 1364, the Standard Specification for Architectural Cast Stone.
</p><p>In the UK and Europe, the usual standard is <a href="/facts/BSI_Group/VljYYY4o">BS</a> 1217: Cast stone - Specification. Under the <a href="/facts/European_Commission/Cc5JgbEI">European Commission</a>'s "Construction Products Regulations" legislation, <a href="/facts/CE_marking/F13U8QXp">CE marking</a> became mandatory in mid-2013 for certain construction products sold in Europe, including some cast stone items.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>
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<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Geopolymers/Rf8xuvHD">Geopolymers</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Anthropic_rock/fCYgxPlh">Anthropic rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Engineered_stone/4bLnxSdf">Engineered stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fambrini_%2526_Daniels/nu6pUkSH">Fambrini & Daniels</a> Cast stone manufacturers.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIe_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle/B%C3%A9ton">Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle/Béton</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel (1870). La cité de Carcassonne (in French). Morel. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" target="_blank">/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"History of Cast Stone". Northampton, England: UK Cast Stone Association. Retrieved 5 November 2011. <a href="http://www.ukcsa.co.uk/history-of-cast-stone.php" target="_blank">http://www.ukcsa.co.uk/history-of-cast-stone.php</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"History of Cast Stone". Lebanon, Pennsylvania: Cast Stone Institute. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222214528/http://www.caststone.org/history.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110222214528/http://www.caststone.org/history.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>Curtis, A. J. R. (May 1926). "Cast Stone Industry to the Front". American Builder. pp. 162–64, 167. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9TOUZKNo1cC&pg=PA162" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9TOUZKNo1cC&pg=PA162</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bartlett, James (1911). "Stone". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 958–960. <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" target="_blank">/wiki/Public_domain</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>Gunnis, Rupert (1954). "Austin, Felix". Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851. Harvard University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gunnis" target="_blank">/wiki/Rupert_Gunnis</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:7"><p>Lyons, Arthur R. (2007). Materials for Architects and Builders. Routledge. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7506-6940-5. <a href="978-0-7506-6940-5" target="_blank">978-0-7506-6940-5</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:8"><p>Curtis, A. J. R. (May 1926). "Cast Stone Industry to the Front". American Builder. pp. 162–64, 167. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9TOUZKNo1cC&pg=PA162" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9TOUZKNo1cC&pg=PA162</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:9"><p>"CE Marking of Cast Stone". Northampton, England: UK Cast Stone Association. Retrieved 23 March 2013. <a href="http://www.ukcsa.co.uk/technical/ce-marking-of-cast-stone.php" target="_blank">http://www.ukcsa.co.uk/technical/ce-marking-of-cast-stone.php</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
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Cast stone open-in-new

Cast stone