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NASA large strategic science missions
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<h2 id="missions">Missions</h2> NASA Large Strategic Science Missions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><table><tbody><tr><th>Mission name</th><th>Mission start</th><th>Mission end</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Planetary Science Division</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Viking_program/LAaxJUN9"><i>Viking</i> 1, 2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>1975</td><td>1982</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Voyager_program/cPm6qnNx"><i>Voyager</i> 1, 2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>1977</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Galileo_(spacecraft)/H57agAgz"><i>Galileo</i></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>1989</td><td>2003</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Cassini%25E2%2580%2593Huygens/PWknrDeY">Cassini</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>1997</td><td>2017</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">Mars Science Laboratory</a>/<a href="/facts/Curiosity_rover/mVLawAfA"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>2011</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mars_2020/B6GRHvKH">Mars 2020</a>/<a href="/facts/Perseverance_(rover)/NFoubTKJ"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a> + <i><a href="/facts/Ingenuity_helicopter/EycKDT9X">Ingenuity helicopter</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>2020</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Europa_Clipper/LuaX203A">Europa Clipper</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>2024</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return_Mission/XG3WnKGW">NASA–ESA Mars Sample Return Mission</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>2028–30</td><td>Proposed</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe/XV5B8UwY">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a></i></td><td>2032</td><td>Proposed</td></tr><tr><td><i><a href="/facts/Enceladus_Orbilander/uh2jkWRp">Enceladus Orbilander</a></i></td><td>2038</td><td>Proposed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Astrophysics Division</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hubble_Space_Telescope/NQeIf0vw">Hubble Space Telescope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>1990</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory/XrhShxVh">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>1991</td><td>2000</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory/zU89xG3a">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>1999</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/James_Webb_Space_Telescope/w4GAWnWX">James Webb Space Telescope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>2021</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope/LXBWIsMx">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>2027</td><td>In development</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory/6zdBtVm5">Habitable Worlds Observatory</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>2040</td><td>Proposed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Heliophysics Division</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory/2vgpPzEt">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>2010</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Van_Allen_Probes/hxLUcaJ8">Van Allen Probes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>2012</td><td>2019</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission/uUARG0CG">Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission</a> (MMS)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>2015</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Parker_Solar_Probe/MDCAJsnl">Parker Solar Probe</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>2018</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Earth Science Division</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Terra_(satellite)/HFQuzF66"><i>Terra</i></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>1999</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aqua_(satellite)/QXaLRTAv"><i>Aqua</i></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>2002</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ICESat/TYtKWnAy">ICESat</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>2003</td><td>2010</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Aura_(satellite)/aWjw9lmt"><i>Aura</i></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>2004</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Joint_Polar_Satellite_System/IrK4GbL6">Joint Polar Satellite System</a> (JPSS) ─ a constellation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>2011</td><td>Operational</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Plankton%2c_Aerosol%2c_Cloud%2c_ocean_Ecosystem/5tcVszqG">Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem</a> (PACE)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>2024</td><td>Operational</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of the four <a href="/facts/Great_Observatories_program/KNFpk4V8">Great Observatories</a>, only the <i><a href="/facts/Spitzer_Space_Telescope/Ic1xXIYb">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></i> is not a Flagship mission. Initially budgeted at US$2 billion, Spitzer was downscoped to a medium-size mission of US$720 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Spaceflight portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Discovery_Program/fyVvN4KK">Discovery Program</a> – Solar system exploration program by NASA</li> <li><a href="/facts/New_Frontiers_program/QV1qnRAH">New Frontiers program</a> – Series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"NASA's 'Large Strategic' Science Missions Under the Microscope". www.aip.org. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="https://www.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope" target="_blank">https://www.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 10 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3#10" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3#10</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"NASA's 'Large Strategic' Science Missions Under the Microscope". www.aip.org. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="https://www.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope" target="_blank">https://www.aip.org/fyi/2016/nasas-large-strategic-science-missions-under-microscope</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"NASA Procedural Requirements: Risk Classification for NASA Payloads: Appendix B – Classification Considerations for NASA Class A–D Payloads". Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305060855/https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_8705_0004_&page_name=AppendixB" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130305060855/https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_8705_0004_&page_name=AppendixB</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Solar System Programs: Outer Planets Flagship. NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship" target="_blank">https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Solar System Programs: Outer Planets Flagship. NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship" target="_blank">https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Solar System Programs: Outer Planets Flagship. NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship" target="_blank">https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Solar System Programs: Outer Planets Flagship. NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship" target="_blank">https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/programs/outer-planets-flagship</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 37 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 37 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 37 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#37</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Berger, Eric (21 September 2023). "Independent reviewers find NASA Mars Sample Return plans are seriously flawed". Ars Technica. Retrieved 23 September 2023. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/independent-review-finds-mars-sample-return-mission-important-but-broken/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/independent-review-finds-mars-sample-return-mission-important-but-broken/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 25 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 25 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 25 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4?term=compton#25</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 1 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/2" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/2</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 27 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#27" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/4#27</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Clery, Daniel (1 March 2018). "Flagship U.S. space telescope facing further delays". Science Magazine. <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/flagship-us-space-telescope-facing-further-delays" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/content/article/flagship-us-space-telescope-facing-further-delays</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Foust, Jeff (30 September 2021). "Pandemic causes delay and cost increase for NASA's Roman Space Telescope". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 November 2021. <a href="https://spacenews.com/pandemic-causes-delay-and-cost-increase-for-nasas-roman-space-telescope/" target="_blank">https://spacenews.com/pandemic-causes-delay-and-cost-increase-for-nasas-roman-space-telescope/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Balzer, Ashley (9 November 2021). "NASA's Roman Mission Will Help Empower a New Era of Cosmological Discovery". NASA. Retrieved 10 November 2021. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Foust, Jeff (4 November 2021). "Astrophysics decadal survey recommends a program of flagship space telescopes". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 June 2024. <a href="https://spacenews.com/astrophysics-decadal-survey-recommends-a-program-of-flagship-space-telescopes/" target="_blank">https://spacenews.com/astrophysics-decadal-survey-recommends-a-program-of-flagship-space-telescopes/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"NASA Awards Advance Technologies for Future Habitable Worlds Mission - NASA". Retrieved 10 June 2024. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-advance-technologies-for-future-habitable-worlds-mission/" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-advance-technologies-for-future-habitable-worlds-mission/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. Page 17. <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=sdo#17" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=sdo#17</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. Page 17. <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=sdo#17" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=sdo#17</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. Page 2. <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/2?term=mms#2" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/2?term=mms#2</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions (2017). The National Academies Press. page 16 <a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=parker#16" target="_blank">https://www.nap.edu/read/24857/chapter/3?term=parker#16</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Terra: Earth Observing System Flagship. Space Today <a href="http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/TerraAqua/TerraStory.html" target="_blank">http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/TerraAqua/TerraStory.html</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Earth Science: NASA's Mission to Our Home Planet. Edward S. Goldstein and Tabatha Thompson, NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Terra: Earth Observing System Flagship. Space Today <a href="http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/TerraAqua/TerraStory.html" target="_blank">http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/TerraAqua/TerraStory.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Earth Science: NASA's Mission to Our Home Planet. Edward S. Goldstein and Tabatha Thompson, NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>NASA Missions: From Concept to Launch (PDF) Michael Amato, NASA March 2013 <a href="http://www.astro.umd.edu/~peel/CPSP119D_101/content/NASA_Mission_Planning.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.astro.umd.edu/~peel/CPSP119D_101/content/NASA_Mission_Planning.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Earth Science: NASA's Mission to Our Home Planet. Edward S. Goldstein and Tabatha Thompson, NASA This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/earthSciences.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>NASA Missions: From Concept to Launch (PDF) Michael Amato, NASA March 2013 <a href="http://www.astro.umd.edu/~peel/CPSP119D_101/content/NASA_Mission_Planning.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.astro.umd.edu/~peel/CPSP119D_101/content/NASA_Mission_Planning.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Timeline". NASA. May 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021. <a href="https://pace.oceansciences.org/timeline.htm" target="_blank">https://pace.oceansciences.org/timeline.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (24 August 2017). Powering Science: NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions. The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24857. ISBN 9780309463836.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780309463836" target="_blank">9780309463836</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>