Jason Barr

<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2>
Barr earned his B.S. from <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell University</a> in 1992, his M.F.A. in creative writing from <a href="/facts/Emerson_College/V2nJXhcF">Emerson College</a> in 1995 and his Ph.D. in economics from <a href="/facts/Columbia_University/Hlf1gw53">Columbia University</a> in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Barr has also taught at <a href="/facts/Changchun/Kyw1Q4kH">Changchun</a>, China, and conducted research at the <a href="/facts/Observatoire_Fran%25C3%25A7ais_des_Conjonctures_%25C3%2589conomiques/kkKALtT9">Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques</a>. He also received grants from the Land Economic Foundation, the <a href="/facts/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat/AbRv2rvE">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a>, and the <a href="/facts/National_Park_Service/KyR15FW6">WCF/National Park Service</a>. Dr. Barr is an affiliated faculty member with the Global Urban Systems Ph.D. program. His research interests include <a href="/facts/Urban_economics/PvluQUIR">urban economics</a> and agent-based <a href="/facts/Computational_economics/MgHm5lAS">computational economics</a>. Dr. Barr serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Economic_Journal/yE3t8nL0">Eastern Economic Journal</a>.

<h2 id="research-on-skyscrapers">Research On Skyscrapers</h2>
Barr examines the economic forces behind their construction including the interplay between engineering, economic, developer, and symbolic heights. His work investigates why skyscrapers are built to certain heights and the economic rationale behind these decisions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> For example, research performed by Barr and his colleagues showed that there was no evidence for the <a href="/facts/Skyscraper_Index/dFvIY7j0">Skyscraper Curse</a>, that the completion of the world's tallest building is a herald of an economic crisis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Barr has also debunked the misconception that Manhattan's geological conditions have been the reason there are few skyscrapers between lower <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/facts/Midtown_Manhattan/vc7r8h51">Midtown</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> Rather, Barr's work demonstrates that <a href="/facts/Midtown_Manhattan/vc7r8h51">Midtown's</a> origin was due to the city's demographic evolution and the fact that Manhattan is a long, but narrow, island that concentrated economic activity to a much greater degree, as compared to other cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
Barr has also written extensively on <a href="/facts/Zoning_in_the_United_States/rTQmMyU3">zoning in the United States</a> including the role of <a href="/facts/Robert_Moses/UflUKuHB">Robert Moses</a> and the City Planning Commission creating the current NYC zones.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> His "Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers" provides a detailed analysis of Manhattan's development, including how Manhattan's shape and land use patterns, advancements in transport, and neighborhood density affected the location and heights of its tall buildings
Barr's latest book, "Cities in the Sky:The Quest to Build the World's Tallest Skyscrapers"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> highlights the global race to build the tallest skyscrapers, examining the economic, cultural, political, and technological motivations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> The book begins with the origins of skyscrapers in early 20th-century America, focusing on cities like Chicago and New York. Barr debunks the myth the <a href="/facts/Home_Insurance_Building/RYG5lG1I">Home Insurance Building</a> in Chicago was the first skyscraper. He shows that its designation as such was created through a public relations campaign in 1896 by the building's architect, <a href="/facts/William_Le_Baron_Jenney/xwl9wgj2">William Le Baron Jenney</a> and his <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a> colleagues, including <a href="/facts/Daniel_Burnham/U7PTyJxY">Daniel H. Burnham</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> Regarding London's skyscraper history, Barr notes that London initially resisted tall buildings due to both preservationist opposition and lack of need. It wasn't until the 21st century that London saw the rise of modern skyscrapers like the <a href="/facts/The_Shard/GsR6fwmP">Shard</a> and the <a href="/facts/The_Gherkin/DKystcxQ">Gherkin</a>. Barr contrasts this with the rapid skyscraper development in Hong Kong, which, despite starting later, now has more skyscrapers than Manhattan. Hong Kong's unique land lease system, stemming from its colonial past, has influenced its dense vertical growth, with many skyscrapers serving residential purposes.
The system was later adopted by mainland China, helping to spur an unprecedented skyscraper boom. According to Barr, in the Middle East, Dubai's <a href="/facts/Burj_Khalifa/YIwfnMf4">Burj Khalifa</a> exemplifies skyscraper development driven by consolidated decision-making. Barr argues that skyscrapers create a positive feedback loop for cities, enhancing global connectivity and economic growth. Barr also dunks the myth that the word's tallest buildings are not economically rational. Recording breaking structures are used as part of an economic development strategy that increases tourism, foreign direct investment, and raises property values.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> However, he also critiques the sustainability of super-tall buildings, advocating for a balance between density and environmental impact. Barr concludes that while skyscrapers can elevate a city's status, their construction must be contextually and economically justified.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="new-mannahatta-project">New Mannahatta Project</h2>
Barr is an advocate of <a href="/facts/Land_reclamation/taYL4BjI">land reclamation</a> projects such as those seen in Hong Kong and the Netherlands. He is also an advocate of <a href="/facts/Lower_Manhattan_expansion/NUb9Amw3">Lower Manhattan expansion</a>. On January 14, 2022, Barr wrote an opinion article in the New York Times<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> which proposed the expansion of Manhattan Island.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>
Barr proposes expanding Manhattan Island by 1,760 acres into New York Harbor to tackle housing affordability and climate change. This new area, named New Mannahatta, would provide housing for nearly 250,000 people and offer significant protection against sea level rise, flooding, and storm surges. Barr's plan would push vulnerable areas like Wall and Broad Streets inland and incorporate wetlands to absorb storm surges, with land built at higher elevations for added protection.
The new constructions could include diverse housing types and nearly 180,000 new units. Barr highlights the economic feasibility, noting that the high value of New York real estate could fund the project through sales or long-term leases. With 2019 building sales at $1,500 per square foot versus $500 construction costs, the profit could cover land and infrastructure costs. The project would boost ferry routes and real estate tax income, with potential support from federal infrastructure funds.
This "<a href="/facts/New_Mannahatta/NUb9Amw3">New Mannahatta</a>" project proposal was met with criticism from readers despite the project being quite similar to other already completed projects around the world. Among other academics and city planners Barr's project was met with greater interest.

<h2 id="legends-tower-project-and-criticism">Legends Tower Project And criticism</h2>
The developer, Matteson Capital is proposing "<a href="/facts/Legends_Tower/1Rd8cESw">Legends Tower</a>," which would stand at a staggering height of 1,907 feet, <a href="/facts/Legends_Tower/1Rd8cESw">making it the tallest building in the United States if completed.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> The proposal faces skepticism due to concerns about financing, market demand, and the tower's ability to withstand the region's severe weather conditions, including tornadoes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Despite these challenges, the project has garnered attention for its potential to put Oklahoma City on the map and stimulate economic growth in the region.
The proposal to build the "Legends Tower" in Oklahoma City has stirred considerable debate, with economist Jason Barr expressing skepticism. He questions the economic viability of such a project in a city like Oklahoma City, stating, "It would pencil out in New York, it would pencil out in Chicago, but statistically I can’t see it penciling out in Oklahoma City." Barr raises concerns about the project's financing and whether the market demand in Oklahoma City can support the costs associated with constructing such a towering structure. He also doubts the rationale for including an observation deck.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> Barr's reservations highlight the challenges facing the developers as they seek to bring their ambitious vision to fruition amidst uncertainties about its economic feasibility and practicality in the context of Oklahoma City's urban landscape.

<h2 id="books">Books</h2>
<ul><li>'Building the Skyline': The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers. <a href="/facts/Oxford_University_Press/CYyTzzWG">Oxford University Press</a>, 2016. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0199344369</li></ul>
"Building the Skyline" by Jason Barr explores the evolution of Manhattan's iconic skyscrapers, delving into the economic factors shaping their development. Barr considers Manhattan's geological history, influencing early land use and neighborhood formation, such as the dense tenements of Five Points and the Lower East Side. He explains why skyscrapers emerged downtown and later in midtown, debunking geological myths. Instead, he emphasizes economic and demographic forces driving construction patterns. The book highlights innovative urban solutions for accommodating dense populations. Through rigorous investigation, Barr offers insights into urban growth and city life, making "Building the Skyline" a significant contribution to understanding the dynamics of urbanization and architecture.

<ul><li>Economic Drivers: Skyscrapers in China. <a href="/facts/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat/AbRv2rvE">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a>, 2017. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0939493555.</li></ul>
'Economic Drivers' explores China's economic reforms over the past four decades have spurred immense urban growth, marked by a proliferation of skyscrapers across its cities. While these structures symbolize China's economic prowess, little research has focused on their construction. This report aims to fill this gap by analyzing the economic factors driving skyscraper development in China. Using data from 1980 to 2014 across 74 cities, the study examines how economic incentives, social and political benefits, and city identity contribute to skyscraper construction. Regression models reveal a complex interplay between economic fundamentals and competitive motivations. The findings underscore the economic rationale behind China's skyscraper boom and lay the groundwork for further exploration into their role in urbanization.

<ul><li>Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World's Tallest Skyscrapers <a href="/facts/Simon_%2526_Schuster/pESq8Dxl">Simon & Schuster</a>, 2024 ISBN 978–1982174217</li></ul>
"Cities in the Sky"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> by Jason Barr explores the global phenomenon of skyscraper construction, delving into the motivations, economics, and impact of these towering structures. From iconic landmarks like the Empire State Building to modern marvels such as the Shanghai Tower and the Burj Khalifa, Barr examines the architectural and engineering feats behind each skyscraper. He dispels myths about their origins, discusses the technological advancements driving their proliferation, and analyzes their effects on city skylines and economies. The book covers the evolution of skyscrapers from early American developments to contemporary trends in cities like London, Hong Kong, and Dubai. Barr also addresses the controversies surrounding skyscrapers, including their high costs and environmental impacts. "Cities in the Sky" offers insight into the past, present, and future of urban verticality, appealing to urbanists, architecture enthusiasts, and anyone interested in the evolving landscape of modern cities.

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://buildingtheskyline.org/">Building the Skyline - The Birth & Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/building-the-skyline-9780199344369?cc=us&lang=en&">Building the Skyline: The Birth and Growth of Manhattan's Skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?412519-1/manhattan-skyline">Manhattan Skyline | C-SPAN.org</a></li>
<li><a href="http://buildingtheskyline.org/skynomics-blog/">Skynomics Blog</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Emily Badger, "How skyscrapers reveal the rise and fall American fortunes". The Washington Post, Wonkblog, Jan. 8, 2016 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/how-skyscrapers-reveal-the-rise-and-fall-of-american-fortunes/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/how-skyscrapers-reveal-the-rise-and-fall-of-american-fortunes/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Jason Barr. "Skyscraper height". Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 2012, 45(3), 723-753. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Henry Grabar, "Which skyscraper is tallest? It's complicated". Salon.com, Nov. 11, 2013 <a href="http://www.salon.com/2013/11/16/which_skyscraper_is_tallest_its_complicated/" target="_blank">http://www.salon.com/2013/11/16/which_skyscraper_is_tallest_its_complicated/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Jeff Giles, "It's Tough Being a Young Skyscraper", The New York Times, Sept. 9, 2019 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/business/skyscrapers-new-york-golden-age.html/" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/09/business/skyscrapers-new-york-golden-age.html/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"The up and up". The Economist, Aug. 20, 2016. <a href="https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705303-using-economics-explain-why-buildings-get-big-up-and-up" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705303-using-economics-explain-why-buildings-get-big-up-and-up</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Jan Klerks. "Book Review: Explaining the Manhattan skyline by the numbers". Skyhigh.city. August 17, 2016 <a href="http://skyhigh.city/book-review-explaining-the-manhattan-skyline-by-the-numbers/" target="_blank">http://skyhigh.city/book-review-explaining-the-manhattan-skyline-by-the-numbers/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Barr, Jason M. Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. (2024). Scribner Books. Website: https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/ <a href="https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/" target="_blank">https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Barr, Jason and Jedwab, Remi. “Exciting, Boring, and Non-Existent Skylines: Vertical Building Gaps in Global Perspective.” (2023). Real Estate Economics, 51, 1512-1526. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Jedwab, Remi, Barr, Jason and Brueckner, Jan K. “Cities Without Skylines: Worldwide Building-Height Gaps and their Possible Determinants and Implications” (2022). Journal of Urban Economics, 132. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Ahlfedlt, Gabriel and Barr, Jason. “The Economics of Skyscrapers: A Synthesis.” (2022). Journal of Urban Economics, 129 (with G. Ahlfeldt) <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Barr, Jason and Luo, Jingshu. “Growing Skylines: The Economic Determinants of Skyscrapers in China.” (2021). Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. 63(2), 210-248. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Barr, Jason. “A ‘Radical Departure’? How The Home Insurance Building Won the ‘First Skyscraper’ Debate.” (2024). International Journal of High-rise Buildings, 13(1), 1-9. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Barr, Jason. "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Retrieved 23 January 2022. <a href="https://www.jasonmbarr.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CV_Jason_Barr.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.jasonmbarr.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CV_Jason_Barr.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Alissa Walker. "5 myths about New York City skyscrapers, debunked". Curbed.com, October 6, 2016 <a href="http://ny.curbed.com/2016/10/6/13189862/nyc-skyscrapers-myths-jason-barr" target="_blank">http://ny.curbed.com/2016/10/6/13189862/nyc-skyscrapers-myths-jason-barr</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"A Guide to NYC's Skyline | Skyline Cruises". Skyline Princess Cruises. 2022-11-10. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://skylinecruises.com/notes-from-the-deck/guide-new-york-citys-skyline/" target="_blank">https://skylinecruises.com/notes-from-the-deck/guide-new-york-citys-skyline/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"A Tale Of Two Skylines: The Story Behind New York City's 'Gap'". TheTravel. 2023-02-17. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://www.thetravel.com/why-does-new-york-city-have-two-skylines/" target="_blank">https://www.thetravel.com/why-does-new-york-city-have-two-skylines/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Jason Barr and Gerard Koeppel. "The Manhattan Street Grid Plan: Misconceptions and Corrections" Archived 2017-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, January 4, 2017 <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Koeppel" target="_blank">/wiki/Gerard_Koeppel</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Barr, Jason; Mizrach, Bruce; Mundra, Kusum (2015). "Skyscraper height and the business cycle: Separating myth from reality". Applied Economics. 47 (2): 148–160. doi:10.1080/00036846.2014.967380. <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2014.967380" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2014.967380</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Towers of Babel: Is there such a thing as the skyscraper curse?" The Economist, March 28, 2015 <a href="https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21647289-there-such-thing-skyscraper-curse-towers-babel" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21647289-there-such-thing-skyscraper-curse-towers-babel</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Matt Chaban. "Uncanny valley: the real reason there are no skyscrapers in the middle of Manhattan". The New York Observer, January 17, 2012 <a href="https://observer.com/2012/01/uncanny-valley-the-real-reason-there-are-no-skyscrapers-in-the-middle-of-manhattan/" target="_blank">https://observer.com/2012/01/uncanny-valley-the-real-reason-there-are-no-skyscrapers-in-the-middle-of-manhattan/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Matt Chaban. "Paul Goldberger and skyscraper economist Jason Barr debate the Manhattan skyline." The New York Observer, January 25, 2012 <a href="https://observer.com/2012/01/paul-goldberger-and-skyscraper-economist-jason-barr-debate-the-manhattan-skyline/" target="_blank">https://observer.com/2012/01/paul-goldberger-and-skyscraper-economist-jason-barr-debate-the-manhattan-skyline/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">David W. Dunlap. "450 million years ago, Hell's Kitchen earned its name". The New York Times, February 2, 2015 <a href="https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/450-million-years-ago-hells-kitchen-earned-its-name/?_r=0" target="_blank">https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/450-million-years-ago-hells-kitchen-earned-its-name/?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Jason Barr, Troy Tassier and Rossen Trendafilov. "Depth to bedrock and the formation of the Manhattan skyline, 1890–1915". Journal of Economic History, 2011, 71(4), 1060-1077. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/depth-to-bedrock-and-the-formation-of-the-manhattan-skyline-18901915/56EAE58906036780174ACE6AF1B7C868" target="_blank">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/depth-to-bedrock-and-the-formation-of-the-manhattan-skyline-18901915/56EAE58906036780174ACE6AF1B7C868</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Chris Weller. "6 hidden reasons why New York City looks like it does". TechInsider, September 25, 2015. <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/why-new-york-city-looks-like-it-does-2015-9" target="_blank">http://www.techinsider.io/why-new-york-city-looks-like-it-does-2015-9</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Richard Florida and Andrew Small. "The curious case of New York's two economic centers". Citylab.com, November 23, 2016. <a href="http://www.citylab.com/work/2016/11/the-curious-case-of-nycs-dual-economic-centers/494135/" target="_blank">http://www.citylab.com/work/2016/11/the-curious-case-of-nycs-dual-economic-centers/494135/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Jason Barr and Troy Tassier. "The dynamics of subcenter formation: Midtown Manhattan, 1861-1906". Journal of Regional Science, 2016, 56(5), 731–933. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12288/full" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jors.12288/full</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"Robert Moses and the Zoning of New York (Part I): Killing the Master Plan - Building the Skyline". 28 February 2023. <a href="https://buildingtheskyline.org/zoning-moses-1/" target="_blank">https://buildingtheskyline.org/zoning-moses-1/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Barr, Jason M. Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. (2024). Scribner Books. Website: https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/. <a href="https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/" target="_blank">https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Satow, Julie (2024-07-26). "'Cities in the Sky' Review: Skyscraper Society". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2024-12-15. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/cities-in-the-sky-review-skyscraper-society-ca023df5" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/cities-in-the-sky-review-skyscraper-society-ca023df5</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Heathcote, Edwin (2024-08-03). "Cities in the Sky — a race to the top". Financial Times. Retrieved 2024-12-11. <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e19e2e8e-3d32-439b-a529-4a0202dd8310" target="_blank">https://www.ft.com/content/e19e2e8e-3d32-439b-a529-4a0202dd8310</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Modi, Saurabh (2024-07-02). "The rise of skyscrapers". Business Standard. Retrieved 2024-12-15. <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/book/the-rise-of-skyscrapers-124070201190_1.html" target="_blank">https://www.business-standard.com/book/the-rise-of-skyscrapers-124070201190_1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Barr, Jason M. Cities in the Sky: The Quest to Build the World’s Tallest Skyscrapers. (2024). Scribner Books. Website: https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/ <a href="https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/" target="_blank">https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Barr, Jason and Weismantle, Peter. “The Economics of Record-Breaking Height.” (2023). CTBUH Journal, 1, 36-43. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Barrett, Joe. "The $1.6 Billion Quest to Build America's Tallest Skyscraper in…Oklahoma". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-06-05 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Barr, Jason M. (14 January 2022). "Opinion | 1,760 Acres. That's How Much More of Manhattan We Need". The New York Times. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/opinion/eric-adams-manhattan-expand.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/opinion/eric-adams-manhattan-expand.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">"Opinion: One Solution to Manhattan's Land Shortage: Just Build It". www.planetizen.com. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://www.planetizen.com/news/2022/01/115935-opinion-one-solution-manhattans-land-shortage-just-build-it" target="_blank">https://www.planetizen.com/news/2022/01/115935-opinion-one-solution-manhattans-land-shortage-just-build-it</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">"Make NYC more affordable by extending Manhattan: professor". 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/01/19/make-nyc-more-affordable-by-extending-manhattan-professor/" target="_blank">https://nypost.com/2022/01/19/make-nyc-more-affordable-by-extending-manhattan-professor/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">"Jason Barr for PIX11: Plan to expand Manhattan? Rutgers professor explains buzzy proposal". Rutgers SASN. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://sasn.rutgers.edu/news-events/news/jason-barr-pix11-plan-expand-manhattan-rutgers-professor-explains-buzzy-proposal" target="_blank">https://sasn.rutgers.edu/news-events/news/jason-barr-pix11-plan-expand-manhattan-rutgers-professor-explains-buzzy-proposal</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">"Manhattan Island extension could provide homes for 250,000 people". Dezeen. 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2023-08-10. <a href="https://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/18/manhattan-island-extension-new-mannahatta/" target="_blank">https://www.dezeen.com/2022/01/18/manhattan-island-extension-new-mannahatta/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2024-01-27). "The next tallest building in America may be nowhere near New York | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-05. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/27/investing/americas-tallest-building-oklahoma-city/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/27/investing/americas-tallest-building-oklahoma-city/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Fadel, Leila; Inskeep, Steve (2024-04-25). "Developer plans to eclipse New York and build the 5th tallest building in Oklahoma". Morning Edition (Podcast). NPR. Retrieved 2024-12-08. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/04/25/1247095075/developer-plans-to-eclipse-new-york-and-build-the-5th-tallest-building-in-oklaho" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2024/04/25/1247095075/developer-plans-to-eclipse-new-york-and-build-the-5th-tallest-building-in-oklaho</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Barrett, Joe. "The $1.6 Billion Quest to Build America's Tallest Skyscraper in…Oklahoma". WSJ. Retrieved 2024-06-05. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/us-news/oklahoma-skyscraper-americas-tallest-eaae69d2" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/us-news/oklahoma-skyscraper-americas-tallest-eaae69d2</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Book Website for Cities in the Sky by Jason M. Barr". Cities in the Sky. Retrieved 2024-12-11. <a href="https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/" target="_blank">https://www.citiesintheskybook.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Barr, Jason M. (14 May 2024). Cities in the Sky. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-7421-7. <a href="978-1-9821-7421-7" target="_blank">978-1-9821-7421-7</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Jason Barr open-in-new

Jason Barr