Lithium cobalt oxide

<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2>
The structure of LiCoO2 has been studied with numerous techniques including <a href="/facts/X-ray_diffraction/WtI0F5DN">x-ray diffraction</a>, <a href="/facts/Electron_microscopy/XtaBktwF">electron microscopy</a>, neutron <a href="/facts/Powder_diffraction/y5uDg49u">powder diffraction</a>, and <a href="/facts/EXAFS/6GSpQuxv">EXAFS</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a>
The solid consists of layers of monovalent <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> cations (Li+) that lie between extended anionic sheets of cobalt and oxygen atoms, arranged as edge-sharing <a href="/facts/Octahedron/G38q92xW">octahedra</a>, with two faces parallel to the sheet plane.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The cobalt atoms are formally in the trivalent oxidation state (Co3+) and are sandwiched between two layers of oxygen atoms (O2−). 
In each layer (cobalt, oxygen, or lithium), the atoms are arranged in a regular triangular lattice. The lattices are offset so that the lithium atoms are farthest from the cobalt atoms, and the structure repeats in the direction perpendicular to the planes every three cobalt (or lithium) layers. The point group symmetry is 
 
 
 
 R
 
 
 
 3
 ¯
 
 
 
 m
 
 
 {\displaystyle R{\bar {3}}m}
 
 in <a href="/facts/Crystallographic_point_group/43NqYrf0">Hermann-Mauguin</a> notation, signifying a unit cell with threefold <a href="/facts/Improper_rotation/kcLdCD9r">improper rotational symmetry</a> and a mirror plane. The threefold rotational axis (which is normal to the layers) is termed improper because the triangles of oxygen (being on opposite sides of each octahedron) are anti-aligned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h2 id="preparation">Preparation</h2>
Fully reduced lithium cobalt oxide can be prepared by heating a stoichiometric mixture of <a href="/facts/Lithium_carbonate/soupEeC1">lithium carbonate</a> Li2CO3 and <a href="/facts/Cobalt(II%2cIII)_oxide/lp55FCdw">cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> Co3O4 or metallic cobalt at 600–800 °C, then <a href="/facts/Annealing_(metallurgy)/2AfoCE4X">annealing</a> the product at 900 °C for many hours, all under an oxygen atmosphere.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>

Nanometer-size particles more suitable for cathode use can also be obtained by calcination of <a href="/facts/Hydrate/dev82l69">hydrated</a> <a href="/facts/Cobalt_oxalate/j9Jt6LBS">cobalt oxalate</a> β-CoC2O4·2H2O, in the form of rod-like crystals about 8 μm long and 0.4 μm wide, with <a href="/facts/Lithium_hydroxide/T2zUqmSa">lithium hydroxide</a> LiOH, up to 750–900 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
A third method uses <a href="/facts/Lithium_acetate/57bwpfAL">lithium acetate</a>, <a href="/facts/Cobalt_acetate/4tebycbD">cobalt acetate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Citric_acid/EgKGQBdl">citric acid</a> in equal molar amounts, in water solution. Heating at 80 °C turns the mixture into a viscous transparent gel. The dried gel is then ground and heated gradually to 550 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<h2 id="use-in-rechargeable-batteries">Use in rechargeable batteries</h2>
The usefulness of lithium cobalt oxide as an intercalation electrode was discovered in 1980 by an <a href="/facts/Oxford_University/ExVVQL6V">Oxford University</a> research group led by <a href="/facts/John_B._Goodenough/sq24M85o">John B. Goodenough</a> and <a href="/facts/Tokyo_University/Td0xnQDF">Tokyo University</a>'s <a href="/facts/Koichi_Mizushima_(scientist)/dCyQ5Gfc">Koichi Mizushima</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
The compound is now used as the cathode in some rechargeable <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_batteries/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion batteries</a>, with particle sizes ranging from <a href="/facts/Nanometer/a98sjHyu">nanometers</a> to <a href="/facts/Micrometre/7eDFxD2L">micrometers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> During charging, the cobalt is partially oxidized to the +4 state, with some <a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">lithium</a> ions moving to the electrolyte, resulting in a range of compounds LixCoO2 with 0 < x < 1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> 
Batteries produced with LiCoO2 cathodes have very stable capacities, but have lower capacities and power than those with cathodes based on (especially nickel-rich) <a href="/facts/Lithium_nickel_cobalt_aluminium_oxides/sMGRsI69">nickel-cobalt-aluminum</a> (NCA) or <a href="/facts/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides/IkSC3PKd">nickel-cobalt-manganese</a> (NCM) oxides.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Issues with <a href="/facts/Thermostability/PnqTAwae">thermostability</a> are better for LiCoO2 cathodes than other nickel-rich chemistries although not significantly. This makes LiCoO2 batteries susceptible to <a href="/facts/Thermal_runaway/r5F7nfeY">thermal runaway</a> in cases of abuse such as high temperature operation (>130 °C) or <a href="/facts/Battery_(electricity)/bqEpm4ue">overcharging</a>. At elevated temperatures, LiCoO2 <a href="/facts/Decomposition/6Bve4pgl">decomposition</a> generates <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a>, which then reacts with the organic electrolyte of the cell, this reaction is often seen in <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">Lithium-Ion batteries</a> where the battery becomes highly volatile and must be recycled in a safe manner. The decomposition of LiCoO2 is a safety concern due to the magnitude of this highly <a href="/facts/Exothermic_reaction/w5IjYYfL">exothermic reaction</a>, which can spread to adjacent cells or ignite nearby combustible material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> In general, this is seen for many lithium-ion battery cathodes.
The delithiation process is usually by chemical means,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> although a novel physical process has been developed based on ion sputtering and annealing cycles,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> leaving the material properties intact.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_battery_types/xhL4zfRu">List of battery types</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sodium_cobalt_oxide/nBBIjIXm">Sodium cobalt oxide</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html">Imaging the Structure of Lithium Cobalt Oxide at Atomic Level</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113041339/http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-13 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory/tvjPSwC9">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory </a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
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<li id="fn:2">Ondřej Jankovský, Jan Kovařík, Jindřich Leitner, Květoslav Růžička, David Sedmidubský (2016) "Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric lithium cobaltite LiCoO2". Thermochimica Acta, 
volume 634, pages 26-30. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.018 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">LinYi Gelon New Battery Materials Co., Ltd, "Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) for lithium ion battery ". Catalog entry, accessed on 2018-04-10, <a href="https://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/6152229/Lithium_Cobalt_Oxide_LiCoO2_for_lithium_ion_battery.html#normal_img" target="_blank">https://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/6152229/Lithium_Cobalt_Oxide_LiCoO2_for_lithium_ion_battery.html#normal_img</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">I. Nakai; K. Takahashi; Y. Shiraishi; T. Nakagome; F. Izumi; Y. Ishii; F. Nishikawa; T. Konishi (1997). "X-ray absorption fine structure and neutron diffraction analyses of de-intercalation behavior in the LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 systems". Journal of Power Sources. 68 (2): 536–539. Bibcode:1997JPS....68..536N. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02598-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Shao-Horn, Yang; Croguennec, Laurence; Delmas, Claude; Nelson, E. Chris; O'Keefe, Michael A. (July 2003). "Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO2". Nature Materials. 2 (7): 464–467. doi:10.1038/nmat922. PMID 12806387. S2CID 34357573. <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shao-Horn" target="_blank">/wiki/Yang_Shao-Horn</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">H. J. Orman & P. J. Wiseman (January 1984). "Cobalt(III) lithium oxide, CoLiO2: structure refinement by powder neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 40 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1107/S0108270184002833. <a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_C" target="_blank">/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_C</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Shao-Horn, Yang; Croguennec, Laurence; Delmas, Claude; Nelson, E. Chris; O'Keefe, Michael A. (July 2003). "Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO2". Nature Materials. 2 (7): 464–467. doi:10.1038/nmat922. PMID 12806387. S2CID 34357573. <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shao-Horn" target="_blank">/wiki/Yang_Shao-Horn</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Ondřej Jankovský, Jan Kovařík, Jindřich Leitner, Květoslav Růžička, David Sedmidubský (2016) "Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric lithium cobaltite LiCoO2". Thermochimica Acta, 
volume 634, pages 26-30. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.018 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">H. J. Orman & P. J. Wiseman (January 1984). "Cobalt(III) lithium oxide, CoLiO2: structure refinement by powder neutron diffraction". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 40 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1107/S0108270184002833. <a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_C" target="_blank">/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_C</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Qi, Zhaoxiang (August 2016). "High-Performance LiCoO2 Sub-Micrometer Materials from Scalable Microparticle Template Processing". ChemistrySelect. 1 (13): 3992–3999. doi:10.1002/slct.201600872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Tang, W.; Liu, L. L.; Tian, S.; Li, L.; Yue, Y. B.; Wu, Y. P.; Guan, S. Y.; Zhu, K. (2010-11-01). "Nano-LiCoO2 as cathode material of large capacity and high rate capability for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries". Electrochemistry Communications. 12 (11): 1524–1526. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.08.024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">K. Mizushima, P. C. Jones, P. J. Wiseman, J. B. Goodenough (1980), "LixCoO2 (0<x<1): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density". Materials Research Bulletin, volume 15, pages 783–789. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Tang, W.; Liu, L. L.; Tian, S.; Li, L.; Yue, Y. B.; Wu, Y. P.; Guan, S. Y.; Zhu, K. (2010-11-01). "Nano-LiCoO2 as cathode material of large capacity and high rate capability for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries". Electrochemistry Communications. 12 (11): 1524–1526. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.08.024. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Qi, Zhaoxiang (August 2016). "High-Performance LiCoO2 Sub-Micrometer Materials from Scalable Microparticle Template Processing". ChemistrySelect. 1 (13): 3992–3999. doi:10.1002/slct.201600872. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Ondřej Jankovský, Jan Kovařík, Jindřich Leitner, Květoslav Růžička, David Sedmidubský (2016) "Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric lithium cobaltite LiCoO2". Thermochimica Acta, 
volume 634, pages 26-30. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.018 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Oswald, Stefan; Gasteiger, Hubert A. (2023-03-01). "The Structural Stability Limit of Layered Lithium Transition Metal Oxides Due to Oxygen Release at High State of Charge and Its Dependence on the Nickel Content". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 170 (3): 030506. doi:10.1149/1945-7111/acbf80. ISSN 0013-4651. S2CID 258406065. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/acbf80" target="_blank">https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/acbf80</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:18">Aurbach, D (2002-06-02). "A short review of failure mechanisms of lithium metal and lithiated graphite anodes in liquid electrolyte solutions". Solid State Ionics. 148 (3–4): 405–416. doi:10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00080-2. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167273802000802" target="_blank">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167273802000802</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Salagre, Elena; Segovia, Pilar; González-Barrio, Miguel Ángel; Jugovac, Matteo; Moras, Paolo; Pis, Igor; Bondino, Federica; Pearson, Justin; Wang, Richmond Shiwei; Takeuchi, Ichiro; Fuller, Elliot J.; Talin, Alec A.; Mascaraque, Arantzazu; Michel, Enrique G. (2023-08-02). "Physical Delithiation of Epitaxial LiCoO 2 Battery Cathodes as a Platform for Surface Electronic Structure Investigation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 15 (30): 36224–36232. doi:10.1021/acsami.3c06147. hdl:10486/708446. ISSN 1944-8244. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.3c06147" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.3c06147</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Lithium cobalt oxide open-in-new

Lithium cobalt oxide