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Fenpropathrin
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<h2 id="toxicity">Toxicity</h2> <p>A person developed <a href="/facts/Parkinson%2527s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a> after six months of daily exposure to fenpropathrin, and animal tests subsequently revealed that the compound is a <a href="/facts/Dopaminergic/y2PcAHB2">dopaminergic</a> <a href="/facts/Neurotoxin/I7nLuFE7">neurotoxin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The patient had a history of eating fenpropathrin-poisoned fish for 6 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The follow-up <a href="/facts/Dopaminergic_pathways/EFooas5U">Dopaminergic</a> degeneration study was conducted using mice treated with fenpropathrin at 15mg/kg/day for 60 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It has thus been implicated as an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> similar to <a href="/facts/Organochlorine_insecticide/1xYL3MSD">organochlorines</a>, <a href="/facts/Organophosphate_poisoning/Hx5PPX9U">organophosphates</a> and <a href="/facts/Pyrethroid/Lf1N0STQ">pyrethroids</a> especially at higher doses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> An acute reference dose for chronic dietary exposure for fenpropathrin is set at 0.025/mg/kg/day by US <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/04/26/00-10042/fenpropathrin-pesticide-tolerance">EPA</a>. Fenpropathrin is toxic to bees if they come in contact with them directly similar to other <a href="/facts/Insecticide/1xYL3MSD">insecticides</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Toxicity dissipates with time when deposited on <a href="https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/residual-time-25-bee-mortality-rt25-data">foliage</a> and is <24 <a href="https://ag.umass.edu/fruit/ne-small-fruit-management-guide/appendices-resource-material-listings-conversion-tables-0">hours</a>. </p> <h2 id="environmental-fate">Environmental Fate</h2> <p>Fenpropathrin degrades from soil by two main mechanisms, biodegradation and photochemical degradation of surface deposits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The time of degradation depends on the characteristics of the soils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The half-life of disappearance for fenpropathrin in soils was 11 to 17 days under aerobic conditions and approx >1 yr under anaerobic conditions. The half-life of fenpropathrin on the surface of a sterilized sandy loam was in the range of 3 to 4 days following irradiation with natural <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Fenpropathrin#section=US-EPA-Regional-Removal-Management-Levels-for-Chemical-Contaminants">sunlight</a>. </p> <h2 id="trade-names">Trade Names</h2> <p>Danitol, Meothrin, Tame. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/6-Hydroxydopamine/J41UtvL0">6-Hydroxydopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/MPTP/va6vTXHc">MPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Norsalsolinol/hQyKIm9l">Norsalsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rotenone/tme1MQ2E">Rotenone</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Aizawa H (2 December 2012). Metabolic Maps of Pesticides. Elsevier Science. pp. 185–. ISBN 978-0-323-15753-7. <a href="978-0-323-15753-7" target="_blank">978-0-323-15753-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Abou-Donia MB (15 July 1992). Neurotoxicology. CRC Press. pp. 462–. ISBN 978-1-4398-0542-8. <a href="978-1-4398-0542-8" target="_blank">978-1-4398-0542-8</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Johansen CA, Mayer DF (1990). Pollinator Protection: A Bee & Pesticide Handbook. Wicwas Press. ISBN 978-1-878075-00-0. <a href="978-1-878075-00-0" target="_blank">978-1-878075-00-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (2): 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PMC 5333774. PMID 25575680. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pfeil R (2014). "Pesticide Residues: Pyrethroids". Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Elsevier. pp. 31–34. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00239-0. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5. <a href="978-0-12-378613-5" target="_blank">978-0-12-378613-5</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Holan G, Frelin C, Lazdunski M (1985). "Selectivity of action between pyrethroids and combined DDT-pyrethroid insecticides on Na+ influx into mammalian neuroblastoma". Experientia. 41 (4): 520–522. doi:10.1007/bf01966180. ISSN 0014-4754. S2CID 11286824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Pesticide residues in food, 1993 : evaluations, 1993. Part II, Toxicology. World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1994. ISBN 92-4-166509-2. OCLC 31097583.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="92-4-166509-2" target="_blank">92-4-166509-2</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Salgado VL, Irving SN, Miller TA (1983). "The importance of nerve terminal depolarization in pyrethroid poisoning of insects". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 20 (2): 169–182. Bibcode:1983PBioP..20..169S. doi:10.1016/0048-3575(83)90021-4. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_Biochemistry_and_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">/w/index.php?title=Pesticide_Biochemistry_and_Physiology&action=edit&redlink=1</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (2): 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PMC 5333774. PMID 25575680. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (2): 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PMC 5333774. PMID 25575680. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (2): 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PMC 5333774. PMID 25575680. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Xiong J, Zhang X, Huang J, Chen C, Chen Z, Liu L, et al. (March 2016). "Fenpropathrin, a Widely Used Pesticide, Causes Dopaminergic Degeneration". Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (2): 995–1008. doi:10.1007/s12035-014-9057-2. PMC 5333774. PMID 25575680. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333774</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Nandipati S, Litvan I (September 2016). "Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13 (9): 881. doi:10.3390/ijerph13090881. PMC 5036714. PMID 27598189. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036714" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5036714</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Van Maele-Fabry G, Hoet P, Vilain F, Lison D (October 2012). "Occupational exposure to pesticides and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". Environment International. 46: 30–43. Bibcode:2012EnInt..46...30V. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.004. PMID 22698719. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Hansen MR, Jørs E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Bustillos NT, Schlünssen V (2017-01-01). "Neurological Deficits After Long-term Pyrethroid Exposure". Environmental Health Insights. 11: 1178630217700628. Bibcode:2017EnvHI..1170062H. doi:10.1177/1178630217700628. PMC 5398229. PMID 28469448. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398229" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398229</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Pfeil R (2014). "Pesticide Residues: Pyrethroids". Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Elsevier. pp. 31–34. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00239-0. ISBN 978-0-12-378613-5. <a href="978-0-12-378613-5" target="_blank">978-0-12-378613-5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bahreini R, Nasr M, Docherty C, de Herdt O, Muirhead S, Feindel D (December 2020). "Evaluation of potential miticide toxicity to Varroa destructor and honey bees, Apis mellifera, under laboratory conditions". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21529. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021529B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78561-2. PMC 7726572. PMID 33299084. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726572" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7726572</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"864. Fenpropathrin (Pesticide residues in food: 1993 evaluations Part II Toxicology)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 2021-04-09. <a href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr10.htm" target="_blank">http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr10.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Pesticide residues in food, 1993 : evaluations, 1993. Part II, Toxicology. World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1994. ISBN 92-4-166509-2. OCLC 31097583.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="92-4-166509-2" target="_blank">92-4-166509-2</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>