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SingleStore
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>On April 23, 2013, SingleStore launched its first generally available version of the database to the public as MemSQL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Early versions supported <a href="/facts/Column-oriented_DBMS/RHleA9BY">row-oriented</a> tables, and were optimized for cases where all data fit within <a href="/facts/Computer_memory/hQKVQ51J">main memory</a>. This design was based on the idea that the cost of <a href="/facts/Random-access_memory/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a> would continue to decrease exponentially over time, in a trend similar to <a href="/facts/Moore%2527s_law/90CSekhl">Moore's law</a>. This would eventually allow most use cases for database systems to store their data exclusively in memory. </p><p>Shortly after launch, MemSQL added general support for an on-disk column-based storage format to work alongside the in-memory rowstore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>On October 27, 2020, MemSQL rebranded to SingleStore to reflect a shift in focus away from exclusively in-memory workloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>In April 2023, SingleStore introduced new features to enhance real-time AI capabilities, focusing on faster data processing and more efficient AI-driven applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In May, the company introduced additional tools aimed at enhancing generative AI (GenAI) and analytics capabilities. The update included features designed to improve data processing, scalability, and performance, enabling more efficient analytics and AI-driven insights for complex data workloads.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>In July 2023, SingleStore announced a partnership with AWS to advance real-time data analytics and AI applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>In August 2023, IBM announced a collaboration with SingleStore to integrate its watsonx.ai platform for developing generative AI applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>In January 2024, SingleStore announced a new capability under the name SingleStore Kai that added MongoDB API compatibility to SingleStore allowing users to bring in data from MongoDB and run the same queries within SingleStore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In September 2024, SingleStore announced its integration with Snowflake by making SingleStore available as a Snowflake Native App in the Snowpark Container Services (SPCS) marketplace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>In October 2024, the company announced the acquisition of BryteFlow, a leading data integration platform. The move expanded SingleStore’s capacity to ingest data from a wide range of sources like SAP, Oracle, Salesforce, and many more, enabling customers to operationalize data from their CRM and ERP systems at scale and in real time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>Headquartered in <a href="/facts/San_Francisco%2c_California/cb9l7hbC">San Francisco, California</a>, in June 2021 SingleStore opened an office in <a href="/facts/Raleigh%2c_North_Carolina/6WznvprP">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>. Its other offices include <a href="/facts/Sunnyvale%2c_California/ghnntvr1">Sunnyvale, California</a>; <a href="/facts/Seattle%2c_Washington/7lYIrCa6">Seattle, Washington</a>; London, England; Hyderabad, India; and <a href="/facts/Lisbon%2c_Portugal/zFTcC99e">Lisbon, Portugal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Funding</h3> <p>In January 2013, SingleStore announced it raised $5 million. Since then, the company has raised $318.1M from investors including <a href="/facts/Khosla_Ventures/dp008vbo">Khosla Ventures</a>, Accel, Google Ventures, Dell Capital and <a href="/facts/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise/d9NbClDt">HPE</a>, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In October 2022, SingleStore closed Series F-2 and welcomed new investor Prosperity7.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> Funding Rounds<table><tbody><tr><th>Series</th><th>Date</th><th>Amount (million $)</th><th>Lead Investors</th></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>2013</td><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/DVCA/EWeDrGcu">DVCA</a>, IA Ventures</td></tr><tr><td>B</td><td>2014</td><td>35<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Accel_(company)/9wymWH65">Accel</a></td></tr><tr><td>C</td><td>2016</td><td>36<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>Caffeinated Capital, REV</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>2018</td><td>30<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Google_Ventures/AB0ladnj">Google Ventures</a>, Glynn Capital</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>Dec. 2020</td><td>80<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Insight_Partners/Up6ncCQW">Insight Partners</a></td></tr><tr><td>F</td><td>Sept. 2021</td><td>80<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Insight_Partners/Up6ncCQW">Insight Partners</a></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>July 2022</td><td>116<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Goldman_Sachs/cKeyh6CP">Goldman Sachs Asset Management</a></td></tr><tr><td>F-2</td><td>October 2022</td><td>30<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>Prosperity7</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2> <h3>Row and column table formats</h3> <p>SingleStore can store data in either <a href="/facts/Column-oriented_DBMS/RHleA9BY">row-oriented</a> tables ("rowstores") or <a href="/facts/Column-oriented_DBMS/RHleA9BY">column-oriented</a> tables ("columnstores"). The format used is determined by the user when creating the table.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Rowstore tables, as the name implies, store information in row format, which is the traditional data format used by <a href="/facts/Relational_database_management_system/pEKGmJLy">RDBMS</a> systems. Rowstores are optimized for singleton or small insert, update, or delete queries and are most closely associated with <a href="/facts/OLTP/zTIGyx1t">OLTP</a> (transactional) use cases. Data for rowstore tables is stored completely in-memory, making random reads fast, with snapshots and transaction logs persisted to disk. Columnstores are optimized for complex SELECT queries, typically associated with <a href="/facts/OLAP/VNNbIlD0">OLAP</a> (analytics) and data warehousing use cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>Indexing</h3> <p>Rather than the traditional B-tree index, SingleStore rowstores use <a href="/facts/Skip_list/fF200SJg">skiplists</a> optimized for fast, lock-free processing in memory. Columnstores store data in sorted segments, in order to maximize on-disk compression and achieve fast ordered scans. SingleStore also supports using hash indexes as secondary indexes to speed up certain queries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Distributed architecture</h3> <p>A SingleStore database is distributed across many nodes, which may be cloud-based servers or commodity machines. Data is stored in partitions on leaf nodes, and users connect to aggregator nodes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> A single piece of software is installed for SingleStore aggregator and leaf nodes; administrators designate each machine’s role in the cluster during setup. An aggregator node is responsible for receiving SQL queries, breaking them up across leaf nodes, and aggregating results back to the client. A leaf node stores SingleStore data and processes queries from the aggregator(s). All communication between aggregators and leaf nodes is done over the network using SQL. SingleStore uses hash partitioning to distribute data uniformly across the number of leaf nodes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h3>Durability</h3> <p>Durability for the in-memory rowstore is implemented with a write-ahead log and snapshots, similar to checkpoints. With default settings, as soon as a transaction is acknowledged in memory, the database will asynchronously write the transaction to disk as fast as the disk allows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h3>Replication</h3> <p>A SingleStore cluster can be configured in "High Availability" (HA) mode, where every data partition is automatically created with primary and replica partitions on two separate leaf nodes. In HA mode, aggregators send transactions to the primary partitions, which then send logs to the secondary partitions. In the event of an unexpected primary failure, the replica partitions take over as primary partitions, in a fully online operation with no downtime.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Iceberg support and vector search</h3> <p>In 2024, SingleStore updated its architecture to include support for Apache Iceberg, enabling more efficient data lake management and querying.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The release also added enhanced full-text search for more efficient data retrieval, autoscaling for better resource management, and a "bring your own cloud" deployment option, offering users greater flexibility in cloud infrastructure choices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution-formats">Distribution formats</h2> <p>SingleStore can be downloaded for free and run on Linux for systems up to 4 leaf nodes of 32 gigs RAM each; an Enterprise license is required for larger deployments and for official SingleStore support.SingleStore is also available as a managed service named SingleStore Helios, available in various regions in <a href="/facts/Google_Cloud_Platform/lPTNk7l6">Google Cloud</a> and Amazon Web Services. The underlying engine and potential system performance are identical in all distribution formats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>SingleStore includes a set of tools, called SingleStore Tools, for installing, managing, and monitoring its distributed database across multiple machines. It also offers a browser-based interface, SingleStore Studio, for running queries, monitoring the database, and viewing cluster health and status.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="recognition">Recognition</h2> <p>In 2024, SingleStore was recognized with five TrustRadius Top Rated Awards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> SingleStore also earned a 2025 Buyer’s Choice Award from TrustRadius.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2021, SingleStore was recognized in the <a href="/facts/Gartner/9hd9zakC">Gartner</a> Magic Quadrant for Cloud Database Management System for the second time in its history; the company first earned the recognition in 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems/04R99cvo">Comparison of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_object-relational_database_management_systems/IGfAo515">Comparison of object-relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Database_management_system/VYcpkevb">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hybrid_transactional%2fanalytical_processing/DpEv41HU">Hybrid transactional/analytical processing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_relational_database_management_systems/rWrTfJ7Y">List of relational database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes/6v256DXb">List of column-oriented DBMSes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_in-memory_databases/eK5fCtu5">List of in-memory databases</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_databases_using_MVCC/YosYqEcV">List of databases using MVCC</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.singlestore.com/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"IBM invests in SingleStore to get faster AI and analytics on distributed data". Retrieved 2017-09-29. <a href="https://blocksandfiles.com/2021/11/30/ibm-invests-in-singlestore-to-get-faster-ai-and-analytics-on-distributed-data/" target="_blank">https://blocksandfiles.com/2021/11/30/ibm-invests-in-singlestore-to-get-faster-ai-and-analytics-on-distributed-data/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Lunden, Ingrid (8 September 2021). "Real-time database platform SingleStore raises $80M more, now at a $940M valuation". TechCrunch. Retrieved 8 September 2021. <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/08/real-time-database-platform-singlestore-raises-80m-more-now-at-a-940m-valuation/" target="_blank">https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/08/real-time-database-platform-singlestore-raises-80m-more-now-at-a-940m-valuation/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Enterprise Technology: Revenge of the Nerdiest Nerds". Business Week. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701213459/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/enterprise-technology-revenge-of-the-nerdiest-nerds" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120701213459/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-28/enterprise-technology-revenge-of-the-nerdiest-nerds</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"BOTTOMLESS STORAGE AND PIPELINE: THE QUEST FOR A NEW DATABASE PARADIGM". Dataconomy. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <a href="https://dataconomy.com/2022/04/bottomless-storage-pipeline-new-database-paradigm/" target="_blank">https://dataconomy.com/2022/04/bottomless-storage-pipeline-new-database-paradigm/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Database Firm SingleStore Scores $80M in Series F Funding". Datanami. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <a href="https://www.datanami.com/2021/09/10/database-firm-singlestore-scores-80m-in-series-f-funding/" target="_blank">https://www.datanami.com/2021/09/10/database-firm-singlestore-scores-80m-in-series-f-funding/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"SingleStore adds Iceberg integration, improved vector search | TechTarget". Search Data Management. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366590297/SingleStore-adds-Iceberg-integration-improved-vector-search" target="_blank">https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366590297/SingleStore-adds-Iceberg-integration-improved-vector-search</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"SingleStore Self-Managed with IBM_8.9.x". www.ibm.com. 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7174984" target="_blank">https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7174984</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hainzinger, Brittany (2020). "MemSQL Is Now SingleStore" (published 2020-11-02). Retrieved 2022-04-23. <a href="https://appdevelopermagazine.com/memsql-is-now-singlestore/" target="_blank">https://appdevelopermagazine.com/memsql-is-now-singlestore/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"SingleStore raises $80M for distributed SQL database". TechTarget. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/252493336/SingleStore-raises-80M-for-distributed-SQL-database" target="_blank">https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/252493336/SingleStore-raises-80M-for-distributed-SQL-database</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"MemSQL rebrands as SingleStore". Software Development Times. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022. <a href="https://sdtimes.com/softwaredev/sd-times-news-digest-memsql-rebrands-as-singlestore-net-for-apache-spark-1-0-and-intel-acquires-sigopt/" target="_blank">https://sdtimes.com/softwaredev/sd-times-news-digest-memsql-rebrands-as-singlestore-net-for-apache-spark-1-0-and-intel-acquires-sigopt/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"SingleStore unveils features aimed at enabling real-time AI | TechTarget". Search Data Management. Retrieved 2024-12-13. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366555756/SingleStore-unveils-features-aimed-at-enabling-real-time-AI" target="_blank">https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366555756/SingleStore-unveils-features-aimed-at-enabling-real-time-AI</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"SingleStore update adds new tools to fuel GenAI, analytics | TechTarget". Search Data Management. Retrieved 2024-12-13. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366567540/SingleStore-update-adds-new-tools-to-fuel-GenAI-analytics" target="_blank">https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/news/366567540/SingleStore-update-adds-new-tools-to-fuel-GenAI-analytics</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"SingleStore Partners with AWS to Advance Real-Time Data Analytics and AI Applications". BigDATAwire. Retrieved 2024-12-14. <a href="https://www.datanami.com/this-just-in/singlestore-partners-with-aws-to-advance-real-time-data-analytics-and-ai-applications/" target="_blank">https://www.datanami.com/this-just-in/singlestore-partners-with-aws-to-advance-real-time-data-analytics-and-ai-applications/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Announcing watsonx.ai and SingleStore for generative AI applications | IBM". www.ibm.com. 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2024-12-14. <a href="https://www.ibm.com/new/announcements/announcing-wastonx-ai-and-singlestore-for-generative-ai-applications" target="_blank">https://www.ibm.com/new/announcements/announcing-wastonx-ai-and-singlestore-for-generative-ai-applications</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"SingleStore Announces Real-time Data Platform to Further Accelerate AI, Analytics and Application Development". BigDATAwire. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://www.bigdatawire.com/this-just-in/singlestore-announces-real-time-data-platform-to-further-accelerate-ai-analytics-and-application-development/" target="_blank">https://www.bigdatawire.com/this-just-in/singlestore-announces-real-time-data-platform-to-further-accelerate-ai-analytics-and-application-development/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>News, DATAVERSITY (2024-01-25). "SingleStore Unveils New Capabilities for Real-Time Data Platform". DATAVERSITY. Retrieved 2025-01-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) <a href="https://www.dataversity.net/singlestore-unveils-new-capabilities-for-real-time-data-platform/" target="_blank">https://www.dataversity.net/singlestore-unveils-new-capabilities-for-real-time-data-platform/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"SingleStore Unicorn News: SingleStore And Snowflake Forge Real-Time AI Partnership". Private Equity Investing | Linqto Private Investing. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://www.linqto.com/unicorn-news/singlestore-unicorn-news-singlestore-and-snowflake-forge-real-time-ai-partnership/" target="_blank">https://www.linqto.com/unicorn-news/singlestore-unicorn-news-singlestore-and-snowflake-forge-real-time-ai-partnership/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Allen, Kieron (2024-01-03). "SingleStore, Snowflake Help Customers Build Enterprise-Ready Generative AI Apps". Cloud Wars. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://cloudwars.com/acceleration-economy-minute/singlestore-snowflake-help-customers-build-enterprise-ready-generative-ai-apps/" target="_blank">https://cloudwars.com/acceleration-economy-minute/singlestore-snowflake-help-customers-build-enterprise-ready-generative-ai-apps/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Mathews, Anshika (2024-10-04). "SingleStore Acquires BryteFlow to Strengthen Real-Time Analytics and Generative AI Capabilities". AIM Research | Artificial Intelligence Market Insights. Retrieved 2025-01-14. <a href="https://aimresearch.co/generative-ai/singlestore-acquires-bryteflow-to-strengthen-real-time-analytics-and-generative-ai-capabilities" target="_blank">https://aimresearch.co/generative-ai/singlestore-acquires-bryteflow-to-strengthen-real-time-analytics-and-generative-ai-capabilities</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"SingleStore's BryteFlow Acquisition: A Strategic Move Reshaping the Real-Time Analytics Landscape". QKS Group. 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