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Electron (software framework)
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<h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2> <p>Electron applications include a "main" process and several "renderer" processes. The main process runs the logic for the application (e.g., menus, shell commands, lifecycle events), and can then launch multiple renderer processes by instantiating an instance of the BrowserWindow class, which loads a window that appears on the screen by rendering <a href="/facts/HTML/sSc3fT78">HTML</a> and <a href="/facts/CSS/tA90XBQo">CSS</a>. </p><p>Both the main and renderer processes can run with <a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">Node.js</a> integration if the nodeIntegration field in the main process is set to true. </p><p>Most of Electron's APIs are written in <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> or <a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> and are exposed directly to the application code through <a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a> bindings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In September 2021, Electron moved to an eight-week release cycle between major versions to match the release cycle of <a href="/facts/Chromium_(web_browser)/F1S8sAEt">Chromium</a> Extended Stable and to comply with a new requirement from the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Store/tnnWFhAF">Microsoft Store</a> that requires browser-based apps to be within two major versions of the latest release of the browser engine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Electron frequently releases new major versions along every other <a href="/facts/Chromium_(web_browser)/F1S8sAEt">Chromium</a> release. The latest three stable versions are supported by the Electron team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> Version history<table><tbody><tr><th>Release</th><th>Status</th><th>Release date</th><th>End of life date</th><th>Chromium version</th><th>Node.js version</th><th>Module version</th><th>N-API version</th><th>ICU version</th></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v1.8.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>12 December 2017</td><td>20 December 2018</td><td>59</td><td>8.2</td><td>57</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v2.0.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>1 May 2018</td><td>24 April 2019</td><td>61</td><td>8.9</td><td>57</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v3.1.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>18 September 2018</td><td>29 July 2019</td><td>66</td><td>10.2</td><td>64</td><td>3</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v4.2.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>20 December 2018</td><td>22 October 2019</td><td>69</td><td>10.11</td><td>69</td><td>3</td><td>62.2</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v5.1.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>24 April 2019</td><td>4 February 2020</td><td>73</td><td>12.0</td><td>70</td><td>4</td><td>63.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v6.1.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>29 July 2019</td><td>18 May 2020</td><td>76</td><td>12.4</td><td>73</td><td>4</td><td>64.2</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v7.3.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>22 October 2019</td><td>25 August 2020</td><td>78</td><td>12.8</td><td>75</td><td>4</td><td>64.2</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v8.3.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>4 February 2020</td><td>16 November 2020</td><td>80</td><td>12.13</td><td>76</td><td>5</td><td>65.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v9.4.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>18 May 2020</td><td>2 March 2021</td><td>83</td><td>12.14</td><td>80</td><td>5</td><td>65.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v10.4.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>25 August 2020</td><td>25 May 2021</td><td>85</td><td>12.16</td><td>82</td><td>5</td><td>65.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v11.4.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>16 November 2020</td><td>30 August 2021</td><td>87</td><td>12.18</td><td>85</td><td>5</td><td>65.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v12.0.x</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>2 March 2021</td><td>15 November 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>89</td><td>14.16</td><td>87</td><td>7</td><td>68.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v13.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>25 May 2021</td><td>31 January 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td>91</td><td>14.16</td><td>89</td><td>7</td><td>68.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v14.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>30 August 2021</td><td>29 March 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>92</td><td>14.17</td><td>89</td><td>8</td><td>69.1</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v15.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>21 September 2021</td><td>24 May 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td>94</td><td>16.5</td><td>98</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v16.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>15 November 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>24 May 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>96</td><td>16.9</td><td>99</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v17.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>1 February 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>2 August 2022</td><td>98</td><td>16.13</td><td>101</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v18.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>29 March 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>26 September 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>100</td><td>16.13</td><td>103</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v19.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>24 May 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>29 November 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>102</td><td>16.14</td><td>106</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v20.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>2 August 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>7 February 2023</td><td>104</td><td>16.15</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v21.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>26 September 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>4 April 2023</td><td>106</td><td>16.16</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v22.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>30 November 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>10 October 2023</td><td>108</td><td>16.17</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v23.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>30 November 2022<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>15 August 2023</td><td>110</td><td>18.12</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v24.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>4 April 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>10 October 2023</td><td>112</td><td>18.14</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v25.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>30 May 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td>5 December 2023</td><td>114</td><td>18.15</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v26.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>15 August 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>20 February 2024</td><td>116</td><td>18.16</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v27.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>10 October 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>16 April 2024</td><td>118</td><td>18.17</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v28.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>5 December 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>11 June 2024</td><td>120</td><td>18.18</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v29.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>20 February 2024</td><td>20 August 2024</td><td>122</td><td>20.9</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v30.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>16 April 2024</td><td>15 October 2024</td><td>124</td><td>20.11</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v31.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>11 June 2024</td><td>7 January 2025</td><td>126</td><td>20.14</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v32.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>20 August 2024</td><td>4 March 2025</td><td>128</td><td>20.16</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, not maintained: v33.x.y</td><td>Old version, not maintained: End-of-Life</td><td>15 October 2024<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>29 April 2025</td><td>130</td><td>20.18</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, still maintained: v34.x.y</td><td>Old version, still maintained: Active</td><td>14 January 2025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>24 June 2025</td><td>132</td><td>20.18</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Old version, still maintained: v35.x.y</td><td>Old version, still maintained: Active</td><td>4 March 2025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>2 September 2025</td><td>134</td><td>22.14</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Latest version: v36.x.y</td><td>Latest version: Current</td><td>29 April 2025<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>28 October 2025</td><td>136</td><td>22.14</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Latest preview version: v37.x.y</td><td>Latest preview version: Prerelease</td><td>24 June 2025 (Scheduled)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>13 January 2026</td><td>138</td><td>TBD</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>Future version: v38.x.y</td><td>Future version: Nightly</td><td>TBD<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>TBD</td><td>TBD</td><td>TBD</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_software_using_Electron/8yDVwzFz">List of software using Electron</a></p> <p>Desktop applications built with Electron include <a href="/facts/Atom_(text_editor)/fHN07lHW">Atom</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Etcher_(software)/7pu73qmF">balenaEtcher</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Eclipse_Theia/rGcRaNI5">Eclipse Theia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Microsoft_Teams/w21lo6BU">Microsoft Teams</a> before 2.0,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Slack_(software)/I51UWn6j">Slack</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Visual_Studio_Code/YsBDgKlK">Visual Studio Code</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Brave_browser/53jIB9TV">Brave browser</a> was based on Electron before it was rewritten to use Chromium directly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reception">Reception</h2> <p>The most common criticism of Electron is that it necessitates <a href="/facts/Software_bloat/glhQsSYt">software bloat</a> when used for simple programs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> As a result, <a href="/facts/Michael_Larabel/UvK56oPf">Michael Larabel</a> has referred to the framework as "notorious among most Linux desktop users for being resource heavy, not integrating well with most desktops, and generally being despised."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> Researchers have shown that Electron's large feature set can be hijacked by bad actors with write access to the source JavaScript files. This requires root access on *nix systems and is not considered to be a vulnerability by the Electron developers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Those who are concerned that Electron is not always based on the newest version of Chromium have recommended <a href="/facts/Progressive_web_application/IpkL2Yhb">progressive web applications</a> as an alternative.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Apache_Cordova/02wYWdWr">Apache Cordova</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chromium_Embedded_Framework/oKADxFcX">Chromium Embedded Framework</a> (CEF)</li> <li><a href="/facts/HTML_Application/mkk6xJSk">HTML Application</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qt_WebEngine/uL9vhKbv">Qt WebEngine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/XULRunner/w8B78csq">XULRunner</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/JavaFX/hWrAAmny">JavaFX WebView</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/DotNetBrowser/g5HRBkXg">DotNetBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Progressive_web_app/IpkL2Yhb">Progressive web app</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Node.js/FKzhV4Qa">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tauri_(software_framework)/kAaIf8NG">Tauri (software framework)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flutter_(software)/aI365dAp">Flutter (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PyQt/n8x1XTxb">PyQt</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.electronjs.org">Official website</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015). "Atom Shell is now Electron". Electron. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2022. <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/blog/electron" target="_blank">https://www.electronjs.org/blog/electron</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Build cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript, HTML, and CSS | Electron". Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023. <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/" target="_blank">https://www.electronjs.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Electron Internals: Using Node as a Library". electronjs.org. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2020. <a href="https://electronjs.org/blog/electron-internals-using-node-as-a-library" target="_blank">https://electronjs.org/blog/electron-internals-using-node-as-a-library</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Sawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015). "Atom Shell is now Electron". Electron. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2022. <a href="https://www.electronjs.org/blog/electron" target="_blank">https://www.electronjs.org/blog/electron</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Horner, Gabriel (10 December 2015). "Light Table 0.8.0". lighttable.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2020. <a href="http://lighttable.com/2015/12/10/light-table-0-8-0/" target="_blank">http://lighttable.com/2015/12/10/light-table-0-8-0/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"GitHub Repository". GitHub. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019. <a href="https://github.com/Automattic/wp-desktop" target="_blank">https://github.com/Automattic/wp-desktop</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Theia - Cloud and Desktop IDE Platform". theia-ide.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021. <a href="https://theia-ide.org/" target="_blank">https://theia-ide.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"From native to JavaScript in Electron | Electron Blog". electronjs.org. 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019. <a href="https://electronjs.org/blog/from-native-to-js" target="_blank">https://electronjs.org/blog/from-native-to-js</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"New Electron Release Cadence | Electron". electronjs.org. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022. <a href="https://electronjs.org/blog/8-week-cadence" target="_blank">https://electronjs.org/blog/8-week-cadence</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Electron Releases | Electron". electronjs.org. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022. <a href="https://electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/electron-timelines" target="_blank">https://electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/electron-timelines</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Release electron v16.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v16.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v16.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Release electron v17.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v17.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v17.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Release electron v18.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v18.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v18.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Release electron v19.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v19.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v19.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Release electron v16.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v16.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v16.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Release electron v19.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v19.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v19.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Release electron v17.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022. <a href="https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v17.0.0" target="_blank">https://github.com/electron/electron/releases/tag/v17.0.0</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Release electron v18.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. 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