Timeline of fish evolution

<h2 id="pre-devonian-origin-of-fish">Pre Devonian: Origin of fish</h2>
<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Cambrian/jIfzKtod">Cambrian</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Cambrian/jIfzKtod">Cambrian</a> (541–485 <a href="/facts/Mya_(unit)/DXcnXuAw">Ma</a>): The beginning of the Cambrian was marked by the <a href="/facts/Cambrian_explosion/Wg29M7PN">Cambrian explosion</a>, the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla (molluscs, jellyfish, worms and arthropods, such as crustaceans) in great abundance. The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which were subsequently greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pikaia/UQevBlwj">Pikaia</a></td><td>Although Pikaia is not actually "first vertebrate" or "first fish", this is still an important organism to show the early forms of chordates. Pikaia is a <a href="/facts/Genus_(biology)/m8EFjSms">genus</a> that appeared about 530 <a href="/facts/Mya_(unit)/DXcnXuAw">Ma</a> during the <a href="/facts/Cambrian_explosion/Wg29M7PN">Cambrian explosion</a> of multicellular life. It is traditionally considered as <a href="/facts/Transitional_fossil/ov9o5s9l">transitional fossil</a> between invertebrates and vertebrates,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> and considered as <a href="/facts/Stem-group/fHDhwp5x">stem-group</a> <a href="/facts/Chordate/AldL6ARm">chordate</a> in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> It was a primitive creature with no evidence of eyes, without a well defined head, and less than 2 inches (5.1 centimetres) long. Pikaia was a sideways-flattened, leaf-shaped animal that swam by throwing its body into a series of S-shaped, zig-zag curves, similar to movement of snakes. Fish inherited the same swimming movement, but they generally have stiffer backbones. It had a pair of large head tentacles and a series of short appendages, which may be linked to gill slits, on either side of its head. The flattened body is divided into pairs of <a href="/facts/Myomere/lnLb2k09">segmented muscle blocks</a>, seen as faint vertical lines. The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Haikouichthys/7t7UKhwL">Haikouichthys</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Haikouichthys/7t7UKhwL">Haikouichthys</a> (fish from Haikou) is a genus that also appears in the fossil record about 530 Ma, and marks the transition from invertebrate to vertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Haikouichthys is <a href="/facts/Craniata/Q2TECkHz">craniates</a> (animals with backbones and distinct heads). Unlike Pikaia, they had eyes. They also had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led <a href="/facts/Paleontology/60n5yldd">paleontologists</a> to label it a true craniate, and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes. <a href="/facts/Cladistics/JasKVABk">Cladistic analysis</a> indicates that the animal is probably a basal <a href="/facts/Chordate/AldL6ARm">chordate</a> or a basal <a href="/facts/Craniate/Q2TECkHz">craniate</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either <a href="/facts/Stem_group/fHDhwp5x">stem group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Myllokunmingia/YqjpstAz">Myllokunmingia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Myllokunmingia/YqjpstAz">Myllokunmingia</a> is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma. It is a chordate, and it has been argued that it is a <a href="/facts/Vertebrate/tT54FSTT">vertebrate</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high, and is among the oldest possible craniates.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Conodont/wqA7V7cz">Conodont</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Conodont/wqA7V7cz">Conodonts</a> (cone-teeth) resembled primitive eels. They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Initially they were known only from tooth-like microfossils called conodont elements. These "teeth" have been variously interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses or as a "grasping and crushing array".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm <a href="/facts/Promissum/1wn81nmx">Promissum</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Their large eyes had a lateral position of which makes a predatory role unlikely. The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts (Promissum at least) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> In 2012 researchers classify the conodonts in the <a href="/facts/Phylum_(biology)/ELT3Jyax">phylum</a> <a href="/facts/Chordata/AldL6ARm">Chordata</a> on the basis of their fins with fin rays, <a href="/facts/Chevron_(insignia)/gl7MaJsS">chevron</a>-shaped muscles and <a href="/facts/Notochord/wvmmQPj1">notochord</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern <a href="/facts/Hagfish/pEgPuk4v">hagfish</a> and <a href="/facts/Lamprey/nxgTvh0z">lampreys</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> though <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> analysis suggests that they are more <a href="/facts/Synapomorphy/t21GWRl1">derived</a> than either of these groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ostracoderms/A4p4e6vG">Ostracoderms</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ostracoderms/A4p4e6vG">Ostracoderms</a> (shell-skinned) are any of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates. They appeared in the <a href="/facts/Cambrian/jIfzKtod">Cambrian</a>, about 510 million years ago, and became <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> towards the end of the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a>, about 377 million years ago. Initially Ostracoderms had poorly formed fins, and paired <a href="/facts/Fish_fin/kS10PMPf">fins</a>, or limbs, first evolved within this group. They were covered with a bony armour or scales and were often less than 30 cm (12 in) long.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Ordovician/BjMrLIEA">Ordov-ician</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Ordovician/BjMrLIEA">Ordovician</a> (485–443 Ma): Fish, the world's first true vertebrates, continued to evolve, and those with jaws (<a href="/facts/Gnathostomata/fN7f8dKQ">Gnathostomata</a>) may have first appeared late in this period. Life had yet to diversify on land.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Arandaspis/eBTgrBWS">Arandaspis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arandaspis/eBTgrBWS">Arandaspis</a> are jawless fish that lived in the early Ordovician period, about 480–470 Ma. It was about 15 cm (6 in) long, with a streamlined body covered in rows of knobbly armoured <a href="/facts/Scute/IeqbYure">scutes</a>. The front of the body and the head were protected by hard plates with openings for the eyes, nostrils and <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gills</a>. Although it was jawless, Arandaspis might have had some moveable plates in its mouth, serving as lips, sucking in food particles. The low position of its mouth suggests it foraged the ocean floor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> It is not known how its trunk and caudal fin looked like.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Astraspis/BALMReoY">Astraspis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Astraspis/BALMReoY">Astraspis</a> (star shield) is an extinct genus of primitive jawless fish related to other Ordovician fishes, such as <a href="/facts/Sacabambaspis/r12qutD6">Sacabambaspis</a> and <a href="/facts/Arandaspis/eBTgrBWS">Arandaspis</a>. Fossils show clear evidence of a sensory structure (lateral line system). The arrangement of these organs in regular lines allows the fish to detect the direction and distance from which a disturbance in the water is coming. Arandaspis are thought to have had a mobile tail covered with small protective plates and a head region covered with larger plates. A specimen described by Sansom et al. had relatively large, lateral eyes and a series of eight <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gill</a> openings on each side.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pteraspidomorphi/8gz6Vzq6">Pteraspidomorphi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pteraspidomorphi/8gz6Vzq6">Pteraspidomorphi</a> is an extinct class of early jawless fish. The fossils show extensive shielding of the head. Many had hypocercal tails to generate lift to increase ease of movement through the water for their armoured bodies, which were covered in dermal bone. They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in fresh water.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Thelodonts/TQIr3egY">Thelodonts</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thelodonts/TQIr3egY">Thelodonts</a> (nipple teeth) are a class of small, extinct jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armour. There is debate over whether these represent a <a href="/facts/Monophyly/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic grouping</a>, or disparate stem groups to the major lines of <a href="/facts/Agnatha/LohAXfEH">jawless</a> and <a href="/facts/Gnathostome/fN7f8dKQ">jawed fish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Thelodonts are united by their characteristic "thelodont scales". This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry, as it may have been <a href="/facts/Convergent_evolution/dd0L8z4R">evolved independently by different groups</a>. Thus the thelodonts are generally thought to represent a polyphyletic group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> If they are monophyletic, there is no firm evidence on what their ancestral state was.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> These scales were easily dispersed after death; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments, first appearing during the <a href="/facts/Ordovician/BjMrLIEA">Ordovician</a>, and perishing during the <a href="/facts/Late_Devonian_extinction/gkThyMzz">Frasnian–Famennian extinction event</a> of the Late <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a>. They were predominantly deposit-feeding bottom dwellers, although some species may have been pelagic.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">The Ordovician ended with the <a href="/facts/Ordovician%25E2%2580%2593Silurian_extinction_event/jLhHjlPf">Ordovician–Silurian extinction event</a> (450–440 Ma). Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60% to 70% of all species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in terms of percentage of <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genera</a> that became extinct.</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="9"><a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a> (443–419 Ma): Many evolutionary milestones occurred during this period, including the appearance of armoured jawless fish, jawed fish, spiny sharks and ray-finned fish.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>While it is traditional to refer to the Devonian as the age of fishes, recent findings have shown the Silurian was also a period of considerable diversification. Jawed fish developed <a href="/facts/Fish_jaw/raQDVv03">movable jaws</a>, adapted from the supports of the front two or three <a href="/facts/Gills/FWgM3Jp8">gill arches</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Anaspida/cLsa13dQ">Anaspida</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Anaspida/cLsa13dQ">Anaspida</a> (without shield) is an extinct class of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived during the <a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a> and <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> periods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> Anaspids were small, primarily marine <a href="/facts/Agnatha/LohAXfEH">agnathans</a> that lacked heavy bony shield and paired fins, but have highly exaggerated hypocercal tails. They first appeared in the <a href="/facts/Llandovery_epoch/ITDPljb3">Early Silurian</a>, and flourished until the <a href="/facts/Late_Devonian_extinction/gkThyMzz">Late Devonian extinction</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> where most species, save for <a href="/facts/Lamprey/nxgTvh0z">lampreys</a>, became extinct. Unusually for an <a href="/facts/Agnathan/LohAXfEH">agnathan</a>, anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armour. The head is instead covered in an array of smaller, weakly mineralised scales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Osteostraci/1ktwsM5j">Osteostraci</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Osteostraci/1ktwsM5j">Osteostraci</a> ("bony shields") was a class of bony-armored jawless fish that lived from the <a href="/facts/Wenlock_epoch/p8uSWFBt">Middle Silurian</a> to <a href="/facts/Late_Devonian/nWgakqzk">Late Devonian</a>. Anatomically speaking, the osteostracans, especially the Devonian species, were among the most advanced of all known agnathans. This is due to the development of paired fins, and their complicated cranial anatomy. The osteostracans were more similar to <a href="/facts/Lamprey/nxgTvh0z">lampreys</a> than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear, as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield, but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced, thinner, and often micromeric dermal skeleton.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> They were probably relatively good swimmers, possessing <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fins</a>, paired <a href="/facts/Pectoral_fin/kS10PMPf">pectoral fins</a>, and a strong tail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Spiny_shark/tshDhfzW">Spiny sharks</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spiny_shark/tshDhfzW">Spiny sharks</a>, more formally called "Acanthodians" (having spines), constitute the class Acanthodii. They first appeared by the late Silurian ~420 Ma, and were among the first fishes to evolve jaws. They share features with both <a href="/facts/Cartilaginous_fish/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous fish</a> and <a href="/facts/Bony_fish/nXoXEj3a">bony fish</a>, but they are not true sharks, though leading to them. They became extinct before the end of the Permian ~250 Ma. However, scales and teeth attributed to this group, as well as more derived jawed fish, such as cartilaginous and bony fish, date from the <a href="/facts/Ordovician/BjMrLIEA">Ordovician</a> ~460 Ma. Acanthodians were generally small shark-like fishes varying from toothless filter-feeders to toothed predators. They were once often classified as an order of the class <a href="/facts/Placodermi/kknCSuQ7">Placodermi</a>, but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern cartilaginous fish. They are distinguished in two respects: they were the earliest known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout <a href="/facts/Spine_(zoology)/JWqp5oJW">spines</a> supporting all their <a href="/facts/Fin/H2Rjvfo3">fins</a>, fixed in place and non-movable (like a <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">shark</a>'s <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fin</a>), an important defensive adaptation. Their fossils are extremely rare.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">Placoderms</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">Placoderms</a>, (plate-like skin), are a group of armoured jawed fishes, of the class Placodermi. The oldest fossils appeared during the late Silurian, and became extinct at the end of the Devonian. Recent studies suggest that the placoderms are possibly a <a href="/facts/Paraphyletic/tmTWjACz">paraphyletic</a> group of <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> jawed fishes, and the closest relatives of all living jawed vertebrates. Some placoderms were small, flattened bottom-dwellers, such as <a href="/facts/Antiarch/YUolYXdx">antiarchs</a>. However many, particularly the arthrodires, were active midwater predators. <a href="/facts/Dunkleosteus/GPcb4wCo">Dunkleosteus</a>, which appeared later in the Devonian below, was the largest and most famous of these. The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull, but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region. This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and, in <a href="/facts/Arthrodire/htk54jt2">arthrodires</a>, allowed them to take larger bites.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Megamastax/ga6wPHJo">Megamastax</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Megamastax/ga6wPHJo">Megamastax</a>, (big mouth), is a <a href="/facts/Genus_(biology)/m8EFjSms">genus</a> of <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fish</a> which lived during the late <a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a> <a href="/facts/Geologic_period/6LBR11yQ">period</a>, about 423 <a href="/facts/Million_years_ago/DXcnXuAw">million years ago</a>, in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>. Before the discovery of Megamastax, it was thought that jawed vertebrates (<a href="/facts/Gnathostomes/fN7f8dKQ">gnathostomes</a>) were limited in size and variation before the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> period. Megamastax is known only from jaw bones and it is estimated that it reached about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Guiyu_oneiros/NuIy6aB6">Guiyu oneiros</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Guiyu_oneiros/NuIy6aB6">Guiyu oneiros</a>, the earliest known bony fish. It has the combination of both <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned</a> and <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">lobe-finned</a> features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe-finned fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Andreolepis/SwL5Ldcm">Andreolepis</a></td><td>The extinct genus <a href="/facts/Andreolepis/SwL5Ldcm">Andreolepis</a> includes the earliest known ray finned fish <a href="/facts/Andreolepis_hedei/SwL5Ldcm">Andreolepis hedei</a>, which appeared in the late Silurian, around 420 Ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="devonian-age-of-fishes">Devonian: Age of fishes</h2>

The Devonian period is broken into the Early, Middle and Late stages. By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya, <a href="/facts/Jawed_fish/fN7f8dKQ">jawed fishes</a> had divided into four distinct clades: the <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> and <a href="/facts/Spiny_shark/tshDhfzW">spiny sharks</a>, both of which are now extinct, and the <a href="/facts/Cartilaginous_fish/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous</a> and <a href="/facts/Bony_fish/nXoXEj3a">bony fishes</a>, both of which are still extant. The modern bony fish, class <a href="/facts/Osteichthyes/nXoXEj3a">Osteichthyes</a>, appeared in the late <a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a> or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Both the cartilaginous and bony fish may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks. A subclass of bony fish, the <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fish/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fishes</a> (Actinopterygii), have become the <a href="/facts/Dominance_(ecology)/uqRC9f4s">dominant group</a> in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species. Meanwhile, another subclass of bony fish, the <a href="/facts/Lobe-finned_fish/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fishes</a>, became the dominant group on land.
Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas were dominated by <a href="/facts/Bryozoa/obAgpA6M">bryozoa</a>, diverse and abundant <a href="/facts/Brachiopoda/XVBnEPj1">brachiopods</a>, the enigmatic <a href="/facts/Hederellid/2IXuQqcj">hederelloids</a>, <a href="/facts/Microconchids/uKQjl9EC">microconchids</a> and <a href="/facts/Coral/j7fBLrpw">corals</a>. Lily-like <a href="/facts/Crinoids/RlhFVcdX">crinoids</a> were abundant, and <a href="/facts/Trilobite/Tk8ppaKc">trilobites</a> were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish (<a href="/facts/Ostracoderms/A4p4e6vG">ostracoderms</a>) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and <a href="/facts/Fresh_water/xMP2TxwI">fresh water</a>. Armoured <a href="/facts/Placoderms/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (<a href="/facts/Chondrichthyes/xcW7PJDU">Chondrichthyes</a>) and bony fish (<a href="/facts/Osteichthyes/nXoXEj3a">Osteichthyes</a>) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark, <a href="/facts/Cladoselache/qDV9efww">Cladoselache</a>, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.
The first <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned</a> and <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">lobe-finned</a> <a href="/facts/Bony_fish/nXoXEj3a">bony fish</a> appeared in the Devonian, while the <a href="/facts/Placoderms/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. However, another subclass of Osteichthyes, the <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">Sarcopterygii</a>(which includes lobe-finned fish like <a href="/facts/Coelacanth/TaEXps8Q">coelacanths</a> and <a href="/facts/Lungfish/oNNrFFoE">lungfish</a>, as well as and <a href="/facts/Tetrapods/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a>), was the most diverse group of bony fish in the Devonian. Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils, lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, and <a href="/facts/Cosmoid_scale/MS2brwuo">cosmoid scales</a>.
During the Middle Devonian 393–383 Ma, the armoured jawless <a href="/facts/Ostracoderm/A4p4e6vG">ostracoderm</a> fish were declining in diversity; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time. Cartilaginous fish, class <a href="/facts/Chondrichthyes/xcW7PJDU">Chondrichthyes</a>, consisting of <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">sharks</a>, <a href="/facts/Batoidea/4w6wfqlh">rays</a> and <a href="/facts/Chimaera/gUmgE3Jl">chimaeras</a>, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a>
During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appeared in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a> began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see <a href="/facts/Tiktaalik/Dc3DWglv">Tiktaalik</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> In the oceans, primitive <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">sharks</a> became more numerous than in the <a href="/facts/Silurian/1qx4epPg">Silurian</a> and the <a href="/facts/Late_Ordovician/BjMrLIEA">late Ordovician</a>. The first <a href="/facts/Ammonite/cRCH9GVd">ammonite</a> <a href="/facts/Mollusk/1elgknsQ">mollusks</a> appeared. <a href="/facts/Trilobite/Tk8ppaKc">Trilobites</a>, the mollusk-like <a href="/facts/Brachiopod/XVBnEPj1">brachiopods</a> and the great <a href="/facts/Coral_reef/xzeK6yAp">coral reefs</a>, were still common.
The <a href="/facts/Late_Devonian_extinction/gkThyMzz">Late Devonian extinction</a> occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Famennian faunal stage, (the Frasnian-Famennian boundary), about 372.15 Ma. Many fossil <a href="/facts/Agnathan/LohAXfEH">agnathan</a> fish, save for the <a href="/facts/Psammosteid/lCd4VcsG">psammosteid</a> <a href="/facts/Heterostracan/wME1o3rh">heterostracans</a>, make their last appearance shortly before this event. The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community, and selectively affected shallow warm-water organisms rather than cool-water organisms. The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef-builders of the great Devonian reef-systems.
A second extinction pulse, the <a href="/facts/Hangenberg_event/H46E1n4E">Hangenberg event</a> closed the Devonian period and had a dramatic impact on vertebrate faunas. Placoderms mostly became extinct during this event, as did most members of other groups including lobe-finned fish, acanthodians and early tetrapods in both marine and terrestrial habitats, leaving only a handful of survivors. This event has been related to glaciation in the temperate and polar zones as well as euxinia and anoxia in the seas.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> (419–359 mya): The start of Devonian saw the first appearance of <a href="/facts/Lobe-finned_fish/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fish</a>, precursors to the <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a> (animals with four limbs). Major groups of fish evolved during this period, often referred to as the age of fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> See Category:Devonian fish.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="20"><a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a></th><td rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Early_Devonian/nWgakqzk">EarlyDevonian</a></td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Early_Devonian/nWgakqzk">Early Devonian</a> (419–393 Ma):</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Psarolepis/LK42Rry5">Psarolepis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Psarolepis/LK42Rry5">Psarolepis</a> (speckled scale) is a genus of extinct <a href="/facts/Lobe-finned_fish/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fish</a> that lived around 397 to 418 Ma. Fossils of Psarolepis have been found mainly in South <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Republic_of_China/lTjIXY5p">China</a> and described by <a href="/facts/Paleontologist/60n5yldd">paleontologist</a> <a href="/facts/Xiaobo_Yu/MrPTGszj">Xiaobo Yu</a> in 1998. It is not known for certain which group Psarolepis belongs to, but paleontologists agree that it is close to the common ancestor of lobe-finned and <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fish/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fishes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Holoptychius/DVmlucnh">Holoptychius</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Holoptychius/DVmlucnh">Holoptychius</a> is an extinct genus from the <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> of <a href="/facts/Porolepiform/d8r3f8M9">porolepiform</a> lobe-finned fish, extant from 416 to 359 Ma. It was a streamlined predator about 50 centimetres (20 in) long (though it could grow up to 2.5 m), which fed on other <a href="/facts/Bony_fish/nXoXEj3a">bony fish</a>. Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> Similar to other <a href="/facts/Rhipidistia/qawK0f0B">rhipidistians</a>, it had fang-like <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a> on its <a href="/facts/Palate/o0RMlkss">palate</a> in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws. Its asymmetrical tail sported a <a href="/facts/Caudal_fin/kS10PMPf">caudal fin</a> on its lower end. To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement, Holoptychius's <a href="/facts/Pectoral_fin/kS10PMPf">pectoral fins</a> were placed high on the body.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ptyctodontida/6krDPD8K">Ptyctodontida</a></td><td>The <a href="/facts/Ptyctodontids/6krDPD8K">ptyctodontids</a> (beak-teeth) are an extinct <a href="/facts/Monotypic/QvoM9aGP">monotypic</a> <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> of unarmored <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a>, containing only one family. They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian. With their big heads, big eyes, and long bodies, the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras (<a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">Holocephali</a>). Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck. Like the extinct and related <a href="/facts/Acanthothoracids/8gLpYur1">acanthothoracids</a>, and the living and unrelated holocephalians, most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on <a href="/facts/Shellfish/JjTSlMgw">shellfish</a>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Petalichthyida/7jKKmmpc">Petalichthyida</a></td><td>The <a href="/facts/Petalichthyida/7jKKmmpc">Petalichthyida</a> was an order of small, flattened <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian. They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour. They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world. Because they had compressed body forms, it is supposed they were bottom-dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish. Their diet is not clear, as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Laccognathus/5uQyWmmm">Laccognathus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Laccognathus/5uQyWmmm">Laccognathus</a> (pitted jaw) was a genus of <a href="/facts/Amphibious_fish/Klf18FQu">amphibious</a> lobe-finned fish that existed 398–360 Ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> They were characterized by the three large pits (fossae) on the external surface of the lower jaw, which may have had sensory functions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Laccognathus grew to 1–2 metres (3–7 ft) in length. They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads, less than one-fifth the length of the body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone. This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers – so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely. Rather, the dense <a href="/facts/Ossification/6ETh4tp8">ossifications</a> served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6"><a href="/facts/Middle_Devonian/nWgakqzk">MiddleDevonian</a></td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Middle_Devonian/nWgakqzk">Middle Devonian</a> (393–383 Ma): <a href="/facts/Chondrichthyes/xcW7PJDU">Cartilaginous fish</a>, consisting of <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">sharks</a>, <a href="/facts/Batoidea/4w6wfqlh">rays</a> and <a href="/facts/Chimaera/gUmgE3Jl">chimaeras</a>, appeared about 395 Ma.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cheirolepis/f0kPLGat">Cheirolepis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cheirolepis/f0kPLGat">Cheirolepis</a> (hand fin) was a genus of <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fish/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fishes</a>. It was among the most <a href="/facts/Basal_(phylogenetics)/JQPQXpYg">basal</a> of the Devonian ray-finned fish and is considered the first to possess the "standard" dermal cranial bones seen in later ray-finned fish. It was a predatory freshwater fish about 55 centimetres (22 in) long, and based on the size of its eyes it hunted by sight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Coccosteus/sTY4VQTM">Coccosteus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Coccosteus/sTY4VQTM">Coccosteus</a> (seed bone) is an extinct genus of <a href="/facts/Arthrodire/htk54jt2">arthrodire</a> <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderm</a>. The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments, though they may have been able to enter saltwater. They grew up to 40 centimetres (16 in) long. Like all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull. It also had an internal joint between its neck <a href="/facts/Vertebrae/Nuw1kV7o">vertebrae</a> and the back of the skull, allowing it to open its mouth even wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey. As with all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak. The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Bothriolepis/wWtMCzU1">Bothriolepis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bothriolepis/wWtMCzU1">Bothriolepis</a> (pitted scale) was the most successful genus of <a href="/facts/Antiarch/YUolYXdx">antiarch</a> <a href="/facts/Placoderms/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a>, if not the most successful genus of any placoderm, with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pituriaspida/VCSrqb9v">Pituriaspida</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pituriaspida/VCSrqb9v">Pituriaspida</a> (hallucinogenic shield) is a class containing two bizarre species of armoured jawless fish with tremendous nose-like <a href="/facts/Rostrum_(anatomy)/bJMbbnxw">rostrums</a>. They lived in estuaries around 390 Ma. The <a href="/facts/Paleontologist/60n5yldd">paleontologist</a> Gavin Young, named the class after the hallucinogenic drug <a href="/facts/Pituri/EEuGJ3ya">pituri</a>, since he thought he might be hallucinating upon viewing the bizarre forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> The better studied species looked like a throwing-dart-like, with an elongate headshield and spear-like rostrum. The other species looked like a guitar pick with a tail, with a smaller and shorter rostrum and a more triangular headshield.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Late_Devonian_extinction/gkThyMzz">Late Devonian extinction</a>: 375–360 Ma. A prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19% of all families, 50% of all genera<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> and 70% of all species. This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/Late_Devonian/nWgakqzk">LateDevonian</a></td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Late_Devonian/nWgakqzk">Late Devonian</a> (383–359 Ma):</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cladoselache/qDV9efww">Cladoselache</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cladoselache/qDV9efww">Cladoselache</a> was the first abundant genus of early chondrichthyan, related to modern sharks (though probably closer to <a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">holocephalans</a> like <a href="/facts/Chimaera/gUmgE3Jl">chimaeras</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>), appearing about 370 Ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> It grew to 6 feet (1.8 m) long, with anatomical features similar to modern <a href="/facts/Mackerel_shark/VFrPGhlJ">mackerel sharks</a>. It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of <a href="/facts/Fish_scale/MS2brwuo">scales</a>, with five to seven <a href="/facts/Gill_slit/ELz8spRs">gill slits</a> and a short, rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern-day sharks, but it compensated for that with very strong jaw-closing muscles. Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing. Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior. This combination helped with its speed and agility, which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armoured 8.8 metres (29 ft) long placoderm fish <a href="/facts/Dunkleosteus/GPcb4wCo">Dunkleosteus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dipterus/mbYYcJDy">Dipterus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dipterus/mbYYcJDy">Dipterus</a> (two wings) is an extinct genus of <a href="/facts/Lungfish/oNNrFFoE">lungfish</a> from 376 to 361 Ma. It was about 35 centimetres (14 in) long, mostly ate invertebrates, and had lungs, not an air bladder. Like its ancestor <a href="/facts/Dipnorhynchus/gQetJt2P">Dipnorhynchus</a> it had tooth-like plates on its palate instead of real teeth. However, unlike its modern relatives, in which the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal</a>, <a href="/facts/Caudal_fin/kS10PMPf">caudal</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal fin</a> are fused into one, its fins were still separated. Otherwise Dipterus closely resembled modern lungfish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Dunkleosteus/GPcb4wCo">Dunkleosteus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dunkleosteus/GPcb4wCo">Dunkleosteus</a> is a <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> of <a href="/facts/Arthrodire/htk54jt2">arthrodire</a> <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> that existed from 380 to 360 Ma. Its length estimation varies around 4.1 to 10 metres (13 to 33 ft) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> It was a <a href="/facts/Hypercarnivore/vqhPS5Dl">hypercarnivorous</a> <a href="/facts/Apex_predator/dl0Jyy8Q">apex predator</a>. Apart from its contemporary Titanichthys (below), no other placoderm rivalled it in size. Instead of teeth, Dunkleosteus had two pairs of sharp bony plates, which formed a beak-like structure. Apart from <a href="/facts/Megalodon/rlycuUxc">megalodon</a>, it had the most powerful bite of any fish,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> generating bite forces in the same league as <a href="/facts/Tyrannosaurus/HQw1cywX">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> and the modern <a href="/facts/Crocodile/yr24HAHf">crocodile</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Titanichthys/LxsJ4XWX">Titanichthys</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Titanichthys/LxsJ4XWX">Titanichthys</a> is a genus of giant, aberrant marine <a href="/facts/Placoderm/kknCSuQ7">placoderm</a> that lived in shallow seas. Many of the species approached <a href="/facts/Dunkleosteus/GPcb4wCo">Dunkleosteus</a> in size and build. Unlike its relative, however, the various species of Titanichys had small, ineffective-looking mouth-plates that lacked a sharp cutting edge. It is assumed that Titanichthys was a <a href="/facts/Filter_feeder/hmVLwWB5">filter feeder</a> that used its capacious mouth to swallow or inhale schools of small, <a href="/facts/Anchovy/b1HycvUw">anchovy</a>-like fish, or possibly <a href="/facts/Krill/q11notjt">krill</a>-like <a href="/facts/Zooplankton/9omoIP2d">zooplankton</a>, and that the mouth-plates retained the prey while allowing the water to escape as it closed its mouth.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Materpiscis/Lb5ytGSY">Materpiscis</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Materpiscis/Lb5ytGSY">Materpiscis</a> (mother fish) is a <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> of <a href="/facts/Ptyctodontid/6krDPD8K">ptyctodontid</a> <a href="/facts/Placodermi/kknCSuQ7">placoderm</a> from about 380 Ma. Known from only one specimen, it is unique in having an unborn <a href="/facts/Embryo/9QHnLVLN">embryo</a> present inside, and with remarkable preservation of a mineralised placental feeding structure (<a href="/facts/Umbilical_cord/WIBgdrmF">umbilical cord</a>). This makes Materpiscis the first known vertebrate to show <a href="/facts/Viviparity/EEMn4rVx">viviparity</a>, or giving birth to live young.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> The specimen was named Materpiscis attenboroughi in honour of <a href="/facts/David_Attenborough/8NzIjInu">David Attenborough</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Hyneria/QQCCKMzV">Hyneria</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hyneria/QQCCKMzV">Hyneria</a> is a genus of predatory lobe-finned fish, about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long, that lived 360 million years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Rhizodont/jXWxXGz2">Rhizodonts</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Rhizodont/jXWxXGz2">Rhizodonts</a> were an order of lobe-finned fish that survived to the end of the Carboniferous, 377–310 Ma. They reached huge sizes. The largest known species, <a href="/facts/Rhizodus/GYpKtsQ0">Rhizodus hibberti</a> grew up to 7 metres in length, making it the largest freshwater fish known.</td></tr></tbody></table>

<h2 id="fish-to-tetrapods">Fish to tetrapods</h2>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">Tetrapod § Evolution</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_transitional_fossils/p3N0a8CX">List of transitional fossils § Fish to Tetrapods</a>

The first <a href="/facts/Tetrapods/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a> are four-legged, air-breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended, including humans. They evolved from lobe-finned fish of the clade <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">Sarcopterygii</a>, appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian, and giving rise to the first <a href="/facts/Amphibians/r2BleD2W">amphibians</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
The group of lobe-finned fishes that were the ancestors of the tetrapod are grouped together as the <a href="/facts/Rhipidistia/qawK0f0B">Rhipidistia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> and the first tetrapods evolved from these fish over the relatively short timespan 385–360 Ma. The early tetrapod groups themselves are grouped as <a href="/facts/Labyrinthodontia/jIXbvMu8">Labyrinthodontia</a>. They retained aquatic, fry-like <a href="/facts/Tadpole/GFl3NasU">tadpoles</a>, a system still seen in <a href="/facts/Lissamphibia/zeV5XtE9">modern amphibians</a>. From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land, possibly so they could go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper. However, in 1987, nearly complete fossils of <a href="/facts/Acanthostega/hCK2CS6A">Acanthostega</a> from about <a href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=363">363</a> Ma showed that this Late Devonian <a href="/facts/Transitional_fossil/ov9o5s9l">transitional</a> animal had legs and both lungs and gills, but could never have survived on land: its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight; its fish-like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground. The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega, which was about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water. Its skeleton differed from that of most fish, in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged, including: its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together, providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head; the head is not joined to the <a href="/facts/Shoulder_girdle/XyWsm4hv">shoulder girdle</a> and it has a distinct neck.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air-breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
There are three major hypotheses as to how tetrapods evolved their stubby fins (proto-limbs). The traditional explanation is the "shrinking waterhole hypothesis" or "desert hypothesis" posited by the American paleontologist <a href="/facts/Alfred_Romer/MULMjp1P">Alfred Romer</a>. He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>
The second hypothesis is the "inter-tidal hypothesis" put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from <a href="/facts/Intertidal_zone/grnBDVQ3">intertidal zones</a> rather than inland bodies of water. Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million-year-old <a href="/facts/Zache%25C5%2582mie_tracks/SCn7xKec">Zachełmie tracks</a> in <a href="/facts/Zache%25C5%2582mie%2c_%25C5%259Awi%25C4%2599tokrzyskie_Voivodeship/0tjl3VYV">Zachełmie</a>, Poland, the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>
The third hypothesis, the "woodland hypothesis", was proposed by the American paleontologist Gregory J. Retallack in 2011. He argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water in woodlands as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation. He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded <a href="/facts/Floodplain/EUKqIbj5">floodplains</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a>
Research by <a href="/facts/Jennifer_A._Clack/BXFSfyqe">Jennifer A. Clack</a> and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods, animals similar to <a href="/facts/Acanthostega/hCK2CS6A">Acanthostega</a>, were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land. This is in contrast to the earlier view that fish had first invaded the land — either in search of prey (like modern <a href="/facts/Mudskipper/svBsEFT0">mudskippers</a>) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out — and later evolved legs, lungs, etc.
Two ideas about the <a href="/facts/Homology_(biology)/muctKlyT">homology</a> of arms, hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years. First that digits are unique to tetrapods<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygian/7Glajr07">sarcopterygian</a> fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a> Until recently it was believed that "genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>p. 640. However new research that created a three-dimensional reconstruction of <a href="/facts/Panderichthys/MY4KjsCd">Panderichthys</a>, a coastal fish from the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> period 385 million years ago, shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> For example, they had <a href="/facts/Radius_(bone)/TstRh60d">radial</a> bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm-like base of their fins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> Thus there was in the evolution of <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a> a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits. This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of <a href="/facts/Actinopterygian/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygians</a>, <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">sharks</a> and <a href="/facts/Lungfish/oNNrFFoE">lungfish</a> that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Controversy still exists since <a href="/facts/Tiktaalik/Dc3DWglv">Tiktaalik</a>, a vertebrate often considered the <a href="/facts/Transitional_fossil/ov9o5s9l">missing link</a> between fishes and land-living animals, had stubby leg-like limbs that lacked the finger-like radial bones found in the Panderichthys. The researchers of the paper commented that it "is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is <a href="/facts/Autapomorph/2AhVNBRl">autapomorphic</a>, that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent, or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik. At any rate, it demonstrates that the fish–tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures.".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>p. 638.
From the end of the Devonian to the Mid <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> a 30 million year gap occurs in the fossil record. This gap, called <a href="/facts/Romer%2527s_gap/8T6oPy7u">Romer's gap</a>, is marked by the absence of ancestral tetrapod fossils and fossils of other vertebrates that look well-adapted for life on land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="4">Transition from lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods</th></tr><tr><td>~385 <a href="/facts/Mya_(unit)/DXcnXuAw">Ma</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eusthenopteron/e8bvSnjC">Eusthenopteron</a></td><td>Genus of <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> <a href="/facts/Lobe-finned_fish/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fishes</a> that has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to <a href="/facts/Tetrapod/vWpAxzAW">tetrapods</a>. Early depictions of this animal show it emerging onto land, however paleontologists now widely agree that it was a strictly aquatic animal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> The genus Eusthenopteron is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period, about 385 Ma. It was the object of intense study from the 1940s to the 1990s by the <a href="/facts/Paleoichthyologist/uks7wpvf">paleoichthyologist</a> <a href="/facts/Erik_Jarvik/cXT4G8nL">Erik Jarvik</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Gogonasus/GhQmTkvY">Gogonasus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gogonasus/GhQmTkvY">Gogonasus</a> (snout from Gogo) was a lobe-finned fish known from 3-dimensionally preserved 380 million-year-old fossils found in the <a href="/facts/Gogo_Formation/Wn4SNDl2">Gogo Formation</a>. It was a small fish reaching 30–40 cm (12–16 in) in length. Its skeleton shows several tetrapod-like features. They included the structure of its <a href="/facts/Middle_ear/H2A50utA">middle ear</a>, and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones, the <a href="/facts/Radius_(bone)/TstRh60d">radius</a> and <a href="/facts/Ulna/6J7D2mhe">ulna</a>. Researchers believe it used its forearm-like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey. Gogonasus was first described in 1985 by <a href="/facts/John_A._Long/mMxnSF1I">John A. Long</a>. For almost 100 years <a href="/facts/Eusthenopteron/e8bvSnjC">Eusthenopteron</a> has been the role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods. Gogonasus now replaces Eusthenopteron in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy.</td></tr><tr><td>~385 Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Panderichthys/MY4KjsCd">Panderichthys</a></td><td>Adapted to muddy shallows, and capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion. Had the ability to prop itself up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> They had large tetrapod-like heads, and are thought to be the most crownward stem fish-tetrapod with paired fins.</td></tr><tr><td>~375 Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Tiktaalik/Dc3DWglv">Tiktaalik</a></td><td>A fish with limb-like fins that could take it onto land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> It is an example from several lines of ancient sarcopterygian fish developing adaptations to the oxygen-poor shallow-water habitats of its time, which led to the evolution of tetrapods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the <a href="/facts/Transitional_fossil/ov9o5s9l">transition</a> between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) such as <a href="/facts/Panderichthys/MY4KjsCd">Panderichthys</a>, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as <a href="/facts/Acanthostega/hCK2CS6A">Acanthostega</a> and <a href="/facts/Ichthyostega/Y3A2LKpD">Ichthyostega</a>, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, <a href="/facts/Neil_Shubin/FtW3fMS9">Neil Shubin</a>, to characterize Tiktaalik as a "<a href="/facts/Tetrapodomorpha/rxUSNa98">fishapod</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></td></tr><tr><td>365 Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Acanthostega/hCK2CS6A">Acanthostega</a></td><td>A fish-like early <a href="/facts/Labyrinthodontia/jIXbvMu8">labyrinthodont</a> that occupied swamps and changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> <a href="/facts/Polydactyly_in_early_tetrapods/pxMLKu5N">It had eight digits</a> on each hand (the number of digits on the feet is unclear) linked by webbing, it lacked wrists, and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> Subsequent discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish-like animals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></td></tr><tr><td>374–359 Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Ichthyostega/Y3A2LKpD">Ichthyostega</a></td><td>Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century, <a href="/facts/Ichthyostega/Y3A2LKpD">Ichthyostega</a> stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods, combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs. It possessed lungs and limbs with seven digits that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps.</td></tr><tr><td>359–345 Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Pederpes/JIWIgeY6">Pederpes</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pederpes/JIWIgeY6">Pederpes</a> is the earliest known fully terrestrial tetrapod. It is included here to complete the transition of lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods, even though Pederpes is no longer a fish.</td></tr></tbody></table>
By the late Devonian, land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats, allowing the first <a href="/facts/Wetland/9abbP7CR">wetland</a> <a href="/facts/Ecosystem/kVE8mSmR">ecosystems</a> to develop, with increasingly complex <a href="/facts/Food_chain/mvDKQTGu">food webs</a> that afforded new opportunities. Freshwater habitats were not the only places to find water filled with organic matter and choked with plants with dense vegetation near the water's edge. Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons and large brackish river deltas also existed at this time, and there is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved. Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments, and because fossils of primitive tetrapods in general are found scattered all around the world, they must have spread by following the coastal lines — they could not have lived in freshwater only.

<ul><li><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fossil-illuminates-evolut">Fossil Illuminates Evolution of Limbs from Fins</a> Scientific American, 2 2 April 2004.</li></ul>
<h2 id="post-devonian">Post Devonian</h2>
<ul><li>During the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>, fish diversity seemingly declined and reached low levels during the <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a> period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/facts/Mesozoic_Era/yYsvXGPa">Mesozoic Era</a> began about 252 million years ago in the wake of the <a href="/facts/Permian-Triassic_event/d8kI8Mfn">Permian-Triassic event</a>, the largest <a href="/facts/Mass_extinction/HloJubtR">mass extinction</a> in Earth's history, and ended about 66 million years ago with the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous%25E2%2580%2593Paleogene_extinction_event/HNyDuEcx">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, another mass extinction that killed off non-avian <a href="/facts/Dinosaur/JRdMqBnq">dinosaurs</a>, as well as other plant and animal species. It is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time. The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent <a href="/facts/Pangaea/VGruHKJj">Pangaea</a> into separate landmasses. The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today. The impact of the end-Permian event on <a href="/facts/Bony_fishes/nXoXEj3a">Bony fishes</a> diversity remains elusive. It appears that there is no major diversity loss, but that can be the result of poor fossil record.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li></ul>
The Mesozoic saw the diversification of <a href="/facts/Neopterygii/L8A9xsRq">neopterygian</a> fishes, the clade that consists of <a href="/facts/Holostei/aot3VGm4">holostean</a> and <a href="/facts/Teleost/1YULPGW5">teleost</a> fishes. Most of them were small in size.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> The diversity of body shape variety in Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous <a href="/facts/Neopterygii/L8A9xsRq">neopterygian</a> fishes has been documented,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> revealing that the accumulation of novel body shapes in teleost fishes was predominantly gradual throughout this 150 million year period (250Mya - 100Mya). Holostean fishes appear to accumulate body shape variety (so called disparity) between the <a href="/facts/Early_Triassic/oBgudq2V">early Triassic</a> and <a href="/facts/Toarcian/jPtA71Yr">Toarcian</a>, after which the amount of variety seen among their body shapes remained stable until the end of the <a href="/facts/Early_Cretaceous/5uWEJGYC">Early Cretaceous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carbon-iferous</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> (359–299 Ma): <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">Sharks</a> underwent a major <a href="/facts/Evolutionary_radiation/DDc0R6GS">evolutionary radiation</a> during the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the <a href="/facts/Placodermi/kknCSuQ7">placoderms</a> at the end of the Devonian period caused many <a href="/facts/Niche_(ecology)/YnhNkL2e">environmental niches</a> to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Coastal seas during the Carboniferous: The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils. This gap in the fossil record, is called <a href="/facts/Romer%2527s_gap/8T6oPy7u">Romer's gap</a> after the American paleontologist <a href="/facts/Alfred_Romer/MULMjp1P">Alfred Romer</a>. While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event, recent work indicates the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels, indicating some sort of ecological collapse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> The gap saw the demise of the <a href="/facts/Devonian/nWgakqzk">Devonian</a> fish-like <a href="/facts/Ichthyostegalia/nE5C7b2M">ichthyostegalian</a> labyrinthodonts, and the rise of the more advanced <a href="/facts/Temnospondyli/lEoAzjJe">temnospondyl</a> and <a href="/facts/Reptiliomorpha/Psutwvhz">reptiliomorphan</a> amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna.The <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> seas were inhabited by many fish, mainly <a href="/facts/Elasmobranch/6rBrf5w6">Elasmobranchs</a> (sharks and their relatives). These included some, like Psammodus, with crushing pavement-like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods, crustaceans, and other marine organisms. Other sharks had piercing teeth, such as the <a href="/facts/Symmoriida/r2rDwbjS">Symmoriida</a>; some, the <a href="/facts/Petalodontiformes/atzntFPP">petalodonts</a>, had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth. Most of the sharks were marine, but the <a href="/facts/Xenacanthida/d3nFBEr1">Xenacanthida</a> invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps. Among the <a href="/facts/Osteichthyes/nXoXEj3a">bony fish</a>, the <a href="/facts/Palaeonisciformes/F03lM8mU">Palaeonisciformes</a> found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers. <a href="/facts/Sarcopterygii/7Glajr07">Sarcopterygian</a> fish were also prominent, and one group, the <a href="/facts/Rhizodont/jXWxXGz2">Rhizodonts</a>, reached very large size.Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. Freshwater fish were abundant, and include the genera <a href="/facts/Ctenodus/WDBpfs8N">Ctenodus</a>, Uronemus, <a href="/facts/Acanthodes/KXkoS9XK">Acanthodes</a>, Amphicentrum, and <a href="/facts/Gyracanthus/Q0osJ8lA">Gyracanthus</a>.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Stethacanthus/hEolQeoK">Stethacanthus</a></td><td>As a result of the evolutionary radiation, carboniferous cartilaginous fishes assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes—including cartilaginous fishes (<a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">holocephalian</a>, relative of modern <a href="/facts/Chimaera/gUmgE3Jl">ratfishes</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a>) of the family <a href="/facts/Stethacanthidae/WHh8mP8J">Stethacanthidae</a>, which possessed a flat brush-like dorsal fin with a patch of <a href="/facts/Dermal_denticle/MS2brwuo">denticles</a> on its top.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a> <a href="/facts/Stethacanthus/hEolQeoK">Stethacanthus</a>'s unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Apart from the fins, Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus (below).</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Falcatus/N9wx2oW0">Falcatus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Falcatus/N9wx2oW0">Falcatus</a> is a genus of small <a href="/facts/Cladodont/Y0NEkQSK">cladodont</a>-toothed cartilaginous fishes that lived 335–318 Ma. They were about 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Belantsea/I1dPHRnq">Belantsea</a></td><td>Belantsea is a representative of the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> to <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a> <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> <a href="/facts/Petalodontiformes/atzntFPP">Petalodontiformes</a>. Petalodontiforms are characterized by their peculiar teeth. The group became extinct in the late Permian (<a href="/facts/Wuchiapingian/zreCTjlL">Wuchiapingian</a>). One of the last survivors was <a href="/facts/Janassa/QkCY2UvT">Janassa</a>, which superficially looked like modern <a href="/facts/Batoidea/4w6wfqlh">rays</a>, though it is not closely related with them.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Orodus/8HrAEMND">Orodus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Orodus/8HrAEMND">Orodus</a> is another cartilaginous fish of the Carboniferous, a genus from the family <a href="/facts/Orodontidae/8HrAEMND">Orodontidae</a> that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma. It grew to 2 m (6.5 ft) in length.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Chondrenchelys/5dwoJoRl">Chondrenchelys</a></td><td>Chondrenchelys is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish from the Carboniferous <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>. It had an elongate, eel-like body. Chondrenchelys is a <a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">holocephalan</a> and a distant relative of modern <a href="/facts/Ratfishes/gUmgE3Jl">ratfishes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Edestus/7vDkLYDa">Edestus</a></td><td>Edestus is a genus of the extinct <a href="/facts/Eugeneodontida/z8l8LHX2">eugeneodontid</a> <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a>, a group of <a href="/facts/Cartilaginous_fishes/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous fishes</a> that is related with modern <a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">chimerids</a> (ratfishes). Other Carboniferous genera aare <a href="/facts/Bobbodus/zPYNHkfp">Bobbodus</a>, <a href="/facts/Campodus/F1hpjkeC">Campodus</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ornithoprion/gawWNPgT">Ornithoprion</a>. Eugeneodontids were common during the Carboniferous <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>. Members of this order typically had tooth whorls, mostly formed by their lower jaws. In Edestus, both the upper and lower jaws formed a tooth whorl. Some species of Edestus could reach body lengths of 6.7 m (22 ft).</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a> (298–252 Ma):</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Helicoprion/sngIyXRR">Helicoprion</a></td><td>Helicoprion is arguably the most iconic genus of the extinct <a href="/facts/Eugeneodontida/z8l8LHX2">Eugeneodontida</a>. This <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> of <a href="/facts/Cartilaginous_fishes/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous fishes</a> is related with extant <a href="/facts/Holocephali/9gFKBV35">chimerids</a> (ratfishes). Eugeneodontids disappeared during the Permian <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>, with only a few <a href="/facts/Genera/m8EFjSms">genera</a> surviving into the <a href="/facts/Early_Triassic/oBgudq2V">earliest Triassic</a> (<a href="/facts/Caseodus/oDaf9KYG">Caseodus</a>, <a href="/facts/Fadenia/87QIln5f">Fadenia</a>). Typically, members of this group had tooth whorls. Species of Helicoprion could reach between 5 and 8 m (16.5 and 26 ft) in size.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Triodus/kESqgcq6">Triodus</a></td><td>Triodus is a genus of <a href="/facts/Xenacanthida/d3nFBEr1">xenacanthid</a> <a href="/facts/Cartilaginous_fish/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous fish</a>. The order Xenacanthida existed during the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> to <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>, and is well known from many complete skeletons from the <a href="/facts/Early_Permian/DvIWAITS">early Permian</a>. They typically had a prominent dorsal fin spine, which in some species was attached to the back of their skull, while in others it was located more <a href="/facts/Posteriorly/IpJ1fq2f">posteriorly</a>. Xenacanthids were ferocious freshwater predators.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Acanthodes/KXkoS9XK">Acanthodes</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Acanthodes/KXkoS9XK">Acanthodes</a> is an extinct <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> of <a href="/facts/Acanthodii/tshDhfzW">spiny shark</a> (Acanthodii).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> It had <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gills</a> but no <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> and was presumably a <a href="/facts/Filter_feeder/hmVLwWB5">filter feeder</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Acanthodes had only two skull bones and were covered in cubical scales. Each paired <a href="/facts/Pectoral_fin/kS10PMPf">pectoral</a> and <a href="/facts/Pelvic_fin/YgynRkfE">pelvic fins</a> had one spine, as did the single <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal</a> and <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fins</a>, giving it a total of six spines, less than half that of many other spiny sharks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Acanthodians share qualities of both bony fish (osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes), and it has been suggested that they may have been stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> Spiny sharks became extinct in the Permian.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Megalichthyidae/leMybMVN">Megalichthyids</a></td><td>Megalichthyids are an extinct <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">family</a> of <a href="/facts/Lobe-finned_fish/7Glajr07">lobe-finned fish</a>. They are <a href="/facts/Tetrapodomorpha/rxUSNa98">tetrapodomorphs</a>, a group of lobe-finned fish that is closely related with <a href="/facts/Tetrapoda/vWpAxzAW">land-living vertebrates</a>. Megalichthyids survived into the <a href="/facts/Permian/CYgLgu5u">Permian</a>, but became extinct during this <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>. Palatinichthys from the <a href="/facts/Early_Permian/DvIWAITS">early Permian</a> of Germany was one of the last survivors of this <a href="/facts/Clade/XefyYmWn">clade</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Acrolepis/br8ho6uY">Acrolepis</a></td><td>Acrolepis is a genus of <a href="/facts/Palaeonisciformes/F03lM8mU">palaeoniscoid</a> ray-finned fish that existed during the <a href="/facts/Carboniferous/BRKlkYyd">Carboniferous</a> to <a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> <a href="/facts/Period_(geology)/6LBR11yQ">period</a>. It had elongate jaws and its eyes were located in the front of the skull. Acrolepis had a <a href="/facts/Heterocercal/kS10PMPf">heterocercal</a> tail fin and fusiform body. The body was covered in thick <a href="/facts/Ganoid/MS2brwuo">ganoid</a> scales. This <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a> is typical for many late <a href="/facts/Palaeozoic/5qe2wz7U">Palaeozoic</a> ray-fins.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">The Permian ended with the most extensive <a href="/facts/Extinction_event/HloJubtR">extinction event</a> recorded in <a href="/facts/Paleontology/60n5yldd">paleontology</a>: the <a href="/facts/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event/d8kI8Mfn">Permian-Triassic extinction event</a>. 90% to 95% of marine species became <a href="/facts/Extinction/24p5NP2q">extinct</a>, as well as 70% of all land organisms. It is also the only known mass extinction of insects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> Recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event was protracted; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> and marine ecosystems took even longer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> The impact of the end-Permian event on <a href="/facts/Bony_fishes/nXoXEj3a">Bony fishes</a> diversity remains elusive. It appears that there is no major diversity loss, but that can be the result of poor fossil record.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="8"><a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Triassic/r6CNxKXC">Triassic</a> (252–201 Ma): The fish fauna of the <a href="/facts/Early_Triassic/oBgudq2V">Early Triassic</a> was remarkably uniform, reflecting the fact that the surviving families dispersed globally after the <a href="/facts/Permian-Triassic_extinction/d8kI8Mfn">Permian-Triassic extinction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> A considerable radiation of <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fishes/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fishes</a> occurred during the Triassic, laying the foundation for many modern fishes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> See Category:Triassic fish.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Foreyia/rrbtaFxT">Foreyia</a></td><td>The <a href="/facts/Middle_Triassic/Y0FBoqA8">Middle Triassic</a> Foreyia, along with <a href="/facts/Ticinepomis/VnX4Tu5Q">Ticinepomis</a>, is one of the earliest known members of the <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">family</a> <a href="/facts/Latimeriidae/TaEXps8Q">Latimeriidae</a>, which also includes the extant <a href="/facts/Actinistia/1aoMLyN3">coelacanth</a> <a href="/facts/Latimeria/L9WsSLeP">Latimeria</a>. Foreyia had an atypical body shape for a coelacanth, a group that is otherwise known for their conservative <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a>. <a href="/facts/Rebellatrix/UU6yEWvX">Rebellatrix</a> is another Triassic coelacanth with an aberrant morphology. This genus is characterized by a forked <a href="/facts/Caudal_fin/kS10PMPf">caudal fin</a>, suggesting that Rebellatrix was a fast swimmer. Coelacanths had one of their highest post-Devonian diversity during the <a href="/facts/Early_Triassic/oBgudq2V">Early Triassic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Saurichthys/lxTx1aoz">Saurichthys</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Saurichthyiformes/j3kjfW0r">Saurichthyiformes</a> are an extinct clade of ray-finned fish that evolved shortly before the <a href="/facts/Permian-Triassic_extinction/d8kI8Mfn">Permian-Triassic extinction</a>, and that rapidly diversified after the event. The Triassic <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> <a href="/facts/Saurichthys/lxTx1aoz">Saurichthys</a> comprises over 50 <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>, some reaching up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in length. Some <a href="/facts/Middle_Triassic/Y0FBoqA8">Middle Triassic</a> <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a> show evidence for <a href="/facts/Viviparity/EEMn4rVx">viviparity</a> in the form of embryos that are preserved in females, and <a href="/facts/Gonopodium/kS10PMPf">gonopodia</a> in males. This is the earliest case of a viviparous <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fish/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fish</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a> Saurichthys was also the first ray-fin to show adaptations for ambush predation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Perleidus/goJdeRhG">Perleidus</a></td><td>Perleidus was a <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fish/3PNaXXmJ">ray-finned fish</a> from the <a href="/facts/Middle_Triassic/Y0FBoqA8">Middle Triassic</a>. About 15 centimetres (6 in) in length, it was a marine predatory fish with jaws that hung vertically under the braincase, allowing them to open wide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> The Triassic <a href="/facts/Perleidiformes/fQkkRazq">Perleidiformes</a> were very diverse in shape and showed distinct feeding specializations in their teeth. <a href="/facts/Colobodus/1Ng5Gx5c">Colobodus</a>, for example, had strong, button-like teeth. Some perleidiforms, such as <a href="/facts/Thoracopterus/AcMAVYug">Thoracopterus</a>, were the first ray-fins to glide over water, much like extant <a href="/facts/Flying_fish/QFGUTTbX">flying fish</a>, with which they are only distantly related.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Robustichthys/L21yymAf">Robustichthys</a></td><td>Robustichthys is a Middle Triassic ionoscopiform ray-finned fish. They belong to the clade <a href="/facts/Halecomorphi/bmpuqjrV">Halecomorphi</a>, which were once diverse during the <a href="/facts/Mesozoic/yYsvXGPa">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/facts/Era_(geology)/0gqadCDc">Era</a>, but which are today represented by only a single species, the <a href="/facts/Bowfin/QWtK6rkA">bowfin</a>. Halecomorphs are <a href="/facts/Holostei/aot3VGm4">holosteans</a>, a clade which first appeared in the fossil record during the Triassic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Semionotus/tQHbQ7UM">Semionotus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Semionotiformes/BITqy14C">Semionotiformes</a> are an extinct <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> of <a href="/facts/Holostei/aot3VGm4">holostean</a> ray-finned fish that existed from during the <a href="/facts/Mesozoic/yYsvXGPa">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/facts/Era_(geology)/0gqadCDc">Era</a>. They were characterized by thick scales and specialized jaws. They are relatives of modern <a href="/facts/Gar/5Y2b5ayb">gars</a>, both belonging to the clade <a href="/facts/Ginglymodi/0sr1Fme9">Ginglymodi</a>. This clade first appears in the fossil record during the Triassic. Once diverse, they are only represented by a few species today.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> </td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pholidophorus/2X3jcx1Y">Pholidophorus</a></td><td>Pholidophorus was an <a href="/facts/Extinct/24p5NP2q">extinct</a> genus of <a href="/facts/Teleost/1YULPGW5">teleost</a>, around 40 centimetres (16 in) long, from about 240–140 Ma. Although not closely related to the modern <a href="/facts/Herring/QH12ADpV">herring</a>, it was somewhat like herring in appearance and niche. It had a single <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fin</a>, a symmetrical tail, and an <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal fin</a> placed towards the rear of the body. It had large eyes and was probably a fast swimming predator, hunting <a href="/facts/Plankton/WGo3LU9T">planktonic</a> <a href="/facts/Crustacean/PBobIVJP">crustaceans</a> and smaller fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a> A very early <a href="/facts/Teleost/1YULPGW5">teleost</a>/<a href="/facts/Teleosteomorpha/L8A9xsRq">teleosteomorph</a>, Pholidophorus had many primitive characteristics such as <a href="/facts/Ganoid_scale/MS2brwuo">ganoid scales</a> and a <a href="/facts/Vertebral_column/Nuw1kV7o">spine</a> that was partially composed of <a href="/facts/Cartilage/vxy2qzKN">cartilage</a>, rather than <a href="/facts/Bone/pCU37jBe">bone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> Teleosts first appeared in the fossil record during the Triassic. One of the earliest members is <a href="/facts/Prohalecites/y9hwoIIu">Prohalecites</a> (<a href="/facts/Ladinian/X9RUy1R2">Ladinian</a>).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">The Triassic ended with the <a href="/facts/Triassic%25E2%2580%2593Jurassic_extinction_event/5XKTUdt6">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a>. About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species became extinct.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a> <a href="/facts/Ray-finned_fishes/3PNaXXmJ">Ray-finned fishes</a>, however, remained largely unaffected by this extinction event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments, while <a href="/facts/Diapsid/IFjPsvGt">non-archosaurian diapsids</a> continued to dominate marine environments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Jurassic/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic</a> (201–145 Ma): During the <a href="/facts/Jurassic_period/o5Cy4KzX">Jurassic period</a>, the primary vertebrates living in the seas were <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fish</a> and marine <a href="/facts/Reptile/04n1uKf1">reptiles</a>. The latter include <a href="/facts/Ichthyosauria/fBNIIJaJ">ichthyosaurs</a> who were at the peak of their diversity, <a href="/facts/Plesiosauria/Tbfbj8kH">plesiosaurs</a>, <a href="/facts/Pliosaur/KjwYz47I">pliosaurs</a>, and marine <a href="/facts/Crocodilia/G4LbxJs6">crocodiles</a> of the families <a href="/facts/Teleosauridae/rMecm599">Teleosauridae</a> and <a href="/facts/Metriorhynchidae/dPozSSwf">Metriorhynchidae</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> Numerous <a href="/facts/Turtle/X0ImnxYt">turtles</a> could be found in lakes and rivers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> See Category:Jurassic fish.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Pachycormiformes/pn5dIjKM">Pachycormiformes</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pachycormiformes/pn5dIjKM">Pachycormiformes</a> are an extinct order of ray-finned fish that existed from the <a href="/facts/Early_Jurassic/atwEBpDz">Early Jurassic</a> to the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous%25E2%2580%2593Paleogene_extinction_event/HNyDuEcx">K-Pg extinction</a> (below). They were characterized by serrated pectoral fins, reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum. Their relations with other fish are unclear.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Leedsichthys/uLmBFoeq">Leedsichthys</a></td><td>Along with its close <a href="/facts/Pachycormidae/pn5dIjKM">pachycormid</a> relatives <a href="/facts/Bonnerichthys/XSMCI4dj">Bonnerichthys</a> and <a href="/facts/Rhinconichthys/b1fwkjXl">Rhinconichthys</a>, Leedsichthys is part of a lineage of large-sized <a href="/facts/Filter-feeder/hmVLwWB5">filter-feeders</a> that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous_period/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous period</a>. Pachycormids might represent an early branch of <a href="/facts/Teleostei/1YULPGW5">Teleostei</a>, the group most modern bony fishes belong to; in that case Leedsichthys is the largest known teleost fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> In 2003, a fossil specimen 22 meters (72 feet) long was unearthed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ichthyodectiformes/mR1PCnPR">Ichthyodectiformes</a></td><td>The order Ichthyodectiformes (literally "fish-biters") was a family of marine <a href="/facts/Actinopterygii/3PNaXXmJ">actinopterygian</a> fish. They first appeared 156 Ma during the <a href="/facts/Late_Jurassic/NzU9rlnL">Late Jurassic</a> and disappeared during the K-Pg extinction event 66 Ma. They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period. Most ichthyodectids ranged between 1 and 5 meters (3.5 and 16.5 ft) in length. All known <a href="/facts/Taxa/caQC1e87">taxa</a> were <a href="/facts/Predator/JEGdrX3f">predators</a>, feeding on smaller fish; in several cases, larger Ichthyodectidae preyed on smaller members of the family. Some species had remarkably large teeth, though others, such as <a href="/facts/Gillicus_arcuatus/v8DdnNmQ">Gillicus arcuatus</a>, had small ones and sucked in their prey. The largest Xiphactinus was 20 feet long, and appeared in the Late Cretaceous (below).</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="7"><a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cret-aceous</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Cretaceous/nwKtFtKx">Cretaceous</a> (145–66 Ma): See Category:Cretaceous fish.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Sturgeon/CsMSIjHj">Sturgeon</a></td><td>True <a href="/facts/Sturgeon/CsMSIjHj">sturgeons</a> appear in the fossil record during the Upper Cretaceous. Since that time, sturgeons have undergone remarkably little <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphological</a> change, indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as <a href="/facts/Living_fossils/EujFvU2D">living fossils</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> This is explained in part by the long generation interval, tolerance for wide ranges of <a href="/facts/Temperature/QyGe4gmj">temperature</a> and <a href="/facts/Salinity/X6mB1YAM">salinity</a>, lack of <a href="/facts/Predation/JEGdrX3f">predators</a> due to size, and the abundance of prey items in the <a href="/facts/Benthic/N3lM6P7I">benthic</a> environment.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Cretoxyrhina/UnHmMnaC">Cretoxyrhina</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cretoxyrhina_mantelli/UnHmMnaC">Cretoxyrhina mantelli</a> was a large <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">shark</a> that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago, during the mid Cretaceous period. It is commonly known as the Ginsu Shark.This shark was first identified by a famous Swiss Naturalist, <a href="/facts/Louis_Agassiz/W3DJ3zFN">Louis Agassiz</a> in 1843, as Cretoxyhrina mantelli. However, the most complete specimen of this shark was discovered in 1890, by the fossil hunter Charles H. Sternberg, who published his findings in 1907. The specimen consisted of a nearly complete associated vertebral column and over 250 associated teeth. This kind of exceptional preservation of fossil sharks is rare because a shark's skeleton is made of <a href="/facts/Cartilage/vxy2qzKN">cartilage</a>, which is not prone to fossilization. Charles dubbed the specimen Oxyrhina mantelli. This specimen represented a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) shark.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Enchodus/EkrklGnv">Enchodus</a></td><td>Enchodus is an extinct genus of bony fish. It flourished during the Upper Cretaceous and was small to medium in size. One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large "fangs" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, "the saber-toothed herring". These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest Enchodus was a predatory species.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Xiphactinus/MA2zuApT">Xiphactinus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Xiphactinus/MA2zuApT">Xiphactinus</a> is an extinct genus of large predatory marine bony fish of the Late Cretaceous. They grew more than 4.5 metres (15 feet) long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Ptychodus/8lx1PC8S">Ptychodus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ptychodus/8lx1PC8S">Ptychodus</a> is a genus of extinct shark (previously considered as <a href="/facts/Hybodontiformes/T6D01okh">hybodontiformes</a> but later denied<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a>) that lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> <a href="/facts/Ptychodus_mortoni/mgDySWt4">Ptychodus mortoni</a> (pictured) was about 32 feet (9.8 metres) long and was unearthed in <a href="/facts/Kansas/koenIXmE">Kansas</a>, United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the <a href="/facts/Cretaceous%25E2%2580%2593Paleogene_extinction_event/HNyDuEcx">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> (K-Pg extinction). There are substantial fossil records of <a href="/facts/Gnathostomata/fN7f8dKQ">jawed</a> <a href="/facts/Fish/fln4gH9V">fishes</a> across the K–T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within <a href="/facts/Chondrichthyes/xcW7PJDU">cartilaginous fish</a>, approximately 80% of the <a href="/facts/Shark/gnS0bGPW">sharks</a>, <a href="/facts/Rajiformes/PNYuYwLy">rays</a>, and <a href="/facts/Skate_(fish)/kkASwYLU">skates</a> families survived the extinction event,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> and more than 90% of <a href="/facts/Teleostei/1YULPGW5">teleost fish</a> (bony fish) families survived.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–T boundary layer on <a href="/facts/Seymour_Island/1hrAeW9Q">Seymour Island</a> near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a> However, the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> and evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the extinction, apparently due to the elimination of their <a href="/facts/Ammonite/cRCH9GVd">ammonite</a> competitors (there was no similar change in shark populations across the boundary).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Cenozoic_Era/yFslcz6n">CenozoicEra</a></th><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Cenozoic_Era/yFslcz6n">Cenozoic Era</a> (66 Ma to present): The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes. Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fishes (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from snow minnows (Cypriniformes) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres (15,100 feet) to flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes) in the Challenger Deep, the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world's water bodies, both freshwater and marine.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Amphistium/Jxulaooy">Amphistium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Amphistium/Jxulaooy">Amphistium</a> is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish that has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Megalodon/rlycuUxc">Otodus megalodon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Megalodon/rlycuUxc">Megalodon</a> is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma. It looked much like a stocky version of the <a href="/facts/Great_white_shark/9uLc7Adh">great white shark</a>, but was much larger with estimated length reaching up to 20.3 metres (67 ft).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> Found in all oceans<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a> it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> and probably had a profound impact on <a href="/facts/Marine_life/TF5MGzFb">marine life</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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<li id="fn:26">The early and mid Silurian. See Kazlev, M.A.; White, T (March 6, 2001). "Palaeos: Thelodonti". Palaeos.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28. Retrieved October 30, 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028153634/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/050Thelodonti/050.100.html#Thelodonti" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071028153634/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/050Thelodonti/050.100.html#Thelodonti</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:30">Janvier 2003. - Janvier, Philippe (2003). Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852646-9. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Timeline of fish evolution open-in-new

Timeline of fish evolution