Alfredo Lim

<h2 id="early-life-and-career">Early life and career</h2>
Lim was born on December 21, 1929, at the Emmanuel Community Hospital along <a href="/facts/Abad_Santos_Avenue/LEy9CqV3">Calle Manuguit</a>, <a href="/facts/Tondo%2c_Manila/yzWB1uaf">Tondo, Manila</a>, to Rosario Siojo, a <a href="/facts/Filipino_Chinese/UtKz5oo5">Filipina with Chinese ancestry</a> from the Siojo family of <a href="/facts/San_Miguel%2c_Bulacan/dBNYT50s">San Miguel, Bulacan</a>. His father, Alfredo Ko Lim Sr., returned to his hometown <a href="/facts/Antique_(province)/ksgeXkTQ">Antique</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> When he was in pre-school, his mother remarried and left him at the <a href="/facts/Hospicio_de_San_Jose/s7YtCTqe">Hospicio de San Jose</a>. When he was in the third grade, he was put under the care of his maternal grandmother, Flora Valisno-Siojo. After his grandmother's death in 1943, he lived with his <a href="/facts/Godparent/uBRmJwvg">godmother</a>, Dolores La'o-Conde.
He finished primary school as a <a href="/facts/Salutatorian/IeQRQQ9j">salutatorian</a> at the P. Gomez Elementary School in 1943. Lim graduated high school in 1948 at the <a href="/facts/Far_Eastern_University/Ll5TS4oz">Far Eastern University</a>. He earned a degree of business administration in 1951 and a Bachelor of Law in 1963 at the <a href="/facts/University_of_the_East/qbDLywB2">University of the East</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> In 1981, he finished his master's degree in national security administration with honours at the <a href="/facts/National_Defense_College_of_the_Philippines/T9LRgdSm">National Defense College of the Philippines</a> and pursued a Doctor of Philosophy in <a href="/facts/Criminology/vu3fwnut">criminology</a> at the Philippine College of Criminology where he graduated in 1996.
When Lim began work in the police in the 1952, one of his first accomplishments was arresting future senator <a href="/facts/Robert_Barbers/b0nYvSoe">Robert Barbers</a> for illegal possession of firearms. Then Manila Vice Mayor <a href="/facts/James_Barbers/5kyoVeKp">James Barbers</a>, Robert's uncle, tried to negotiate with Lim to release Robert Barbers without charges, but Lim nevertheless proceeded to file charges. A decorated police officer, Lim earned around 400 commendations and 40 awards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> During the late 1980s, Lim helped defend the government of then-President <a href="/facts/Corazon_Aquino/wPvtxu3C">Corazon Aquino</a>, such as leading the retaking of government installations from <a href="/facts/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement/KFS5tUES">military rebels</a> during one of the <a href="/facts/1986%25E2%2580%25931990_Philippine_coup_attempts/g1up4ynp">1987 coup attempts</a>. After retiring from the police, Lim was appointed Director of the <a href="/facts/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)/xwpYRYzz">National Bureau of Investigation</a>, where he lobbied for more funding and pay increases for agents and other employees. Since regular agents had to be fairly half of the force's positions were vacant, and there were few takers because of the low salary. Lim also lobbied for the position of special investigator which was realized to complement regular agents.

<h2 id="political-career">Political career</h2>
<h3>Mayor of Manila (1992–1998)</h3>
In <a href="/facts/1992_Manila_local_elections/e5BPnY9G">1992</a>, Lim beat six opponents in the election to become mayor of the city of <a href="/facts/Manila/1jLySodG">Manila</a>. As mayor, he worked on a strong law and order program which lessened crime. Lim worked on some projects to improve the city's image which had been bad when he assumed office. He pushed reforms in the city government. His slogan was "Magaling na Lider, Disiplinado" (lit. transl. "Excellent Leader, Disciplined").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
Lim was re-elected in <a href="/facts/1995_Manila_local_elections/43B516Tq">1995</a>. During his first two terms in office, he earned the nickname "Dirty Harry" for his tough anti-crime policies against suspected and convicted drug pushers, drug runners, and the city's red light districts, among others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> He founded the <a href="/facts/City_College_of_Manila/LgfeacVl">City College of Manila</a> that would serve to complement <a href="/facts/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila/h8XSl3np">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> It was under his administration when the Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center in Tondo was established in 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> He resigned on March 27, 1998, to focus on his presidential campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h3>Presidential run and DILG Secretary (1998–2001)</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/1998_Philippine_presidential_election/FCUC769M">1998 Philippine presidential election</a>
Lim ran a failed bid for the presidency as the <a href="/facts/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)/TqF0pNlL">Liberal Party</a> nominee in the <a href="/facts/1998_Philippine_presidential_election/FCUC769M">1998 election</a>, garnering only 8.7% of the vote and finishing fifth in a field of eleven candidates.
In January 2000, his rival in the presidential election, President <a href="/facts/Joseph_Estrada/RM2br1RL">Joseph Estrada</a>, appointed him as <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government/URgAoKYx">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a>. His stint was cut short when Estrada was ousted during the <a href="/facts/Second_EDSA_Revolution/jfLEcxEn">second EDSA Revolution</a> the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h3>2001 mayoral elections</h3>
Lim sought a comeback for mayor of Manila in <a href="/facts/2001_Manila_local_elections/PQtNQGKF">2001</a>. However, he lost to incumbent Mayor <a href="/facts/Lito_Atienza/St7tXTQ3">Lito Atienza</a>, his former ally and vice mayor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h3>Senator (2004–2007)</h3>

Lim was elected to a six-year term as Senator in the <a href="/facts/2004_Philippine_Senate_election/ssU8vEz6">2004 election</a> under <a href="/facts/Pwersa_ng_Masang_Pilipino/FlSyTYST">PMP</a> and the banner of the <a href="/facts/Koalisyon_ng_Nagkakaisang_Pilipino/2u6xqKGX">Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)</a>. As a senator, Lim introduced legislation to bring back mandatory <a href="/facts/Reserve_Officers%2527_Training_Corps/LIq549By">ROTC</a>, but this bill did not receive any co-sponsors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>

<h3>Return as mayor (2007–2013)</h3>
In <a href="/facts/2007_Manila_local_elections/agD7Bn0v">2007</a>, Lim decided to run again for <a href="/facts/Mayor_of_Manila/XtcQHCf7">Mayor of Manila</a>. He won and defeated Atienza's son, <a href="/facts/Ali_Atienza/lb2zXpRU">Ali Atienza</a>; he thus gave up his Senate seat. Shortly after assuming office, he adopted the slogan "Linisin, Ikarangal (ang) Maynila" (transl. Clean, Dignify Manila, hence the acronym LIM). He ended the ban on holding rallies at Mendiola, which was initiated by his predecessor Lito Atienza, later modifying it by allowing rallies to be held there on weekends and holidays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
On July 16, 2007, <a href="/facts/Philippine_National_Police/qG4JP3bm">Philippine National Police</a> (PNP) chief <a href="/facts/Director_general_(police)/vYtUvah6">General</a> <a href="/facts/Oscar_Calderon/LCVjN8xQ">Oscar Calderon</a> asked him to revoke his ban to prevent militants from marching there. The PNP would recommend having protesters take their rallies to freedom parks. Calderon warned that if Lim will not change his position, the PNP will enforce the "no permit, no rally" policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> He ordered the removal of all business establishments, including bars and restaurants, in the <a href="/facts/Baywalk/p3rLPQWj">Baywalk</a> area along <a href="/facts/Roxas_Boulevard/ICDetaX0">Roxas Boulevard</a> (also another Atienza project) in an attempt to make the area a "wholesome park for everyone", with an unobstructed view of the famed Manila sunset. He claimed that many of these establishments have no business permits and were selling liquor, which is a violation of applicable city ordinances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
In December 2007, he told <a href="/facts/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority/WMgnr3eg">MMDA</a> Chairman <a href="/facts/Bayani_Fernando/l8BKEkhE">Bayani Fernando</a> not to conduct its sidewalk clearing operations in Manila since vendors were allowed to sell on sidewalks for humanitarian reasons. He stated: "I jokingly told Chairman Fernando that they are welcome anytime but I cannot guarantee their safety. Their problem is how they will get out."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>
On March 14, 2008, Lim's son, Manuel "Manny" Lim, and two other suspects were arrested in a hotel along Tomas Mapua Street in <a href="/facts/Santa_Cruz%2c_Manila/YatjFN4v">Santa Cruz, Manila</a>, by <a href="/facts/Philippine_Drug_Enforcement_Agency/VX3A62sY">PDEA</a> operatives during a <a href="/facts/Sting_operation/h04v93JK">buy–bust operation</a> in <a href="/facts/Binondo/IdIhl9Dw">Binondo</a>. Manny had in his possession 100 grams (3.5 oz) of methamphetamine hydrochloride or <a href="/facts/Methamphetamine/vS1jloMe">shabu</a> worth <a href="/facts/Philippine_peso/02Lfe6RM">₱</a>600,000 (equivalent to ₱902,795 in 2021).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a>
On July 17, 2008, <a href="/facts/Manila%2527s_1st_congressional_district/EB9b2xcy">1st District</a> Councilor Dennis Alcoreza filed <a href="/facts/Human_rights/WMW5XCdM">human rights</a> complaints before the <a href="/facts/Commission_on_Human_Rights/g1uu6UgM">Commission on Human Rights</a>, against Lim and other officials of the city of Manila. Alcoreza accused Lim of a violent takeover of a slaughterhouse in <a href="/facts/Tondo%2c_Manila/yzWB1uaf">Tondo</a> on July 11, and illegal dispersal of protest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Meanwhile, 24 councilors resigned from their posts as members and heads of the different committees, prompting a reorganization. The councilors unanimously denounced the violent treatment by Lim's Manila Police District (MPD) towards Alcoreza during the city government's takeover of the slaughterhouse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Lim resigned as head of Joseph Estrada's <a href="/facts/Pwersa_ng_Masang_Pilipino/FlSyTYST">Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino</a> (PMP) in August 2008, following an executive committee resolution by the PMP removing him as president of the party. He was replaced by Estrada, who is also the PMP chairman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>

In October 2008, he made <a href="/facts/Reserve_Officers%2527_Training_Corps_(Philippines)/CRnW33EA">ROTC</a> training mandatory for all students at the <a href="/facts/University_of_the_City_of_Manila/h8XSl3np">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a> (PLM) and the City College of Manila (CCM, now the <a href="/facts/Universidad_de_Manila/LgfeacVl">Universidad de Manila</a> (UdM)), both city-owned colleges. He was also credited for the establishment of <a href="/facts/Santa_Ana_Hospital%2c_Manila/y0PJ8LDT">Santa Ana Hospital</a> in <a href="/facts/Santa_Ana%2c_Manila/oxIU4cHU">Santa Ana, Manila</a>, which serves residents of <a href="/facts/Manila%2527s_6th_congressional_district/MJGJrsGb">Manila's 6th district</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> 
Lim ran for reelection in <a href="/facts/2010_Manila_local_elections/TU5cGGor">2010</a>, with Vice Mayor <a href="/facts/Isko_Moreno/7F3A6KwJ">Isko Moreno</a> as his running mate. Together, they defeated Lim's predecessor, Atienza, and his running mate, <a href="/facts/Manila%2527s_6th_congressional_district/MJGJrsGb">6th District</a> Councilor Bonjay Isip-Garcia. However, Atienza filed an electoral protest, citing discrepancies in the election returns and the consolidation and canvassing system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> He later dropped his protest in January 2013.
On August 23, 2010, former police officer Rolando Mendoza <a href="/facts/Manila_hostage_crisis/bWz6YbSo">hijacked</a> a tourist bus full of tourists from <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> in order to make demands on the government about a case against him at the <a href="/facts/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines/au5WDcf2">Ombudsman</a> that led to his dismissal from service. The government's failure to negotiate properly with Mendoza led to the killing of eight hostages and of Mendoza himself after almost ten hours of stand-off. Justice Secretary <a href="/facts/Leila_De_Lima/9g2LKwHe">Leila De Lima</a> was tasked to lead an investigation on the incident and determine whose negligence led to the tragedy. Her committee, the Incident Investigation and Review Committee (IIRC), found out that there were lapses on the part of Lim that led to the failed resolution of the hostage-drama, thereby recommending the filing of administrative and criminal cases against him and other officials. <a href="/facts/Malaca%25C3%25B1ang_Palace/RsmzNltP">Malacañang</a>, however, declared Lim's liability was neglect of duty and misconduct. But, according to a report conducted by the late DILG Secretary <a href="/facts/Jesse_Robredo/xy1gCGta">Jesse Robredo</a> that was released in April 2013, he was found to have been "administratively liable" for the incident.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>
In <a href="/facts/2013_Manila_local_elections/yuuvfFGG">2013</a>, he sought another term as mayor, with actor and 6th District Councilor <a href="/facts/Lou_Veloso/QTvR3WNK">Lou Veloso</a> as his running mate but they were defeated by Estrada and Moreno, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="later-career">Later career</h2>

From 2004 to 2010 during his term as a Senator, Lim anchored the public service radio program Katapat: Mayor Fred Lim at DZMM on <a href="/facts/DZMM-AM/vA4QqgdQ">DZMM</a>. With his team onboard researcher Joseph Arcaya, Executive Producer Dingdong Marco, DZMM Station Manager Angelo Palmones, and attorney Rey Bagatsing, the radio program helped solve many unsolved cases which became the last resort of the victims of crimes not only in Metro Manila but the entire Philippines. He also anchored <a href="/facts/Aksyon_Ngayon/8Ko3FXJm">Aksyon Ngayon</a>, also on DZMM, with Kaye Dacer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>
In 2015, Lim returned to the radio airwaves as co-anchor of Katapat at Karancho, 8TriMedia's morning commentary program aired on <a href="/facts/DZRJ-AM/f4fMUsMY">DZRJ-AM</a>.
In the <a href="/facts/2016_Manila_local_elections/XuAFSYG4">2016 mayoral elections</a>, Lim ran again for mayor of Manila against the incumbent <a href="/facts/Joseph_Estrada/RM2br1RL">Joseph Estrada</a>, who replaced him in 2013. He chose <a href="/facts/Manila%2527s_1st_congressional_district/EB9b2xcy">1st district</a> congressman Benjamin Asilo and later <a href="/facts/Manila%2527s_5th_congressional_district/k2AS4XS7">5th district</a> councilor <a href="/facts/Ali_Atienza/lb2zXpRU">Ali Atienza</a> as his running mate for vice mayor, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> He lost to Estrada by a margin of 2,685 votes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
Lim attempted another comeback as mayor and ran in the <a href="/facts/2019_Manila_local_elections/5Dg6ja1c">2019 elections</a>, chasing a fifth non-consecutive term against Estrada again and his former vice-mayor <a href="/facts/Isko_Moreno/7F3A6KwJ">Isko Moreno</a>. This time, Lim had no running mate for vice mayor. However, he placed third and Moreno emerged as the winner in the three-way race of notable candidates. After which, Moreno sought the expertise of Lim to guide his new administration's efforts in revitalizing the city and combating corruption.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Lim later appeared during the inauguration of the Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center at the Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center in <a href="/facts/Tondo%2c_Manila/yzWB1uaf">Tondo</a> on October 24, 2019, which was led by Moreno. Named after Lim's maternal grandmother, it was the Philippines's largest free dialysis facility at the time of its opening.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Lim, when not under the banner of a national political party, used the "<a href="/facts/Kapayapaan%2c_Kaunlaran_at_Katarungan/1F99jUNc">Kapayapaan, Kaunlaran at Katarungan</a>" (transl. Peace, Prosperity and Justice) label, the party he founded to stand for election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a>

<h2 id="death">Death</h2>

On August 8, 2020, Lim died<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> after having tested positive for <a href="/facts/COVID-19/YsUgvsaX">COVID-19</a> during the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines/cDKw6XmH">COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> He was confined in a government-run hospital in <a href="/facts/Manila/1jLySodG">Manila</a> prior to his death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a> His remains were then cremated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a> and on August 29, were inurned at the <a href="/facts/Manila_North_Cemetery/FuNUetAv">Manila North Cemetery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a>

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
On August 15, 2024, the <a href="/facts/Manila_City_Council/fE9LkfYL">Manila City Council</a> passed a resolution declaring August 8 of every year as "Mayor Alfredo S. Lim Day."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>

<h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2>
Lim has appeared in films and television series. He was also portrayed by different actors in several films.

<ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/facts/Rudy_Fernandez_(actor)/fhWGvM8m">Rudy Fernandez</a> in the 1977 film Alfredo Lim: Sa Kamay ng Ibabaw.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></li>
<li>Portrayed by Ernie Zarate in the 1989 film <a href="/facts/Jones_Bridge_Massacre_(Task_Force_Clabio)/9WNU8y5q">Jones Bridge Massacre (Task Force Clabio)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/facts/Ramon_Revilla_Sr./nRloLfs5">Ramon Revilla Sr.</a> in the 1989 film Target... Police General (Maj. Gen. Alfredo S. Lim Story).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/facts/Eddie_Garcia/USb1QSs8">Eddie Garcia</a> in the 1995 film Alfredo Lim, Batas ng Maynila.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></li>
<li>Portrayed by Lim (himself) in the 1997 film Bobby Barbers: Parak.</li>
<li>Lim hosted the 1998 TV crime documentary drama series of <a href="/facts/ABS-CBN/jWvxlxS7">ABS-CBN</a>'s Katapat, Mayor Fred Lim, which was produced by <a href="/facts/ABS-CBN_News_and_Current_Affairs/hY0ElNHg">ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs</a></li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/facts/Cesar_Montano/6ThC7oLL">Cesar Montano</a> in the 2013 film <a href="/facts/Alfredo_S._Lim_(The_Untold_Story)/qpHYTRTy">Alfredo S. Lim (The Untold Story)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.fredlim.com/">Official website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040908190712/http://www.i-site.ph/Databases/Congress/13thSenate/SALS/lim-SAL.html">Alfredo Lim's Assets and Liabilities</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224080240/http://www.manila.gov.ph/citymayor.htm">The Mayor's Page</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223001303/http://manila.gov.ph/">The Official Website of the City of Manila</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Santos, Reynaldo Jr. (February 25, 2016). "FAST FACTS: Poll candidates who faced disqualification due to citizenship issues". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123111610/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/99213-fast-facts-poll-candidates-disqualification-citizenship" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20181123111610/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/99213-fast-facts-poll-candidates-disqualification-citizenship</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"PNP mourns death of ex-DILG secretary Alfredo Lim". www.msn.com. Retrieved August 14, 2020. <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/national/pnp-mourns-death-of-ex-dilg-secretary-alfredo-lim/ar-BB17KbqX" target="_blank">https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/national/pnp-mourns-death-of-ex-dilg-secretary-alfredo-lim/ar-BB17KbqX</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Orosa, Rosalinda L. (May 14, 2013). "Erap wins Manila mayoralty race". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 14, 2018. <a href="https://www.philstar.com//2013/05/14/942004/erap-wins-manila-mayoralty-race" target="_blank">https://www.philstar.com//2013/05/14/942004/erap-wins-manila-mayoralty-race</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Lopez, Tony (June 10, 2016). "Erap's Hairline Victory". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012326/http://thestandard.com.ph/opinion/columns/virtual-reality-by-tony-lopez/207830/erap-s-hairline-victory.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012326/http://thestandard.com.ph/opinion/columns/virtual-reality-by-tony-lopez/207830/erap-s-hairline-victory.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Isko Moreno defeats Manila's old mayors". CNN Philippines. May 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305075527/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/5/13/Isko-Moreno-Manila-Mayor-2019-elections.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200305075527/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/5/13/Isko-Moreno-Manila-Mayor-2019-elections.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Balagtas See, Aie (June 4, 2018). "'Dirty Harry' joins 'The Punisher'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721085700/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/997095/dirty-harry-joins-the-punisher" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180721085700/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/997095/dirty-harry-joins-the-punisher</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"Alfredo Ko Lim Sr. (c.1906 - 1929)". Geni.com. Retrieved September 6, 2020. <a href="https://www.geni.com/people/Alfredo-Lim-Sr/6000000008274851393" target="_blank">https://www.geni.com/people/Alfredo-Lim-Sr/6000000008274851393</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:17">Republic Act No. 2224 (March 29, 2006), RE-INSTITUTING ROTC AS A MANDATORY COURSE FOR ALL COLLEGE STUDENTS <a href="http://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=13&q=SBN-2224" target="_blank">http://senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=13&q=SBN-2224</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:32">"Sowing seeds of hope". The Philippine Star. September 23, 2006. <a href="https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2006/09/23/359491/sowing-seeds-hope" target="_blank">https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2006/09/23/359491/sowing-seeds-hope</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:38">"Ex-Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim dies at 90". CNN Philippines. August 8, 2020. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808172429/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/8/8/alfredo-lim-dies-at-90.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200808172429/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/8/8/alfredo-lim-dies-at-90.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

Alfredo Lim open-in-new

Alfredo Lim