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Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Occlusive_(phonetics)/kURXYdtQ">occlusive</a>, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no <a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">nasal outlet</a>, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a <a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">plosive</a>.</li> <li>There are three specific variants of [t]: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">Dental</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper <a href="/facts/Teeth/Wc6IqwVf">teeth</a>, termed respectively <i><a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Denti-alveolar_consonant/RRsdysLW">Denti-alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ridge/qxn0CvTN">alveolar ridge</a>, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a>, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively <i>apical</i> and <i>laminal</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="varieties">Varieties</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>plain t</td></tr><tr><td>t̪</td><td><a href="/facts/Dental_consonant/Yraaz9Nm">dental</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>t̠</td><td><a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>tʰ</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspiration_(phonetics)/Kat42tA6">aspirated</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>tʲ</td><td><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>tʷ</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialisation/gxgAWAQI">labialized</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>t̚</td><td>t with <a href="/facts/No_audible_release/Y3SA12la">no audible release</a></td></tr><tr><td>t̬</td><td><a href="/facts/Voice_(phonetics)/VdqrEGQ3">voiced</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>t͈</td><td><a href="/facts/Tenseness/S4IpbaVE">tense</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>tʼ</td><td><a href="/facts/Ejective_consonant/TDKaffPV">ejective</a> t</td></tr><tr><td>tˤ</td><td><a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">pharyngealized</a> t</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <h3>Dental or denti-alveolar</h3> Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th colspan="3">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aleut_language/T7AY0c2j">Aleut</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td><i>tiistax̂</i></td><td>[t̪iːstaχ]</td><td>'dough'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eastern_Armenian/qvxWtyD1">Eastern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">տուն</a></td><td>[t̪un]ⓘ</td><td>'house'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic/QcY8Smky">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></td><td>ܬܠܬ̱ܐ/<i>ţlo</i></td><td>[t̪lɑ]</td><td>'three'</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bashkir_language/u1N82RGj">Bashkir</a></td><td><i>дүрт/dürt</i></td><td>[dʏʷrt]ⓘ</td><td>'four'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Belarusian_language/yRuE1cfX">Belarusian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belarusian_alphabet/Egq4EKJb">стагоддзе</a></td><td>[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]</td><td>'century'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Belarusian_phonology/He0SIPxg">Belarusian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Basque_language/rEMpH97p">Basque</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Basque_alphabet/7Awejcam">toki</a></i></td><td>[t̪oki]</td><td>'place'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Basque_phonology/rEMpH97p">Basque phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bengali_language/twpKobqA">Bengali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bengali_alphabet/kdlW4eGK">তুমি</a></td><td>[t̪umi]</td><td>'you'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See <a href="/facts/Bengali_phonology/QKXJtTGF">Bengali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">terra</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ɛrə]</td><td>'land'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">ут</a></td><td>[ut]</td><td>'horse'</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Czech_orthography/9qCd4huk">toto</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ot̪o]</td><td>'this'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Czech_phonology/UJYRAndV">Czech phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dinka_language/V6UdIToX">Dinka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Breaking_Bad/eJ3azj46"><i>mɛth</i></a></td><td>[mɛ̀t̪]</td><td>'child'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Flemish_dialects/Tjq869yB">Belgian</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">taal</a></i></td><td>[t̪aːl̪]</td><td>'language'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hiberno-English/1RhpyNrx">Dublin</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>thin</i></a></td><td rowspan="3">[t̪ʰɪn]</td><td rowspan="3">'thin'</td><td rowspan="4">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td><td>In Dublin, it may be [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate/hPQVEk0o">t͡θ</a>] instead.</td><td rowspan="4">See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Indian_English/LW2DcJGE">Indian</a></td><td rowspan="2">Corresponds to [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_fricative/hmQpb6pI">θ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Southern <a href="/facts/Hiberno-English/1RhpyNrx">Irish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mid-Ulster_English/CRPbBqp5">Ulster</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>train</i></a></td><td>[t̪ɹeːn]</td><td>'train'</td><td>Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Finnish_orthography/l3bdMLPd">tutti</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]</td><td>'pacifier'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Finnish_phonology/p1kjVpQ5">Finnish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/French_orthography/JkoJ2W1I">tordu</a></i></td><td>[t̪ɔʁd̪y]</td><td>'crooked'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/French_phonology/f5Px9rwj">French phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hakka_Chinese/NW5mGD6K">Hakka</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">他</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Guangdong_Romanization/TogkVIyt">ta3</a></i></td><td>[t̪ʰa˧]</td><td>'he/she'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hindustani_language/rPnbEyYP">Hindustani</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hindi/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">तीन</a>/tīn</td><td rowspan="2">[t̪iːn]</td><td rowspan="2">'three'</td><td rowspan="2">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td><td>Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Hindustani_phonology/jSJYXe1d">Hindustani phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Urdu/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a></td><td>تین/tīn</td><td>Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Hmong_language/rAVAmkzy">Hmong</a></td><td>White Hmong</td><td>𖬆𖬰<a href="/facts/Pahawh_Hmong/AWWwfHGD">𖬧𖬵</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Romanized_Popular_Alphabet/RR9KB2bR">tub</a></i></td><td>[tu˦]</td><td>'son', 'boy' or 'male name'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Indonesian_language/J8Q78Ywb">Indonesian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Malay_alphabet/yKwF4NQv">tabir</a></i></td><td>[t̪abir]</td><td>'curtain'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Italian_orthography/QP2BJ6J7">tale</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ale]</td><td>'such'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kanji/E1IN7hVL">特別</a>/ <i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Japanese/7JdM0cAy">tokubetsu</a></i></td><td>[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]</td><td>'special'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Japanese_phonology/PvY84Cf1">Japanese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kashubian_language/gs64oDQe">Kashubian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Kashubian_alphabet/PBHppr9j">ptôch</a></i></td><td>[ptɞx]</td><td>'bird'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kazakh_language/rh22ccFt">Kazakh</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kazakh_alphabets/0yhntQvY">тұз</a></td><td>[t̪us̪]</td><td>'salt'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_language/jnuN76wT">Kyrgyz</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kyrgyz_alphabets/3WM8WDcz">туз</a></td><td>[t̪us̪]</td><td>'salt'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Latvian_language/1LRCJorI">Latvian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Latvian_orthography/x6bjPDS5">tabula</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪äbulä]</td><td>'table'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Latvian_phonology/vevNL9yu">Latvian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malayalam/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malayalam_script/HDsBdkqw">കാത്ത്</a></td><td>[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]</td><td>'waiting'</td><td colspan="3">Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">füṯa</a></i></td><td>[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]</td><td>'husband'</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Interdental_consonant/KHUHzfCC">Interdental</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marathi_language/uIJuwlFW">Marathi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">तबला</a></td><td>[t̪əbˈlaː]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Tabla/xlNP7Cpf">tabla</a>'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See <a href="/facts/Marathi_phonology/kjXbd1r6">Marathi phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">ताली</a></td><td>[t̪äli]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Clapping/Vyvpt86j">clappinɡ</a>'</td><td colspan="3">Contrasts with aspirated form. See <a href="/facts/Nepali_phonology/5gEhrASB">Nepali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nunggubuyu_language/lErBF5hh">Nunggubuyu</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><i>darag</i></td><td>[t̪aɾaɡ]</td><td>'whiskers'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Odia_language/RCSkWVSf">Odia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Odia_script/05jEzRTV">ତାରା</a>/tara</td><td>[t̪ärä]</td><td>'star'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Pazeh_language/dC6hXuag">Pazeh</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]</td><td>'keep clapping'</td><td colspan="3">Dental.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">tom</a></i></td><td>[t̪ɔm]ⓘ</td><td>'volume'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>Many dialects</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">montanha</a></i></td><td>[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]</td><td>'mountain'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may <a href="/facts/Affricate_consonant/Fn2y7FIA">affricate</a> to [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a>], [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate/vJeGxq3k">tɕ</a>] and/or [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">ts</a>] in certain environments. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Punjabi_language/Dps9vRRe">Punjabi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukh%25C4%25AB_alphabet/u6Nt0z14">ਤੇਲ</a>/تیل</td><td>[t̪eːl]</td><td>'oil'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_orthography/Kqy6hRtX">толстый</a></td><td>[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]</td><td>'fat'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology/wf69X0FU">Scottish Gaelic</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><i>taigh</i></td><td>[t̪ʰɤj]</td><td>'house'</td><td colspan="3">Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">туга</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Gaj%2527s_Latin_alphabet/hxF8FTpe">tuga</a></i></td><td>[t̪ǔːgä]</td><td>'sorrow'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian_phonology/RgNSQU8A">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sinhala_language/qfPUFGYS">Sinhala</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sinhala_script/2ynWA0GY">අත</a></td><td>[at̪ə]</td><td>'hand'</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovene_alphabet/U2wY1Aj3">tip</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪îːp]</td><td>'type'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Slovene_phonology/cC0He05j">Slovene phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a></td><td><i>toto</i></td><td>[ˈt̪ot̪o]</td><td>'this'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Somali_language/EqN6P5e0">Somali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Somali_phonology/3ty3yJUS">matag</a></td><td>[mat̪ag]</td><td>'vomit'</td><td colspan="3">Dentalization of alveolar plosive.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">tango</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]</td><td>'tango'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">tåg</a></i></td><td>[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]</td><td>'train'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Telugu_script/GzUHyXLb">తప్పు</a></td><td>[t̪apːu]</td><td>'wrong'</td><td colspan="3">Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">at</a></i></td><td>[ät̪]</td><td>'horse'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_alphabet/RXdMx44m">брат</a></td><td>[brɑt̪]</td><td>'brother'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Uzbek_language/ovLJMy4J">Uzbek</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td>–</td><td></td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_alphabet/NyAkHElo">tuần</a></i></td><td>[t̪wən˨˩]</td><td>'week'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_phonology/vqImbjKY">Vietnamese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zapotec_languages/Yh09rWyg">Zapotec</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tilquiapan_Zapotec/REz3SXMX">Tilquiapan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td><i>tant</i></td><td>[t̪ant̪]</td><td>'so much'</td><td colspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Alveolar</h3> Occurrence of [t] in various languages<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">тфы</a></td><td>[tfə]ⓘ</td><td>'five'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Egyptian_Arabic/SBTADnm9">Egyptian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">توكة</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa"><i>tōka</i></a></i></td><td>[ˈtoːkæ]</td><td>'barrette'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology/bp45CyGC">Egyptian Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic/QcY8Smky">Assyrian</a></td><td>ܒܝܬܐ/<i>bèta</i></td><td>[beːta]</td><td>'house'</td><td>Most speakers. In the <a href="/facts/Tyari/rlPTSGwv">Tyari</a>, <a href="/facts/Barwari/raxzYYtD">Barwari</a> and <a href="/facts/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic/e2IyTbpI">Southern</a> dialects <a href="/facts/Voiceless_dental_fricative/hmQpb6pI">θ</a> is used.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cantonese/y5UhgScP">Cantonese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">跌</a>/<a href="/facts/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese/rajusu3X">dit</a></td><td>[ti:t̚˧]</td><td>'fall' (v.)</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Cantonese_phonology/VcGG3tAD">Cantonese Phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Traditional_Chinese_characters/bBFLkuz7">鐵</a>/<a href="/facts/Simplified_Chinese_characters/UcAD6xXs">鉄</a>/<a href="/facts/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese/rajusu3X">tit</a></td><td>[tʰi:t̚˧]</td><td>'iron'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chechen_language/mCR0dGnY">Chechen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">тарсал</a>/<i>tarsal</i></td><td>[tɑːrsəl]</td><td>'squirrel'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Danish_alphabet/5R0QPeuD">dåse</a></i></td><td>[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]</td><td>'can' (n.)</td><td>Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a>] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Danish_phonology/pcTRA2ln">Danish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">taal</a></i></td><td>[taːɫ]</td><td>'language'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>Most speakers</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>tick</i></a></td><td rowspan="2">[tʰɪk]ⓘ</td><td rowspan="2">'tick'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/New_York_City_English/yvsPeYpX">New York</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hebrew_alphabet/qQStmr5u">תמונה</a></td><td>[tmuˈna]</td><td>'image'</td><td>see <a href="/facts/Modern_Hebrew_phonology/3wM8DlXJ">Modern Hebrew phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Hungarian_orthography/o5VY2Eck">tutaj</a></i></td><td>[ˈtutɒj]</td><td>'raft'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Hungarian_phonology/TXf5qlfU">Hungarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">тхуы</a></td><td>[txʷə]ⓘ</td><td>'five'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_script/al76EeT6">តែ</a>/<i>tê</i></td><td>[tae]</td><td>'tea'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Khmer_phonology/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">대숲</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean/jA5Fz40j">daesup</a></i></td><td>[tɛsup̚]</td><td>'bamboo forest'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Korean_phonology/1hlWNext">Korean phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Kurdish_languages/6LSckYAz">Kurdish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kurmanji/4pp4wtq5">Northern</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Kurdish_alphabet/wCl6RAqJ">tu</a></i></td><td>[tʰʊ]</td><td>'you'</td><td rowspan="3">See <a href="/facts/Kurdish_phonology/pQUTcsRL">Kurdish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Sorani/S4RYJYNB">Central</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kurdish_alphabet/wCl6RAqJ">تەوێڵ</a></td><td>[tʰəweːɫ]</td><td rowspan="2">'forehead'</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Kurdish/mqMmRcok">Southern</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kurdish_alphabet/wCl6RAqJ">تێوڵ</a></td><td>[tʰeːwɨɫ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Luxembourgish_language/HsVzn2YA">Luxembourgish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td><i>dënn</i></td><td>[tən]</td><td>'thin'</td><td>Less often voiced [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a>]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Luxembourgish_phonology/AvfPMEy5">Luxembourgish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malayalam/YLuvDWd3">Malayalam</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malayalam_script/HDsBdkqw">കാറ്റ്</a></td><td>[kaːtːɨ̆]</td><td>'wind'</td><td colspan="3">Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maltese_language/Rgelh3pf">Maltese</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Maltese_alphabet/neBMzrdr">tassew</a></i></td><td>[tasˈsew]</td><td>'true'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">地</a>/<a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">dì</a></td><td>[ti˥˩]</td><td>'ground'</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Standard_Chinese_phonology/Bl7Mr2RM">Mandarin Phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">梯</a>/<a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">tī</a></td><td>[tʰi˥˥]</td><td>'ladder/stairs'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">füta</a></i></td><td>[ˈfɘtɜ]</td><td>'elderly'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nunggubuyu_language/lErBF5hh">Nunggubuyu</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><i>darawa</i></td><td>[taɾawa]</td><td>'greedy'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nuosu_language/lgUuxw4Y">Nuosu</a>[<i>which?</i>]</td><td><a href="/facts/Yi_script/VE9bfJKS">ꄉ</a>/<i><a href="/facts/Yi_script/VE9bfJKS">da</a></i></td><td>[ta˧]</td><td>'place'</td><td>Contrasts aspirated and <a href="/facts/Aspiration_(phonetics)/Kat42tA6">unaspirated</a> forms</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td><td>Some dialects</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">troço</a></i></td><td>[ˈtɾɔsu]</td><td>'thing' (pejorative)</td><td>Allophone before alveolar /<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Filipino_orthography/eGqejUch">matamis</a></i></td><td>[mɐtɐˈmis]</td><td>'sweet'</td><td colspan="3">See <a href="/facts/Tagalog_phonology/U6eweXdA">Tagalog phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Thai_language/PnaLdG77">Thai</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thai_script/uxnpJWg9">ตา</a>/<a href="/facts/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription/EWjAaoyF"><i>ta</i></a></td><td>[taː˧]</td><td>'eye'</td><td>Contrasts with an aspirated form.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/West_Frisian_language/h7PVP7S6">West Frisian</a></td><td><i>tosk</i></td><td>[ˈtosk]</td><td>'tooth'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/West_Frisian_phonology/Iv3uqmV0">West Frisian phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Postalveolar</h3> Occurrence of [t̠]<table><tbody><tr><th>Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yele_language/m0noRNIz">Yele</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Yele_language/m0noRNIz">dêê</a></i></td><td>[t̠əː]</td><td>'tongue'</td><td>Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Variable</h3> Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Modern_Standard_Arabic/rXAjtFSs">Modern Standard</a></td><td>تين/<i><a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Arabic/A760zaoa"><i>tīn</i></a></i></td><td>[tiːn]</td><td>'fig'</td><td>Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's <a href="/facts/Varieties_of_Arabic/YWBtGBoP">native dialect</a>. See <a href="/facts/Arabic_phonology/4WhkxU18">Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td>Broad <a href="/facts/South_African_English/5IIVeacu">South African</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G"><i>talk</i></a></td><td>[toːk]</td><td rowspan="3">'talk'</td><td rowspan="3">Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scottish_English/VT54VbX9">Scottish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td>[tʰɔk]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Welsh_English/78zM2R0f">Welsh</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td><td>[tʰɒːk]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/German_orthography/wRfTdcfG">Tochter</a></i></td><td>[ˈtɔxtɐ]</td><td>'daughter'</td><td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Standard_German_phonology/mxAMM3la">Standard German phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_alphabet/1cHwB8Dg">τρία</a> <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Greek/KTELT9Aq">tria</a></td><td>[ˈtɾiä]</td><td>'three'</td><td>Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Modern_Greek_phonology/8YqswHuV">Modern Greek phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Jawi_alphabet/DdF2xzyM">تڠکڤ</a><i>/<a href="/facts/Latin_script/7EWeJjUV">tangkap</a></i></td><td>[t̪äŋ.käp̚]</td><td>'catch'</td><td>More commonly dental. Often <a href="/facts/No_audible_release/Y3SA12la">unreleased</a> in syllable codas. See <a href="/facts/Malay_phonology/QQx0BUjN">Malay phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">dans</a></i></td><td>[t̻ɑns]</td><td>'dance'</td><td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d̥</a>], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td>توت</td><td>[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]</td><td>'berry'</td><td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Persian_phonology/k6TNKDgn">Persian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Slovak_alphabet/NCxQPLa8">to</a></i></td><td>[t̻ɔ̝]</td><td>'that'</td><td>Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of Greek Linguistics</i>, 8: 97–208, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv">10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-12-11</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hans_Basb%25C3%25B8ll/XYF4d9r5">Basbøll, Hans</a> (2005), <i>The Phonology of Danish</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-203-97876-5</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Blust/LTdtG2br">Blust, Robert</a> (1999), "Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology", <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>, 38 (2): 321–365, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.1999.0002">10.1353/ol.1999.0002</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145426312">145426312</a></li> <li>Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 22 (1–2): 53–56, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618">10.1017/S0025100300004618</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249411809">249411809</a></li> <li>Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9004103406</li> <li>Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 25 (2): 90–94, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005223">10.1017/S0025100300005223</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249414876">249414876</a></li> <li>Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ukrainian</i></a>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9783929075083, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421103813/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-21, retrieved 2021-01-23</li> <li>Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company</li> <li>Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-63751-1</li> <li>Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 23 (2): 73–76, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004874">10.1017/S0025100300004874</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249404451">249404451</a></li> <li>Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), <a href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 43 (1): 67–74, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216084337/https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2015-06-04</li> <li>Grønnum, Nina (2005), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</i></a> (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 87-500-3865-6, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112193003/https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-12, retrieved 2015-06-04</li> <li>Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 22 (2): 45–47, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X">10.1017/S002510030000459X</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243772965">243772965</a></li> <li>Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (1): 103–107, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191">10.1017/S0025100303001191</a></li> <li>Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), <i>The Phonetics of Russian</i>, Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), <i>Kyrgyz</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3895868434</li> <li>Kráľ, Ábel (1988), <i>Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti</i>, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (2005), <i>Vowels and Consonants</i> (Second ed.), Blackwell</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/facts/Ian_Maddieson/p0cyavQ2">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996), <a href="/facts/The_Sounds_of_the_World%2527s_Languages/Je2AlBAP"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-19815-6</li> <li>Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), <i>Language in South Africa</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780521791052</li> <li>Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2009), "Hakka Chinese", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 39 (107–111): 107, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003599">10.1017/S0025100308003599</a></li> <li>Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", <i>Psychological Review</i>, 74 (6): 431–61, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0020279">10.1037/h0020279</a>, <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4170865">4170865</a></li> <li>Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), <i>Persian</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-415-02311-4</li> <li><a href="/facts/Max_Mangold/Tf0rEtvp">Mangold, Max</a> (2005) [First published 1962], <i>Das Aussprachewörterbuch</i> (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-411-04066-7</li> <li>Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 33 (2): 255–259, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001373">10.1017/S0025100303001373</a></li> <li>Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">"Tilquiapan Zapotec"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 38 (1): 107–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216084338/http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2016-02-12</li> <li>Nau, Nicole (1998), <i>Latvian</i>, Lincom Europa, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 3-89586-228-2</li> <li>Okada, Hideo (1999), <a href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2">"Japanese"</a>, in International Phonetic Association (ed.), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-52163751-0</li> <li>Padluzhny, Ped (1989), <i>Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy</i>, Навука і тэхніка, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 5-343-00292-7</li> <li>Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"</a> (PDF), <i>Jazykovedný časopis</i>, 55: 87–109, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414133435/https://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-14, retrieved 2015-05-23</li> <li>Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), <i>Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego</i>, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski</li> <li>Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 39 (1): 113–124, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003605">10.1017/S0025100308003605</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f">20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f</a></li> <li>Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), <i>A Course in Phonology</i>, Blackwell Publishing</li> <li>Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 117–121, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></li> <li>Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126">"Mapudungun"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 43 (1): 87–96, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369">10.1017/S0025100312000369</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425101151/https://www.academia.edu/3234126">archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-25, retrieved 2015-11-02</li> <li>Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), <a href="https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149"><i>Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview</i></a>, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171828/https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149">archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-20, retrieved 2021-03-03</li> <li>Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), <i>Uzbek Structural Grammar</i>, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University</li> <li>Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 38 (2): 209–213, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">10.1017/S0025100308003320</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kari_Suomi/1qrMTzhJ">Suomi, Kari</a>; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), <a href="http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789514289842.pdf"><i>Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody</i></a> (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-951-42-8984-2</li> <li>Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 24 (2): 91–94, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090">10.1017/S0025100300005090</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242632087">242632087</a></li> <li>Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", <i>Language</i>, 35 (3): 454–476, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232">10.2307/411232</a>, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411232">411232</a></li> <li>Watson, Janet (2002), <i>The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</i>, Oxford University Press</li> <li>Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Wells/1FpNz4VN">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/facts/International_Standard_Book_Number/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=t">List of languages with [t]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?. - Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", Psychological Review, 74 (6): 431–61, doi:10.1037/h0020279, PMID 4170865 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0020279" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0020279</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ladefoged (2005), p. 165. - Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17. - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Padluzhny (1989), p. 47. - Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53. - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Skarnitzl, Radek. 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(1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461. - Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411232</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Merrill (2008), p. 108. - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2016-02-12 <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Basbøll (2005), p. 61. - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Grønnum (2005), p. 120. - Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6, archived from the original on 2023-01-12, retrieved 2015-06-04 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45. - Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000459X</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Wells (1982), p. 515. - Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Wells (1982), p. 515. - Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Szende (1994), p. 91. - Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300005090</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68. - Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2015-06-04 <a href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf" target="_blank">http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68. - Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2015-06-04 <a href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf" target="_blank">http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89. - Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, archived from the original on 2022-04-25, retrieved 2015-11-02 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3234126</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Ladefoged (2005), p. 158. - Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese) <a href="http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699" target="_blank">http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Lass (2002), p. 120. - Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Lass (2002), p. 120. - Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4. - Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, archived from the original on 2022-09-20, retrieved 2021-03-03 <a href="https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149" target="_blank">https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Wells (1982), p. 388. - Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4. - Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, archived from the original on 2022-09-20, retrieved 2021-03-03 <a href="https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149" target="_blank">https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/149</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Wells (1982), p. 388. - Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Mangold (2005), p. 47. - Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Mangold (2005), p. 47. - Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Arvaniti (2007), p. 10. - Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Arvaniti (2007), p. 10. - Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Mahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help) <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Mahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help) <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Kráľ (1988), p. 72. - Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99. - Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109, archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-14, retrieved 2015-05-23 <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Kráľ (1988), p. 72. - Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99. - Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109, archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-14, retrieved 2015-05-23 <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>