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Codex Macedoniensis
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The manuscript is a <a href="/facts/Codex/FGxYMAcG">codex</a> (the precursor to the modern <a href="/facts/Book/Yylgt4AC">book</a>), containing an almost complete text of the four <a href="/facts/Gospels/oC3s2MdL">Gospels</a> on 309 parchment leaves (sized 18 cm by 13 cm).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The text is written in one column per page, and 16-21 lines per column.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> There are six <a href="/facts/Lacuna_(manuscripts)/cQ1TQ61x">gaps</a> (known as <i>lacunae</i>): <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Matthew/37PUBgoR">Matthew</a> 1:1-9:11; 10:35-11:4; <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_Luke/TWayBl9v">Luke</a> 1:26-36; 15:25-16:5; 23:22-34; and <a href="/facts/Gospel_of_John/bW6A5S7Y">John</a> 20:27-21:17.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The manuscript would have originally consisted of 42 <a href="/facts/Paper_quire/qVMrcm8P">quires</a> made of 8 <a href="/facts/Folio/x6aHN93k">folio</a>'s (this being 8 parchment leaves placed on top of each other, then folded in half to create pages) for a total of 674 pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The missing sections total 66 pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> The text is written in black and brown ink, including Greek accents and breathing marks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Greek punctuation is used throughout the manuscript, using the high, middle, and low phrase mid-dots, along with the comma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>The chapters (known as κεφάλαια / <i>kephalaia</i>) are included, with their titles (known as τίτλοι / <i>titloi</i>) written at the top and bottom of the pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The chapter lists (also known as κεφάλαια) are written before the Gospels of Mark, Luke, and John (due to the missing first portion of Matthew, unable to determine whether a chapter list was before the Gospel of Matthew as well), with brief subscriptions written at the end of each Gospel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> There are ornamented headpieces (beginning titles) at the start of Mark, Luke, and John (again, due to beginning of Matthew missing unable to determine whether it was the same there).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The beginning (ἀρχή / <i>arche</i>) and ending (τέλος / <i>telos</i>) signs for the weekly lection readings of the Church calendar are also inserted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>The Ammonian sections and Eusebian canons are also included (these being early divisions of the for Gospels into sections), with the chapter numbers written in the side margins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The chapter titles, Ammonian and Eusebian numbers, lection markings, and initial letters of each new section are written in carmine ink, except for the text comprising Luke 1:1-11:26 which are all written in black ink.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="text">Text</h2> <p>The Greek text of this <a href="/facts/Codex/FGxYMAcG">codex</a> is considered a representative of the <a href="/facts/Byzantine_text-type/5JszMj6v">Byzantine text-type</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Biblical scholar <a href="/facts/Kurt_Aland/dxIvyah1">Kurt Aland</a> placed it in <a href="/facts/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts/WvVDXBzs">Category V</a> of his New Testament manuscript classification system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> Category V manuscripts are described as "manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a>: 336 </p><p>According to textual critic <a href="/facts/Hermann_von_Soden/JmaXMYAx">Hermann von Soden</a>, the manuscript belongs to his Ik text grouping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Biblical scholar <a href="/facts/Kirsopp_Lake/cXRqMEH8">Kirsopp Lake</a> found that this manuscript shares traits with the textual <a href="/facts/Family_%25CE%25A0/efyde9at">Family Π</a>, and specifically with <a href="/facts/Codex_Alexandrinus/n6XN6K0h">Codex Alexandrinus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>The longer ending of Mark (16:9-20), Luke 22:43 and John 5:4 are included, with no signs to indicate suspected spuriousness or non-canonicity for the verses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The texts of <a href="/facts/Matthew_16%3a2b%25E2%2580%25933/DXldmSnK">Matthew 16:2b–3</a> (<i>Signs of the Times</i>) and <a href="/facts/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery/dYf07Dmc">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a> (known as the <i>Pericope Adulterae</i>, John 7:53-8:11) are omitted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The earliest history of the manuscript is unknown. The codex was acquired by stockbroker <a href="/facts/Joseph_Bevan_Braithwaite_(stockbroker)/3hw7mD7K">Joseph Bevan Braithwaite</a> from Macedonia in 1901, which was given to his brother, the historian <a href="/facts/William_Charles_Braithwaite/VJUds0ya">William C. Braithwaite</a> who described it in volume 13 of the <i><a href="/facts/Expository_Times/hX2oUDaI">Expository Times</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>Readings from the manuscript were inadequately cited by textual critic <a href="/facts/Constantin_von_Tischendorf/JAr6GMMs">Constantin von Tischendorf</a> in his critic edition of the Greek New Testament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Gregory provided a collation of the manuscript in his <i>Textkritik des Neuen Testaments</i>, volume 3 page 1028.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>According to Biblical scholar <a href="/facts/Bruce_M._Metzger/XYmx2K62">Bruce M. Metzger</a>, the manuscript "deserves to be studied more thoroughly than has hitherto been the case".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> A similar sentiment was earlier voiced by Lake, who said "[i]ts complete study remains a problem for the future."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>Based on the writing graphical style, Braithwaite dated it to the 9th century CE, which is still the date assigned to it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Due to some of the letter formations in the titles and in the main text itself, Braithwaite suggested the manuscript was copied from a 7th century CE manuscript.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> The manuscript is currently located in the <a href="/facts/Cambridge_University_Library/oLLPHbsC">Cambridge University Library</a> (additional manuscripts shelf number 6594) in <a href="/facts/Cambridge/gNRdbmwK">Cambridge</a>, England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Bible portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_New_Testament_uncials/RjJrltMX">List of New Testament uncials</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Textual_criticism/CR37mw8m">Textual criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Biblical_manuscript/vXkTSHJo">Biblical manuscript</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>W. C. Braithwaite (1904). <a href="https://archive.org/stream/journaltheologi06unkngoog#page/n282/mode/2up">"The Lection-System of the Codex Macedonianus"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Journal_of_Theological_Studies/PjoJ5cIG">The Journal of Theological Studies</a></i>. V: 265–274.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codex Macedoniensis. <ul><li><a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-06594">High Resolution Digital Images of the manuscript online</a> at the Cambridge Digital Library</li> <li><a href="https://manuscripts.csntm.org/Manuscript/Group/GA_034_Cambridge?sequence=0">High Resolution Digital Images of the manuscript online</a> at the <a href="/facts/CSNTM/Ptw8a1Id">CSNTM</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>von Soden, Hermann (1902). Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. Vol. 1. Berlin: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden" target="_blank">/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Gregory, Caspar René (1908). Die Griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichsg. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory" target="_blank">/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>von Soden, Hermann (1902). Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. Vol. 1. Berlin: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden" target="_blank">/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>von Soden, Hermann (1902). Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte. Vol. 1. Berlin: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden" target="_blank">/wiki/Hermann_von_Soden</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Hatch, William Henry Paine (1939). The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. Plate 49 (XLIX). <a href="https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/principaluncialm0000hatc/page/112/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Gregory, Caspar René (1909). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 3. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 1027. <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory" target="_blank">/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Lake, Kirsopp (1936). Family Π and the Codex Alexandrinus: The Text According to Mark. London: Christophers. p. 57. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" target="_blank">/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Metzger, Bruce Manning (1963). Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism. Leiden: Brill. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" target="_blank">/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Kenyon, Frederick (1912). Handbook to the Textual Xriticism of the New Testament. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 116. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/116/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Liste Handschriften: Codex Macedoniensis (Y)". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20034" target="_blank">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20034</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Braithwaite, William Charles (1901–1902). "A New Uncial of the Gospels". Expository Times. 13 (XIII): 114–117. <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite" target="_blank">/wiki/William_Charles_Braithwaite</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1. <a href="978-0-8028-4098-1" target="_blank">978-0-8028-4098-1</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>"Liste Handschriften: Codex Macedoniensis (Y)". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 23 January 2025. <a href="http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20034" target="_blank">http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20034</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>