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Delta Capricorni
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<h2 id="nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2> <p><i>δ Capricorni</i> (<a href="/facts/Latinisation_of_names/69CA5FuQ">Latinised</a> to <i>Delta Capricorni</i>) is the system's <a href="/facts/Bayer_designation/KU2DVT47">Bayer designation</a>. The designations of the three constituents as <i>Delta Capricorni A</i>, <i>B</i> and <i>C</i>, and those of <i>A's</i> components – <i>Delta Capricorni Aa</i> and <i>Ab</i> – derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for <a href="/facts/Star_system/1vX99BMV">multiple star systems</a>, and adopted by the <a href="/facts/International_Astronomical_Union/GMFPImXo">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The system bore the traditional names <i>Deneb Algedi</i>, derived from the <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> ذنب الجدي (<i>ðanab al-jady</i>), meaning "the tail of the goat", referring to the fishlike tail of the celestial sea-goat <a href="/facts/Capricornus/YzjQKasz">Capricorn</a>, and <i>Scheddi</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> In 2016, the <a href="/facts/International_Astronomical_Union/GMFPImXo">International Astronomical Union</a> organized a <a href="/facts/IAU_Working_Group_on_Star_Names/EoRy108k">Working Group on Star Names</a> (WGSN)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire <a href="/facts/Multiple_star/1vX99BMV">multiple systems</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It approved the name <i>Deneb Algedi</i> for the component Delta Capricornii Aa on February 1, 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Chinese_astronomy/o84DLtYR">Chinese astronomy</a>, Delta Capricorni is known as 壘壁陣四 (<i>Lěi Bì Zhèn sì</i>), meaning 'The Fourth Star of the Line of Ramparts'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> This refers to its presence among an <a href="/facts/Asterism_(astronomy)/CFu0Qllg">asterism</a> known as '<a href="/facts/Encampment_(Chinese_constellation)/qs8NJkag">The Line of Ramparts</a>', which also includes <a href="/facts/Kappa_Capricorni/zBES3P05">Kappa Capricorni</a>, <a href="/facts/Epsilon_Capricorni/mRM7BttJ">Epsilon Capricorni</a>, <a href="/facts/Gamma_Capricorni/z1jTm34Y">Gamma Capricorni</a>, <a href="/facts/Iota_Aquarii/A5noqklW">Iota Aquarii</a>, <a href="/facts/Lambda_Aquarii/sMyNzAId">Lambda Aquarii</a>, <a href="/facts/Sigma_Aquarii/tNxNyJ9m">Sigma Aquarii</a>, <a href="/facts/Phi_Aquarii/zHeHUYRT">Phi Aquarii</a>, <a href="/facts/27_Piscium/xD5UUkFW">27 Piscium</a>, <a href="/facts/29_Piscium/3GG1Gxjz">29 Piscium</a>, <a href="/facts/33_Piscium/KnC3LsEt">33 Piscium</a> and <a href="/facts/30_Piscium/wveqmWBL">30 Piscium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="observational-history">Observational history</h2> <p>In 1906 astronomer <a href="/facts/Vesto_Slipher/ewBeHwIC">Vesto Slipher</a> of <a href="/facts/Lowell_Observatory/BKJ1kgLx">Lowell Observatory</a> discovered that Delta Capricorni A was a <a href="/facts/Binary_star/TYlDe1bD">spectroscopic binary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The orbit was determined in 1921 by Clifford Crump using 69 <a href="/facts/Radial_velocity/B3NmbVLP">radial velocity</a> measurements obtained at <a href="/facts/Yerkes_Observatory/kEpCtkwL">Yerkes Observatory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> However the <a href="/facts/Eclipsing_binary/TYlDe1bD">eclipsing binary</a> nature of the system was not discovered until 1956 by <a href="/facts/Olin_J._Eggen/EW77VQCE">Olin J. Eggen</a> at <a href="/facts/Lick_Observatory/GjdK0880">Lick Observatory</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Lunar occultations have been observed in 1951, 1962, and 1988.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Delta Capricorni was recognised as a metallic-line star in 1957 and included in a 1958 catalog of magnetic stars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> It has also been associated with <a href="/facts/Extreme_ultraviolet/tRW9pqeI">extreme ultraviolet</a> and radio sources, believed to be from coronal activity in the secondary star.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="stellar-system">Stellar system</h2> <p>Delta Capricorni A is an <a href="/facts/Algol_variable/4tdb6oIN">Algol</a>-type <a href="/facts/Binary_star/TYlDe1bD">eclipsing binary star</a>, with an <a href="/facts/Orbital_period/94f56uh2">orbital period</a> of 1.022768 days and an <a href="/facts/Orbital_inclination/TQCFWyfd">inclination</a> close to the line of sight from the Earth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The peak <a href="/facts/Apparent_visual_magnitude/7pCTF1Me">apparent visual magnitude</a> of the pair is 2.81. During an eclipse of the primary, this magnitude drops by 0.24. When the primary is eclipsing the secondary, the magnitude decreases by 0.09.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>Delta Capricorni A has an overall <a href="/facts/Stellar_classification/dYrIuK9H">stellar classification</a> of A7m III, indicating that it is a <a href="/facts/Giant_star/kMseY7qf">giant star</a> that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. More specifically, this is a <a href="/facts/Chemically_peculiar_star/pK0obeCV">chemically-peculiar</a> <a href="/facts/Am_star/YetQhGH5">Am star</a> with a spectral type of kA5hF0mF2 III under the revised MK system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> This notation indicates that the <a href="/facts/Calcium_K-line/rVSJ6nlH">calcium K-line</a> matches the temperature of an A5 star, the hydrogen spectral type matches an F0 star, and the metallic <a href="/facts/Absorption_line/HuI4Bj5f">absorption lines</a> match an F2 star.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>In the past this star was suspected of being a <a href="/facts/Delta_Scuti_variable/EQtxUC4z">Delta Scuti variable</a>, which is rare for an Am star. This categorization was brought into question during observations in 1994 and it is most likely not inherently variable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The primary has double the <a href="/facts/Solar_mass/j6Auhku8">Sun's mass</a> and nearly twice <a href="/facts/Solar_radius/5t1Xavju">its radius</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> It is rotating rapidly with a <a href="/facts/Projected_rotational_velocity/N0VzIXLC">projected rotational velocity</a> of 105 km s−1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> (This rotation rate is synchronous with the orbital period.) Note that it is unusual for an Am star to have such a high rotational velocity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The outer envelope of the star is radiating energy at an <a href="/facts/Effective_temperature/RY30DaSY">effective temperature</a> of 7,301 K,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> giving it the white-hued glow of an <a href="/facts/Stellar_classification/dYrIuK9H">A-type</a> star.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The secondary component is a <a href="/facts/Stellar_classification/dYrIuK9H">G-type</a> or <a href="/facts/Stellar_classification/dYrIuK9H">K-type</a> star with around 90% of the mass of the Sun.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>There are two optical companions. A fifteenth magnitude star is one <a href="/facts/Arcminute/tybs6YGC">arcminute</a> away, and a thirteenth magnitude star is over two arcminutes away from the primary star and that distance is increasing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-culture">In culture</h2> <p>According to <a href="/facts/Astrology/kFP09KjH">astrology</a>, Delta Capricorni's representation of a flexible tail is reflected in its association with both good and bad fortune alike.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> It was one of the fifteen <a href="/facts/Behenian_fixed_stars/JuNeI8s3">Behenian stars</a> of <a href="/facts/Medieval/RqzEKB9v">medieval</a> astrology, associated with <a href="/facts/Chalcedony/46xQNNxs">chalcedony</a>, <a href="/facts/Marjoram/9uAQ7IDs">marjoram</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kabbalistic/sqfKq2wu">kabbalistic</a> symbol . </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Alpha_Capricorni/ud4qgnEn">Alpha Capricorni</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Deneb/L7dTfcog">Deneb</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Malasan, H. L.; et al. (1989). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F114999">"Delta Capricorni – an evolved binary or a main-sequence binary?"</a>. <i>Astronomical Journal</i>. 97: 499–504. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AJ.....97..499M">1989AJ.....97..499M</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F114999">10.1086/114999</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="links">links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203923/http://www.heavens-above.com/hipentry.asp?hip=107556">"Delta Capricorni"</a>. <i>Heavens Above</i>. Hipparcos Star Catalog Entry. Archived from <a href="http://www.heavens-above.com/hipentry.asp?hip=107556">the original</a> on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-06-21.</li> <li>Kaler, Jim. <a href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/denebalgedi.html">"Deneb Algedi"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/University_of_Illinois/gusw7HoS">University of Illinois</a></i>. STARS. Retrieved 2017-04-25.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Washington Double Star Catalog". United States Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214155533/http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110214155533/http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7. <a href="978-1-931559-44-7" target="_blank">978-1-931559-44-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017. <a href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/" target="_blank">https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Herr, Richard B. (April 1969). "Identification List of Spectroscopic and Eclipsing Binaries Subject to Occultations by the Moon". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 81 (479): 105. Bibcode:1969PASP...81..105H. doi:10.1086/128748. S2CID 123513287. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR]. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning. Dover. p. 141. ISBN 0-486-21079-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="0-486-21079-0" target="_blank">0-486-21079-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bakich, Michael E (1995). The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-521-44921-9. <a href="0-521-44921-9" target="_blank">0-521-44921-9</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"International Astronomical Union | IAU". www.iau.org. Retrieved 2017-04-01. <a href="https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/" target="_blank">https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"WG Triennial Report (2015–2018) – Star Names" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2018-07-14. <a href="https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/wg-starnames-triennial-report-2015-2018.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/wg-starnames-triennial-report-2015-2018.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017. <a href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/" target="_blank">https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Archived September 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010. <a href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_c_d.htm" target="_blank">http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/c_research_chinengstars_c_d.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>(in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.(in Chinese) <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Slipher, V. M. (1906). "Variable radial velocity of delta Capricorni". The Astrophysical Journal. 24: 361. Bibcode:1906ApJ....24..361S. doi:10.1086/141403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Crump, C. C. (1921). "The orbit of 49 delta Capricorni". The Astrophysical Journal. 54: 127–132. Bibcode:1921ApJ....54..127C. doi:10.1086/142630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Eggen, Olin J. (1956). "Two New Bright Variable Stars: δ Delphini and δ Capricorni". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 68 (405): 541–544. Bibcode:1956PASP...68..541E. doi:10.1086/126996. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F126996" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F126996</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Novák, K (1954). "Observations of Occultations in the Years 1951 and 1952". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia. 5: 42. Bibcode:1954BAICz...5...42N. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Antal, M (1964). "Observations of occultations at the observatory Skalnaté Pleso in the year 1962". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia. 15: 77. Bibcode:1964BAICz..15...77A. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Schmidtke, P. C; Africano, J. L (2011). "KPNO Lunar Occultation Summary. III". The Astronomical Journal. 141 (1): 10. Bibcode:2011AJ....141...10S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/1/10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Jaschek-Corvalan, M; Jaschek, C. O (1957). "Absolute magnitudes, colors, masses and duplicity of the metallic-line stars". Astronomical Journal. 62: 343. Bibcode:1957AJ.....62..343J. doi:10.1086/107549. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Babcock, Horace W (1958). "A Catalog of Magnetic Stars". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 3: 141. Bibcode:1958ApJS....3..141B. doi:10.1086/190035. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190035" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190035</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Lloyd, C.; Wonnacott, D. (January 1994), "Is the ROSAT Wide Field Camera EUV source and AM eclipsing binary, Delta Capricorni, also a Delta Scuti variable?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 266 (1): L13 – L16, Bibcode:1994MNRAS.266L..13L, doi:10.1093/mnras/266.1.l13 <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13596.x</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Malkov, O. Yu.; et al. (February 2006), "A catalogue of eclipsing variables" (PDF), Astronomy and Astrophysics, 446 (2): 785–789, Bibcode:2006A&A...446..785M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053137 <a href="http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/73280/1/10.1051-0004-6361-20053137.pdf" target="_blank">http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/73280/1/10.1051-0004-6361-20053137.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Gray, R. O.; et al. (October 2003), "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I.", The Astronomical Journal, 126 (4): 2048–2059, arXiv:astro-ph/0308182, Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G, doi:10.1086/378365, S2CID 119417105 <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Trilling, D. E.; et al. (April 2007), "Debris disks in main-sequence binary systems", The Astrophysical Journal, 658 (2): 1264–1288, arXiv:astro-ph/0612029, Bibcode:2007ApJ...658.1289T, doi:10.1086/511668, S2CID 14867168. See p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Lloyd, C.; Wonnacott, D. 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