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Global Forecast System
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<h2 id="operation">Operation</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Mathematical_model/CGhyuxgz">mathematical model</a> is run four times a day, and produces <a href="/facts/Weather_forecasting/nzqyMFCa">forecasts</a> for up to 16 days in advance, but with decreased spatial resolution after 10 days. The <a href="/facts/Forecast_skill/mqa3woNS">forecast skill</a> generally decreases with time (as with any numerical weather prediction model) and for longer term forecasts, only the larger scales retain significant accuracy. It is one of the predominant <a href="/facts/Synoptic_scale_meteorology/PMYwbEWA">synoptic scale</a> medium-range models in general use. </p> <h3>Principles</h3> <p>The GFS model has a <a href="/facts/Finite_volume_method/6JfQMucX">finite volume</a> <a href="/facts/Cubed_sphere/mCARgVQ2">cubed sphere</a> (FV3) <a href="/facts/Computational_fluid_dynamics/zuWdtNJp">dynamical</a> core with an approximate horizontal resolution of 28 km between grid points, which drops to 70 km between grid points for forecasts between one and two weeks. In the vertical, the model is divided into 127 layers and extends to the <a href="/facts/Mesopause/TFYSlUJD">mesopause</a> (roughly ~80 km). It produces forecast output every hour for the first 120 hours,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> three hourly through day 10, and 12 hourly through day 16. The output from the GFS is also used to produce <a href="/facts/Model_output_statistics/RdTASo0P">model output statistics</a>. </p> <h3>Variants</h3> <p>In addition to the main model, the GFS is also the basis of a lower-resolution 30-member (31, counting the <a href="/facts/Scientific_control/FXHfQwHx">control</a> and operational members) <a href="/facts/Ensemble_forecasting/mRBvTgmD">ensemble</a> that runs concurrently with the operational GFS and is available on the same time scales. This ensemble is referred to as the "Global Ensemble Forecast System" (GEFS). The GFS ensemble is combined with Canada's <a href="/facts/Global_Environmental_Multiscale_Model/L1RzYRez">Global Environmental Multiscale Model</a> ensemble to form the <a href="/facts/North_American_Ensemble_Forecast_System/gWlsVqhe">North American Ensemble Forecast System</a> (NAEFS). </p> <h2 id="usage">Usage</h2> <p>As with most works of the U.S. government, GFS data is not copyrighted and is available for free in the <a href="/facts/Public_domain/YWKMDKw4">public domain</a> under provisions of <a href="/facts/Copyright_law/7GHEWEx9">U.S. law</a>. Because of this, the model serves as the basis for the forecasts of numerous private, commercial, and foreign weather companies. </p> <h2 id="accuracy">Accuracy</h2> <p>By 2015, the GFS model had fallen behind the accuracy of other global weather models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> This was most notable in the GFS model incorrectly predicting <a href="/facts/Hurricane_Sandy/8TdgDGtR">Hurricane Sandy</a> turning out to sea until four days before landfall, while the <a href="/facts/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts/qH28IAy2">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a>' model predicted landfall correctly at 7 days. Much of this was suggested to be due to limits in computational resources within the National Weather Service. In response, the NWS purchased new supercomputers, increasing processing power from 776 teraflops to 5.78 petaflops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>As of the 12z run on 19 July 2017, the GFS model has been upgraded. Unlike the recently-upgraded <a href="/facts/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts/qH28IAy2">ECMWF</a>, the new GFS behaves a bit differently in the tropics and in other regions compared to the previous version.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> This version accounts more accurately for variables such as the <a href="/facts/Madden%25E2%2580%2593Julian_oscillation/gG4cle7S">Madden–Julian oscillation</a> and the <a href="/facts/Saharan_Air_Layer/sYWVAzvm">Saharan Air Layer</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the processing power was increased again to 8.4 <a href="/facts/Floating_point_operations_per_second/6zYlH68F">petaflops</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The agency also tested a potential replacement model with different mechanics, the <a href="/facts/Flow-following%2c_finite-volume_icosahedral_model/Htv2FPNp">flow-following, finite-volume icosahedral model</a> (FIM), in the early 2010s; it abandoned that model around 2016, after it did not show substantial improvement over the GFS. </p><p>In 2019, a major upgrade was held for the GFS, converting it from the GSM (Global Spectral Model) to the new FV3 dycore. Horizontal and vertical resolution remained the same but this set the foundation for what is now known as the UFS (Unified Forecast System). On March 22, 2021, the <a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a> upgraded the GFS model, coupling it with the <a href="/facts/WAVEWATCH/pm4tItxW">WaveWatch III</a> global <a href="/facts/Wind_wave_model/pm4tItxW">wave model</a>, which will increase the GFS's resolution from 64 to 127 vertical levels, while extending the WaveWatch III forecasting window from 10 to 16 days. This left some meteorologists hopeful that the GFSv16 upgrade would be enough to close the accuracy gap with the ECMWF's model, which was considered to be the most accurate global weather model at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="upgraded-dynamical-core">Upgraded dynamical core</h2> <p>On June 12, 2019, after several years of testing, NOAA upgraded the GFS with a new dynamical core, the <a href="/facts/Geophysical_Fluid_Dynamics_Laboratory/8nJalJDo">GFDL</a> <a href="https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/fv3/">Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3)</a>, which uses the <a href="/facts/Finite_volume_method/6JfQMucX">finite volume method</a> instead of the <a href="/facts/Spectral_method/25VTd7oc">spectral method</a> used by earlier versions of the GFS. The resulting model, initially developed under the name FV3GFS, inherited the GFS moniker, with the legacy GFS continuing to be run until September 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Initial testing of the FV3-based GFS showed promise, improving upon the large-scale prediction skill and hurricane track accuracy of the legacy GFS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="planned-improvements">Planned improvements</h2> <p>With the initial operational implementation of FV3GFS now accomplished, NOAA's Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) global modeling focus has turned towards development of the next GFS v16 upgrade, which will include doubled vertical resolution, 64 to 127 layers, more advanced physics, data assimilation system upgrades, and coupling to a NCEP's Global Wave Model using the Unified Forecast System (UFS) community model. GFSv16 was implemented on March 22, 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>On 23 September 2020, the first global UFS application at NCEP was implemented in the <a href="https://ufscommunity.org/news/gefsv12/">Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS v12)</a>. The components of this upgrade include: </p> <ul><li>Use of the FV3 global model - same version as GFS v15, as the atmospheric component of the GEFS</li> <li>Increase in horizontal resolution to ~25 km</li> <li>Forecast length increased from 10 to 16 days</li> <li>Increased from 21 to 31 members</li> <li>Coupling the GEFS atmospheric component to the NCEP Global Wave model</li> <li>Run a 32nd member to 5 days (GEFS-Aero) for aerosol prediction, inline aerosol representation based on GOCART (GSD-Chem).</li></ul> <p>This implementation is the first global-scale coupled system at NCEP and replaces previous standalone Global Wave Ensemble and the NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) systems. More details can be found at the <a href="https://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/users/meg/gefsv12/">EMC Model Evaluation Group’s GEFS v12 web site</a>, the EMC GEFS web page, and the EMC GEFS-Aerosol web page. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Weather portal</li><li>Computer programming portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Integrated_Forecast_System/YFqQyrn8">Integrated Forecast System</a> – The ECMWF's global weather forecasting system (the "European Model")</li> <li><a href="/facts/Weather_Research_and_Forecasting_Model/MaVdxk8d">Weather Research and Forecasting Model</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Numerical_weather_prediction/TXdbEfE4">Numerical weather prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ensemble_forecasting/mRBvTgmD">Ensemble forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rapid_Refresh_(weather_prediction)/eSX1ADM3">Rapid Refresh (weather prediction)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_American_Mesoscale_Model/cbcwxsYL">North American Mesoscale Model</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite/dJ7MlVRP">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/NEXRAD/aS650Dvc">NEXRAD</a> - network of <a href="/facts/Weather_radar/S7BlhMzF">weather radars</a> ran by the <a href="/facts/National_Weather_Service/gcWCQRzr">National Weather Service</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/emc/pages/numerical_forecast_systems/gfs.php">NCEP/EMC GFS Model Website</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/global-forcast-system-gfs">NOAA GFS Model Information Website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Timothy McClung. "Technical Implementation Notice 16-11 Amended". Nation Weather Service. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605214139/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/tin16-11gfs_gdasaaa.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160605214139/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/tin16-11gfs_gdasaaa.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Berger, Eric (21 June 2016). "The US weather model is now the third-fourth best in the world". Ars Technica. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/the-us-weather-model-is-now-the-fourth-best-in-the-world/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/06/the-us-weather-model-is-now-the-fourth-best-in-the-world/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Berger, Eric (11 March 2016). "The European forecast model already kicking America's butt just improved". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 August 2016. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/the-european-forecast-model-already-kicking-americas-butt-just-improved/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/the-european-forecast-model-already-kicking-americas-butt-just-improved/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Kravets, David (5 January 2015). "National Weather Service will boost its supercomputing capacity tenfold". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 August 2016. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/01/national-weather-service-will-boost-its-supercomputing-capacity-tenfold/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/01/national-weather-service-will-boost-its-supercomputing-capacity-tenfold/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Rice, Doyle (22 February 2016). "Supercomputer quietly puts U.S. weather resources back on top". USA Today. Retrieved 16 August 2016. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/02/22/supercomputer-reston-noaa-cray-ibm/80290546/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/02/22/supercomputer-reston-noaa-cray-ibm/80290546/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"NOAA completes weather and climate supercomputer upgrades". NOAA. Retrieved 16 August 2016. <a href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2016/011116-noaa-completes-weather-and-climate-supercomputer-upgrades.html" target="_blank">http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2016/011116-noaa-completes-weather-and-climate-supercomputer-upgrades.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Team, NCO Web. "NCO PMB – Upcoming Changes". www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov. Retrieved 19 July 2017. <a href="http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/changes/" target="_blank">http://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/changes/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"NOAA kicks off 2018 with massive supercomputer upgrade | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". www.noaa.gov. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. <a href="http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-kicks-off-2018-with-massive-supercomputer-upgrade" target="_blank">http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-kicks-off-2018-with-massive-supercomputer-upgrade</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Lauren Gaches (22 March 2021). "NOAA upgrades flagship U.S. global weather model". NOAA. Retrieved 14 September 2021. <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-upgrades-flagship-us-global-weather-model" target="_blank">https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-upgrades-flagship-us-global-weather-model</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Paul Douglas (18 April 2021). "Will a New GFS Weather Model Upgrade Close the Gap with The European Model?". AerisWeather. Retrieved 14 September 2021. <a href="https://www.aerisweather.com/blog/2021/04/18/will-a-new-gfs-weather-model-upgrade-close-the-gap-with-the-european-model/" target="_blank">https://www.aerisweather.com/blog/2021/04/18/will-a-new-gfs-weather-model-upgrade-close-the-gap-with-the-european-model/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Service Change Notice 19-40" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 12 June 2019. <a href="https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/scn19-40gfs_v15_1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/scn19-40gfs_v15_1.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"NOAA to develop new global weather model | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". 27 July 2016. <a href="http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-to-develop-new-global-weather-model" target="_blank">http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-to-develop-new-global-weather-model</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"NOAA Budget Cuts Get Chilly Reception in Congress". 27 April 2018. <a href="https://www.aip.org/fyi/2018/noaa-budget-cuts-get-chilly-reception-congress" target="_blank">https://www.aip.org/fyi/2018/noaa-budget-cuts-get-chilly-reception-congress</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Service Change Notice 21-20" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 22 March 2021. <a href="https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/pdf2/scn21-20_gfsv16.0_aac.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/pdf2/scn21-20_gfsv16.0_aac.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>