Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Isotopes of copper
open-in-new
<h2 id="list-of-isotopes">List of isotopes</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">Nuclide<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S"><i>Z</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Neutron_number/eNtwGnVL"><i>N</i></a></th><th rowspan="1"><a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">Isotopic mass</a> (<a href="/facts/Dalton_(unit)/IMATU3vf">Da</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Half-life/kGVH8BAB">Half-life</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_mode/Ya6FVjt4">Decaymode</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Decay_product/hT0obfLv">Daughterisotope</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spin_(particle_physics)/4Jvp7e8P">Spin</a> and<a href="/facts/Parity_(physics)/emSbJ4hD">parity</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Natural_abundance/dGjaAwc9">Natural abundance</a> (mole fraction)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3">Excitation energy<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></th><th>Normal proportion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></th><th>Range of variation</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">55Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">26</td><td rowspan="2">54.96604(17)</td><td rowspan="2">55.9(15) ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Beta_decay/vxTBlckp">β+</a></td><td>55Ni</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, <a href="/facts/Proton_emission/9zxVkBkp">p</a> (?%)</td><td>54Co</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">56Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">27</td><td rowspan="2">55.9585293(69)</td><td rowspan="2">80.8(6) ms</td><td>β+ (99.60%)</td><td>56Ni</td><td rowspan="2">(4+)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β+, p (0.40%)</td><td>55Co</td></tr><tr><td>57Cu</td><td>29</td><td>28</td><td>56.94921169(54)</td><td>196.4(7) ms</td><td>β+</td><td>57Ni</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>58Cu</td><td>29</td><td>29</td><td>57.94453228(60)</td><td>3.204(7) s</td><td>β+</td><td>58Ni</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>59Cu</td><td>29</td><td>30</td><td>58.93949671(57)</td><td>81.5(5) s</td><td>β+</td><td>59Ni</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60Cu</td><td>29</td><td>31</td><td>59.9373638(17)</td><td>23.7(4) min</td><td>β+</td><td>60Ni</td><td>2+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>61Cu</td><td>29</td><td>32</td><td>60.9334574(10)</td><td>3.343(16) h</td><td>β+</td><td>61Ni</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>62Cu</td><td>29</td><td>33</td><td>61.9325948(07)</td><td>9.672(8) min</td><td>β+</td><td>62Ni</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>63Cu</td><td>29</td><td>34</td><td>62.92959712(46)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>3/2−</td><td>0.6915(15)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Copper-64/1KBmNStU">64Cu</a></td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">35</td><td rowspan="2">63.92976400(46)</td><td rowspan="2">12.7004(13) h</td><td>β+ (61.52%)</td><td>64Ni</td><td rowspan="2">1+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (38.48%)</td><td>64Zn</td></tr><tr><td>65Cu</td><td>29</td><td>36</td><td>64.92778948(69)</td><td colspan="3">Stable</td><td>3/2−</td><td>0.3085(15)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>66Cu</td><td>29</td><td>37</td><td>65.92886880(70)</td><td>5.120(14) min</td><td>β−</td><td>66Zn</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>66mCu</td><td colspan="3">1154.2(14) keV</td><td>600(17) ns</td><td><a href="/facts/Isomeric_transition/L8DHcqnk">IT</a></td><td>66Cu</td><td>(6)−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>67Cu</td><td>29</td><td>38</td><td>66.92772949(96)</td><td>61.83(12) h</td><td>β−</td><td>67Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68Cu</td><td>29</td><td>39</td><td>67.9296109(17)</td><td>30.9(6) s</td><td>β−</td><td>68Zn</td><td>1+</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">68mCu</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">721.26(8) keV</td><td rowspan="2">3.75(5) min</td><td>IT (86%)</td><td>68Cu</td><td rowspan="2">6−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (14%)</td><td>68Zn</td></tr><tr><td>69Cu</td><td>29</td><td>40</td><td>68.929429267(15)</td><td>2.85(15) min</td><td>β−</td><td>69Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>69mCu</td><td colspan="3">2742.0(7) keV</td><td>357(2) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>69Cu</td><td>(13/2+)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70Cu</td><td>29</td><td>41</td><td>69.9323921(12)</td><td>44.5(2) s</td><td>β−</td><td>70Zn</td><td>6−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">70m1Cu</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">101.1(3) keV</td><td rowspan="2">33(2) s</td><td>β− (52%)</td><td>70Zn</td><td rowspan="2">3−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (48%)</td><td>70Cu</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">70m2Cu</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3">242.6(5) keV</td><td rowspan="2">6.6(2) s</td><td>β− (93.2%)</td><td>70Zn</td><td rowspan="2">1+</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>IT (6.8%)</td><td>70Cu</td></tr><tr><td>71Cu</td><td>29</td><td>42</td><td>70.9326768(16)</td><td>19.4(14) s</td><td>β−</td><td>71Zn</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>71mCu</td><td colspan="3">2755.7(6) keV</td><td>271(13) ns</td><td>IT</td><td>71Cu</td><td>(19/2−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72Cu</td><td>29</td><td>43</td><td>71.9358203(15)</td><td>6.63(3) s</td><td>β−</td><td>72Zn</td><td>2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>72mCu</td><td colspan="3">270(3) keV</td><td>1.76(3) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>72Cu</td><td>(6−)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">73Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">44</td><td rowspan="2">72.9366744(21)</td><td rowspan="2">4.20(12) s</td><td>β− (99.71%)</td><td>73Zn</td><td rowspan="2">3/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, <a href="/facts/Neutron_emission/lXLQRDCQ">n</a> (0.29%)</td><td>72Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">74Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">45</td><td rowspan="2">73.9398749(66)</td><td rowspan="2">1.606(9) s</td><td>β− (99.93%)</td><td>74Zn</td><td rowspan="2">2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (0.075%)</td><td>73Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">75Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">46</td><td rowspan="2">74.94152382(77)</td><td rowspan="2">1.224(3) s</td><td>β− (97.3%)</td><td>75Zn</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (2.7%)</td><td>74Zn</td></tr><tr><td>75m1Cu</td><td colspan="3">61.7(4) keV</td><td>0.310(8) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>75Cu</td><td>1/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>75m2Cu</td><td colspan="3">66.2(4) keV</td><td>0.149(5) μs</td><td>IT</td><td>75Cu</td><td>3/2−</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">76Cu<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">47</td><td rowspan="2">75.9452370(21)</td><td rowspan="2">1.27(30) s</td><td>β− (?%)</td><td>76Zn</td><td rowspan="2">(1,2)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (?%)</td><td>75Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">76mCu<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td rowspan="3" colspan="3">64.8(25) keV</td><td rowspan="3">637.7(55) ms</td><td>β− (?%)</td><td>76Zn</td><td rowspan="3">3−</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td rowspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (?%)</td><td>75Zn</td></tr><tr><td>IT (10–17%)</td><td>76Cu</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">77Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">48</td><td rowspan="2">76.9475436(13)</td><td rowspan="2">470.3(17) ms</td><td>β− (69.9%)</td><td>77Zn</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β−, n (30.1%)</td><td>76Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">78Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">49</td><td rowspan="2">77.9519206(81)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2">330.7(20) ms</td><td>β−, n (50.6%)</td><td>77Zn</td><td rowspan="2">(6−)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (49.4%)</td><td>78Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">79Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">50</td><td rowspan="2">78.95447(11)</td><td rowspan="2">241.3(21) ms</td><td>β−, n (66%)</td><td>78Zn</td><td rowspan="2">(5/2−)</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (34%)</td><td>79Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">80Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">51</td><td rowspan="2">79.96062(32)#</td><td rowspan="2">113.3(64) ms</td><td>β−, n (59%)</td><td>79Zn</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (41%)</td><td>80Zn</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81Cu</td><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">52</td><td rowspan="2">80.96574(32)#</td><td rowspan="2">73.2(68) ms</td><td>β−, n (81%)</td><td>80Zn</td><td rowspan="2">5/2−#</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td>β− (19%)</td><td>81Zn</td></tr><tr><td>82Cu</td><td>29</td><td>53</td><td>81.97238(43)#</td><td>34(7) ms</td><td>β−</td><td>82Zn</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>83Cu</td><td>29</td><td>54</td><td>82.97811(54)#</td><td>21# ms [>410 ns]</td><td></td><td></td><td>5/2−#</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>84Cu<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>29</td><td>55</td><td>83.98527(54)#</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="20"><i>This table header & footer:</i> <ul><li>view</li></ul></th></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="copper-nuclear-magnetic-resonance">Copper nuclear magnetic resonance</h2> <p>Both stable isotopes of copper (63Cu and 65Cu) have <a href="/facts/Nuclear_spin/1Qgep495">nuclear spin</a> of 3/2−, and thus produce <a href="/facts/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance/pGYAn9Bz">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> spectra, although the spectral lines are broad due to quadrupolar broadening. 63Cu is the more sensitive nucleus while 65Cu yields very slightly narrower signals. Usually though 63Cu NMR is preferred.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="medical-applications">Medical applications</h2> <p>Copper offers a relatively large number of <a href="/facts/Radioisotopes/5WpCfbdq">radioisotopes</a> that are potentially useful for <a href="/facts/Nuclear_medicine/L9Dzjd90">nuclear medicine</a>. </p><p>There is growing interest in the use of 64Cu, 62Cu, 61Cu, and 60Cu for diagnostic purposes and 67Cu and 64Cu for targeted <a href="/facts/Radiotherapy/j60q5EC6">radiotherapy</a>. For example, 64Cu has a longer half-life than most positron-emitters (12.7 hours) and is thus ideal for diagnostic PET imaging of biological molecules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Isotope masses from: <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li></ul></li> <li>Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: <ul><li><a href="/facts/John_Robert_de_Laeter/jYQj55GI">de Laeter, John Robert</a>; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 75 (6): 683–800. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683">10.1351/pac200375060683</a>.</li> <li>Wieser, Michael E. (2006). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry/9QdCDKxf">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. 78 (11): 2051–2066. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051">10.1351/pac200678112051</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised"</a>. <i>International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 19 October 2005.</li> <li>Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. <ul><li>Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; <a href="/facts/Aaldert_Wapstra/9Ylvt18s">Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik</a> (2003), <a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document">"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"</a>, <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>, 729: 3–128, <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A">2003NuPhA.729....3A</a>, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/National_Nuclear_Data_Center/SgVzvxLk">National Nuclear Data Center</a>. <a href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"NuDat 2.x database"</a>. <a href="/facts/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory/L2JrG0K1">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.</li> <li>Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics/qjxzC2Cu">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (85th ed.). <a href="/facts/Boca_Raton%2c_Florida/9gcNen3S">Boca Raton, Florida</a>: <a href="/facts/CRC_Press/duTuH4hz">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-0485-9.</li></ul></li> <li>Application of Copper radioisotopes in Medicine (Review Paper): <ul><li>Pejman Rowshanfarzad; Mahsheed Sabet; AmirReza Jalilian; Mohsen Kamalidehghan (2006). "An overview of copper radionuclides and production of 61Cu by proton irradiation of natZn at a medical cyclotron". <i><a href="/facts/Applied_Radiation_and_Isotopes/aaqfxIBY">Applied Radiation and Isotopes</a></i>. 64 (12): 1563–1573. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apradiso.2005.11.012">10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.11.012</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16377202">16377202</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>mCu – Excited nuclear isomer. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" target="_blank">/wiki/Nuclear_isomer</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p># – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Modes of decay: IT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission <a href="/wiki/Isomeric_transition" target="_blank">/wiki/Isomeric_transition</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p># – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. <a href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Canete, L.; Giraud, S.; Kankainen, A.; Bastin, B.; Nowacki, F.; Ascher, P.; Eronen, T.; Girard Alcindor, V.; Jokinen, A.; Khanam, A.; Moore, I.D.; Nesterenko, D.; De Oliveira, F.; Penttilä, H.; Petrone, C.; Pohjalainen, I.; De Roubin, A.; Rubchenya, V.; Vilen, M.; Äystö, J. (June 2024). "Long-sought isomer turns out to be the ground state of 76Cu". Physics Letters B. 853: 138663. arXiv:2401.14018. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138663. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Canete, L.; Giraud, S.; Kankainen, A.; Bastin, B.; Nowacki, F.; Ascher, P.; Eronen, T.; Girard Alcindor, V.; Jokinen, A.; Khanam, A.; Moore, I.D.; Nesterenko, D.; De Oliveira, F.; Penttilä, H.; Petrone, C.; Pohjalainen, I.; De Roubin, A.; Rubchenya, V.; Vilen, M.; Äystö, J. (June 2024). "Long-sought isomer turns out to be the ground state of 76Cu". Physics Letters B. 853: 138663. arXiv:2401.14018. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138663. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Giraud, S.; Canete, L.; Bastin, B.; Kankainen, A.; Fantina, A.F.; Gulminelli, F.; Ascher, P.; Eronen, T.; Girard-Alcindor, V.; Jokinen, A.; Khanam, A.; Moore, I.D.; Nesterenko, D.A.; de Oliveira Santos, F.; Penttilä, H.; Petrone, C.; Pohjalainen, I.; De Roubin, A.; Rubchenya, V.A.; Vilen, M.; Äystö, J. (October 2022). "Mass measurements towards doubly magic 78Ni: Hydrodynamics versus nuclear mass contribution in core-collapse supernovae". Physics Letters B. 833: 137309. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2022.137309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"(Cu) Copper NMR". <a href="https://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/1d/row4/cu.html" target="_blank">https://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/1d/row4/cu.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Harris, M. "Clarity uses a cutting-edge imaging technique to guide drug development". Nature Biotechnology September 2014: 34 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>