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<h2 id="dpms">DPMS</h2> <p>DPMS was originally developed by <a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a>'s <a href="/facts/Digital_Research/9bYQl2pI">Digital Research</a> GmbH, Germany, in 1992.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It is compatible with any <a href="/facts/DOS/sWwDXNmX">DOS</a> and can coexist with memory managers and DOS extenders such as <a href="/facts/DOS_Protected_Mode_Interface/5lWQW6bI">DPMI</a>, <a href="/facts/VCPI/Q7BjbAUD">VCPI</a>, etc. The DPMS API is <a href="/facts/Reentrancy_(computing)/VMYdeEvw">reentrant</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and compatible with multitaskers such as the DR-DOS multitasker or <a href="/facts/DESQview/KjDXlT4v">DESQview</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> By providing a built-in DPMS <a href="/facts/VxD/Q69TjtnV">VxD</a>-driver, it is also compatible with <a href="/facts/Windows_3.x/W4cL4u5h">Windows 3.x</a> and <a href="/facts/Windows_9x/f1zwlghw">Windows 9x</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>The DPMS server must be loaded after the memory managers (and before the drivers using it), either as a "DPMSXXX0"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> device driver per <a href="/facts/DEVICE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)/a1QSEJhj">DEVICE</a> statement in <a href="/facts/CONFIG.SYS/a1QSEJhj">CONFIG.SYS</a> (preferred method), or later as a TSR.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> For debug purposes (for example in conjunction with Microsoft's WDEB386.EXE<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a>), <a href="/facts/Software_development_kit/2Hkk6Hbs">SDK</a>-versions of <a href="/facts/EMM386.EXE/PrSsvGNl">EMM386.EXE</a> 3.00 can alternatively provide DPMS services<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> via EMM386 [/]DPMS[=ON] through a built-in DPMS.SYS module,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> then running at <a href="/facts/Ring_1_(computer_security)/27y4kjHs">ring 1</a> instead of <a href="/facts/Ring_0_(computer_security)/27y4kjHs">ring 0</a>, as with the stand-alone version of DPMS.EXE. The DPMS [/]NOCR3 option allows debugging under older <a href="/facts/NuMega/6btbF7ut">NuMega</a> <a href="/facts/SoftICE/AHngzMfx">SoftICE</a> versions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Depending on circumstances the server will occupy between about 700 to 1400 bytes of conventional memory by itself and cannot be loaded into <a href="/facts/Upper_Memory_Block/CLE38IvM">UMBs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The DPMS server will require at least a <a href="/facts/Intel_80286/rucEU93g">286</a> machine to run, but since DPMS-enabled software can be designed in a way so that it continues to execute in conventional memory if DPMS services are not available, the software does not need to give up compatibility with systems not providing DPMS services, either because DPMS is not loaded or not available (for example on pre-286 processors).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> On <a href="/facts/Intel_80386/ag5eSgWv">386</a> CPUs (and higher), the DPMS server will not only provide a set of 16-bit, but also a set of 32-bit services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Even on these machines, DPMS can be forced to load only its 16-bit services using the DPMS [/]2[86] option. </p><p>DPMS will allocate memory either through VCPI or <a href="/facts/Extended_Memory_Specification/WoJJj268">XMS</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> depending on what kind of memory is available. VCPI will typically call down to XMS as well. Newer versions of DPMS can be forced to use one of these interfaces using the DPMS [/]MEM=XMS|VCPI option.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In some versions, it is possible to specify the maximum amount of extended memory to be allocated with DPMS [/]MB=nnnn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>DPMS registering services can be disabled or re-enabled at any time after load using the DPMS [/]OFF or DPMS [/]ON command, however, this will only affect new drivers loaded, not those already running and using DPMS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p><p>There are basically three revisions of the DPMS specification, DPMS beta,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> DPMS 1.0 (original Novell DOS 7 shipment)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> and DPMS 1.1 (since March 1994 update).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The 1.0 specification continued to support the beta specification as well, whereas the 1.1 (and higher) implementation does not.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>DPMS saw its debut in beta versions of <a href="/facts/DR_DOS_%2522Panther%2522/GcCTKutW">DR DOS "Panther"</a> in October 1992,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> which, besides others, came with DPMS-enabled versions of the Super PC-Kwik disk cache,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Addstor's <a href="/facts/SuperStor/dzsnnuS1">SuperStor</a> disk compression,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/DEBUG/q9HoCNTs">DEBUG</a> as "stealth" protected mode system debugger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> While DPMS was already called "DOS Protected Mode Services" at this time, the DPMS.EXE/DPMS.SYS 0.10 driver would still display "DOS Protected Mode Server" startup messages. The <a href="/facts/PCMCIA/ATXtE8rd">PCMCIA</a> card services CS in <a href="/facts/PalmDOS/GcCTKutW">PalmDOS</a> were DPMS-enabled as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Later retail products such as <a href="/facts/Novell_DOS/GcCTKutW">Novell DOS</a> 7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Personal_NetWare/JeB2TuJh">Personal NetWare</a> 1.0 in December 1993 also came with many DPMS-enabled drivers such as the file deletion tracking component DELWATCH 2.00, the adaptive disk cache <a href="/facts/NWCACHE/JeB2TuJh">NWCACHE</a> 1.00,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> <a href="/facts/NWCDEX/xW7SuG47">NWCDEX</a> 1.00,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> a CD-ROM <a href="/facts/Network_redirector/meoAY2uD">redirector</a> extension, the peer-to-peer networking server SERVER 1.20, and <a href="/facts/STACKER/8plXxY5t">STACKER</a> 3.12, the disk compression component. DPMS was also provided by <a href="/facts/Caldera_(company)/kynkzN7d">Caldera</a> <a href="/facts/OpenDOS/GcCTKutW">OpenDOS</a> 7.01,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> <a href="/facts/DR-DOS/GcCTKutW">DR-DOS</a> 7.02 and 7.03, which, at least in some releases, added DPMS-enabled issues of <a href="/facts/DRFAT32/GcCTKutW">DRFAT32</a> (a <a href="/facts/FAT32/uFvpmWxa">FAT32</a> redirector extension),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> <a href="/facts/LONGNAME/HCgRr2aF">LONGNAME</a> (<a href="/facts/VFAT/uFvpmWxa">VFAT</a> <a href="/facts/Long_filename/HCgRr2aF">long filename</a> support)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/VDISK.SYS/dUx1PPEM">VDISK</a> (virtual <a href="/facts/RAM_disk/dUx1PPEM">RAM disk</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> DR-DOS 7.03 contains the latest version of DPMS 1.44. </p><p>DPMS was also provided by <a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a>'s <a href="/facts/PC_DOS/ScsfqAwQ">PC DOS</a> 7.0<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> and PC DOS 2000, which came with an older version of Novell's DPMS server and a DPMS-enabled version of <a href="/facts/Stacker_(disk_compression)/8plXxY5t">Stacker</a> 4.02 bundled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Stac_Electronics/8plXxY5t">Stac Electronics</a> also produced a DPMS-enabled stand-alone version of Stacker 4.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>PC-Kwik Corporation's Super PC-Kwik 6.xx for DOS<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> and their Power Pak 4.0 for Windows also included the DPMS-enabled disk cache SUPERPCK in 1994.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> </p><p>Some third-party DOS driver suites such as the <a href="/facts/Eicon/xF5BhKV8">Eicon</a> Diva or High Soft Tech GmbH (HST) Saphir<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Common_ISDN_Application_Programming_Interface/kWnpRmbl">CAPI</a> <a href="/facts/ISDN/zcV99rUb">ISDN</a> drivers or PCMCIA/PCCard driver stacks such as <a href="/facts/Award_Software/vQE4Sa5b">Award</a>'s <a href="/facts/CardWare/vQE4Sa5b">CardWare</a> 2.5 (or higher) are known to support DPMS as well.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> After <a href="/facts/Phoenix_Technologies/eD3JIYFW">Phoenix</a>'s acquisition of Award, their PCMCIA drivers 6.0 (and higher) have been sold off to UniCore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> CardWare 6.0 and 7.0 were available through APSoft,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Socket Services (SSxxxxxx.EXE), Card Services (PCCS.EXE), PC Enable (PCENABLE.EXE), and card handlers (PCDISK.EXE, PCSRAM.EXE, PCATA.EXE, and PCFLASH.EXE) could use DPMS. Through <a href="/facts/LXE/FV1duEIG">LXE</a>'s integration of the stack into their ruggedized DOS PCs, DPMS also found its way into the <a href="/facts/Datalight_ROM-DOS/I6X8HJNC">Datalight ROM-DOS</a> suite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/facts/Funk_Software/hcfLS4oh">Funk Software</a> introduced a DPMS-enabled version of their remote control software Proxy Host, allowing PHOST to occupy only 9 KB of conventional memory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The Remote Dial-in Client software REMOTE for the 833 Remote Access Server by <a href="/facts/Perle_Systems/3fDMCC1r">Perle Systems</a> could take advantage of DPMS for the same purpose at least since 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> <a href="/facts/SciTech_Software/lDQkuew6">SciTech Software</a>'s Kendall Bennett investigated the possibility to add DPMS support to their DOS driver suite around 2000 as well, but this was never published. </p><p>Bret Johnson developed DPMS-enabled <a href="/facts/Print_Screen/2NFbD56t">Print Screen</a> to file (PRTSCR) and <a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a> drivers for DOS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cloaking">CLOAKING</h2> <p>In 1993, <a href="/facts/Helix_Software_Company/XBoX6I4E">Helix Software Company</a>'s memory manager <a href="/facts/Helix_Netroom/hdwNHVb0">NETROOM</a> 3 introduced a feature very similar to Novell's DPMS: CLOAKING was used to relocate Helix's and third-party drivers into extended memory<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> and run them at ring 0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> Providing its functions as an extension to the real-mode <a href="/facts/Expanded_Memory/cYurvMxB">EMS</a> and <a href="/facts/Extended_Memory/WoJJj268">XMS</a> interface, its protected mode services are available under INT 2Ch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> A CLOAKING developer's kit was available which included a <a href="/facts/NuMega/6btbF7ut">NuMega</a> <a href="/facts/SoftICE/AHngzMfx">SoftICE</a> debugger.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Cloaked driver or TSR software hooking interrupts had to leave a small 11-byte stub in conventional memory which would invoke the CLOAKING server to pass execution to the protected mode portion of the driver software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>CLOAKING includes support for operation under Windows 3.x and Windows 95, providing compatible INT 2Ch services to protected mode drivers via a Windows VxD, as well as debugging through Windows start-up using SoftICE. This ability to transition between protected mode host environments is also the subject of a patent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p><p>CLOAKING integrates into and works with existing virtual memory control programs, without switching descriptor tables or resetting the control registers. This allows for faster interrupt processing, according to Helix's documentation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p><p>In contrast to Novell's DPMS, Helix's CLOAKING driver can be loaded high,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> but it does not run on 286 machines,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> though it does support 16-bit services and program structure on a 386. Also, CLOAKING 2.01 has been found to be incompatible with the DR-DOS multitasker (EMM386 /MULTI[=ON] + TASKMGR).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p><p>If no DPMS server is present when CLOAKING.EXE loads, CLOAKING will, by default, also provide a cloaked DPMS server at a mere 100 bytes increase of its DOS <a href="/facts/Memory_footprint/wnS6TgpY">memory footprint</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> However, it can also coexist with a DPMS server loaded before CLOAKING. The loading of its built-in DPMS server can be suppressed using the CLOAKING /NODPMS parameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> DPMS-enabled drivers will work with both DPMS or CLOAKING, but not vice versa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p><p>In <a href="/facts/Helix_Netroom/hdwNHVb0">NETROOM</a> v3.04, the Supplemental Disk distribution dated 10 February 1995 included the password-protected resource file NR.ZIP (679,271 KB) as an undocumented file; DPMSCLK.EXE (13,904 KB), "Cloaked DPMS Server v3.03". The file does not reveal support for any options or parameters when queried using the standard help option, DPMSCLK /? . This file is <i>not</i> unzipped by the NETROOM 3 SETUP.EXE program and does not install. There is no hint of the file's existence in the NETROOM 3 software manual<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> or any of the on-disk program documentation and human-readable files.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> This final version of NETROOM as released basically ignored DPMS. </p><p>Helix licensed a version of <a href="/facts/Award_Software/vQE4Sa5b">Award Software</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_BIOS/vQE4Sa5b">BIOS</a> and developed cloaked <a href="/facts/System_BIOS/AYYPUogS">system</a> and <a href="/facts/Video_BIOS/vJSt2EmJ">video BIOSes</a> which executed entirely in protected mode, reducing their real-mode memory footprint down to 8 KB (instead of 96 KB<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a>) and used these as run-time BIOS in conjunction with their <a href="/facts/Helix_Netroom/hdwNHVb0">NETROOM</a> memory manager.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p><p>As part of their <a href="/facts/Multimedia_Cloaking/1bt44EVm">Multimedia Cloaking</a> product, Helix provided cloaked versions of <a href="/facts/Logitech/6DCy44Ww">Logitech</a>'s MOUSE 6.33 driver, Microsoft's <a href="/facts/MSCDEX/xW7SuG47">MSCDEX</a>, and a home-grown disk cache to replace Microsoft's <a href="/facts/SmartDrive/ut88MQ6b">SmartDrive</a> drivers. </p><p>There was also a product named <a href="/facts/Multimedia_Stacker/dzsnnuS1">Multimedia Stacker</a> consisting of Stac's DPMS-enabled Stacker 4.01 with Helix's above suite of cloaked DOS utilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Logitech/6DCy44Ww">Logitech</a> DOS mouse driver since MouseWare 6.50 was enabled to take advantage of CLOAKING as well, thereby reducing the mouse driver's memory footprint visible to DOS applications from 27 KB to 1 KB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a> </p><p>CLOAKING was also licensed to <a href="/facts/NortonLifeLock/uWvBqako">Symantec</a> for their utility suite, to <a href="/facts/Corel/bkXjnTCW">Corel</a> for their CD Creator and Corel SCSI products, and to <a href="/facts/SMC_Networks/4831AwSc">SMC Networks</a> for their Ethernet drivers. </p><p>Novell's DPMS utility may not be used to temporarily disable DPMS with a DPMS [/]OFF command if those DPMS services are provided by CLOAKING instead of DPMS itself, because Helix's implementation will erroneously not only disallow new drivers to register with DPMS, but completely switch off DPMS services even for already loaded drivers, leading to a system crash.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="nios">NIOS</h2> <p>In 1993, Novell had announced plans to convert their resident workstation management utilities as well as their DOS network driver stacks (shells, redirectors and requestors) to use DPMS,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> however, only the Personal NetWare server component was modified to actually take advantage of it. </p><p>Announced in 1993,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a> Novell introduced a new 32-bit DOS/Windows <a href="/facts/NetWare_DOS_client/JeB2TuJh">NetWare client</a> (Client 32) based on ODI32/<a href="/facts/NIOS_(NetWare)/1bt44EVm">NIOS</a> in 1996, replacing the former 16-bit client based on <a href="/facts/Open_Data-Link_Interface/GwIh8qWt">ODI</a>/<a href="/facts/Virtual_Loadable_Module/JeB2TuJh">VLM</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> The NIOS (<a href="/facts/NetWare_I%2fO_Subsystem/1bt44EVm">NetWare I/O Subsystem</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a>) client for DOS and Windows used techniques very similar to DPMS or Cloaking to relocate and run the code of the loaded <a href="/facts/NetWare_Loadable_Module/hwLRFHSL">NLMs</a> (<a href="/facts/NetWare_Loadable_Module/hwLRFHSL">NetWare Loadable Modules</a>) in protected mode and extended memory in order to reduce the conventional memory footprint of the network stack down to about 2 to 5 KB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p><p>NIOS neither required nor used DPMS or Cloaking directly, and it did not provide a generic interface which could be used by non-NLM modules, however, it was certainly inspired by the DPMS technology and it can coexist with both of them. </p><p>While Novell's Personal NetWare was published unmodified as part of the DR-DOS suite by its newer owners <a href="/facts/Caldera_(company)/kynkzN7d">Caldera</a>, <a href="/facts/Lineo/Vb7IEglG">Lineo</a> and <a href="/facts/DeviceLogics/pYLGY3sm">DeviceLogics</a> up to 2018, Personal NetWare had been abandoned since 1995 within Novell itself. This led to the situation that Novell never published a PNW.NLM driver to support the Personal NetWare protocol under the newer 32-bit ODI32/NIOS stack, so that users of Personal NetWare, who could take advantage of the PNW server module's DPMS capabilities already, were bound to continue to use the memory-consuming ODI/VLM 16-bit client with its PNW.VLM protocol driver.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/DOS_Protected_Mode_Interface/5lWQW6bI">DOS Protected Mode Interface</a> (DPMI)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_Control_Program_Interface/Q7BjbAUD">Virtual Control Program Interface</a> (VCPI)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Extended_Virtual_Control_Program_Interface/Q7BjbAUD">Extended Virtual Control Program Interface</a> (XVCPI)</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.novell.com/support/kb/doc.php?id=1000039">"DPMS causes error in CP Backup 7.2 for Win"</a> (Revision 2 ed.). <a href="/facts/Novell/lABGMT7U">Novell</a>. 1995-07-01 [1994-09-14]. 1000039. <a href="https://archive.today/20180916230331/https://www.novell.com/support/kb/doc.php?id=1000039">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm">"Online issue of Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 DPMS 1.0 SDK"</a>. <i>Unofficial DR-DOS site</i>. 1999 [1994, 1997]. Archived from <a href="http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm">the original</a> on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.</li> <li>"Appendix E. DOS Protected Mode Services". <a href="http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf"><i>PC DOS 7 Technical Update</i></a> (PDF) (1 ed.). Boca Raton, FL, USA: <a href="/facts/IBM_Corporation/QszA7nwd">IBM Corporation</a>, International Technical Support Organization, Boca Raton Center. February 1995. pp. 313–324. Document Number GG24-4459-00. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012220/http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-17.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Schulman, Andrew (July 1994). "QPI: The QEMM-386 Programming Interface". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Undocumented Corner. San Mateo, California, USA: Miller Freeman, Inc.: 123–131. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23. {{cite journal}}: Missing |author1= (help) <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt" target="_blank">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Schneider, Stefanie (1994-06-17). "Das Ende von DOS ist nur noch eine Frage der Zeit" [The end of DOS is only a question of time]. Computerwoche (in German). Munich, Germany: IDG Business Media GmbH. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02. <a href="https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952" target="_blank">https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Schulman, Andrew (July 1994). "QPI: The QEMM-386 Programming Interface". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Undocumented Corner. San Mateo, California, USA: Miller Freeman, Inc.: 123–131. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23. {{cite journal}}: Missing |author1= (help) <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt" target="_blank">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gillooly, Caryn (1993-03-23). "Novell rolls out new net-ready DR DOS version". Network World: 10. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2017-09-09. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Goodman, John M. (1994-01-24). "Novell DOS gives an exciting look at future of DOS". InfoWorld. 16 (4). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.: 63. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2017-09-09. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Wein, Josef "Joe" (2012) [2003]. "Resume: Joe Wein". Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-09-10. […] [up to] 1992 Digital Research GmbH […] DR DOS 6.0 […] Designed and implemented DPMS protected mode extender for device drivers for DR DOS 7. […] <a href="http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm" target="_blank">http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>The DPMS.EXE executable version 0.10 from DR DOS "Panther" shows a "1985,1992" copyright and refers to an embedded DPMS.SYS device driver. <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_%22Panther%22" target="_blank">/wiki/DR_DOS_%22Panther%22</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Some early versions of DPMS (before Novell DOS 7 Update 3) could be loaded high, but this was deliberately defeated in later versions (by artificially letting the driver declare an impossible to satisfy amount of memory during initialization, so that the operating system could not load it high and had to leave it in conventional memory during initialization) for compatibility reasons. It could cause stability problems in some scenarios on 286 and 386 machines supporting chipset-level memory backfilling mechanisms. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block" target="_blank">/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Barr, Christopher (1993-04-13). "Coming Attractions: Novell's DOS". PC Magazine: 124. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. {{cite book}}: Missing |author1= (help) (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [1][2] <a href="0-201-63287-X" target="_blank">0-201-63287-X</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Brown, Ralf D. (2002-12-29). "The x86 Interrupt List". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List (61 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-14. <a href="/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Brown, Ralf D. (2002-12-29). "The x86 Interrupt List". Ralf Brown's Interrupt List (61 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-14. <a href="/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown" target="_blank">/wiki/Ralf_D._Brown</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>The DPMS.EXE executable version 0.10 from DR DOS "Panther" shows a "1985,1992" copyright and refers to an embedded DPMS.SYS device driver. <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS_%22Panther%22" target="_blank">/wiki/DR_DOS_%22Panther%22</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Barr, Christopher (1993-04-13). "Coming Attractions: Novell's DOS". PC Magazine: 124. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Schneider, Stefanie (1994-06-17). "Das Ende von DOS ist nur noch eine Frage der Zeit" [The end of DOS is only a question of time]. Computerwoche (in German). Munich, Germany: IDG Business Media GmbH. Archived from the original on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-02. <a href="https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952" target="_blank">https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Barr, Christopher (1993-04-13). "Coming Attractions: Novell's DOS". PC Magazine: 124. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kjyIOLYr7yMC&pg=PA124</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Wein, Josef "Joe" (2012) [2003]. "Resume: Joe Wein". Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-09-10. […] [up to] 1992 Digital Research GmbH […] DR DOS 6.0 […] Designed and implemented DPMS protected mode extender for device drivers for DR DOS 7. […] <a href="http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm" target="_blank">http://www.joewein.de/resume.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) 1.0 API — Programmer's Guide. UK: Caldera, Inc. August 1997 [1994]. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-005. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-21. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160522004218/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/dpms/dpms.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. {{cite book}}: Missing |author1= (help) (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [1][2] <a href="0-201-63287-X" target="_blank">0-201-63287-X</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Goodman, John M. (1995-04-10). "PC DOS 7 beats its disappearing competitors". InfoWorld. 17 (15). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.: 68. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2017-09-09. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"Appendix E. DOS Protected Mode Services". PC DOS 7 Technical Update (PDF) (1 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, USA: IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization, Boca Raton Center. February 1995. pp. 313–324. Document Number GG24-4459-00. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-17. <a href="http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Goodman, John M. (1995-04-10). "PC DOS 7 beats its disappearing competitors". InfoWorld. 17 (15). InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.: 68. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2017-09-09. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>"Appendix E. DOS Protected Mode Services". PC DOS 7 Technical Update (PDF) (1 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, USA: IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization, Boca Raton Center. February 1995. pp. 313–324. Document Number GG24-4459-00. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-17. <a href="http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eie.polyu.edu.hk/~enyhchan/DOS%207%20manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Goodman, John M. (1994-12-26). "Stacker, Helix combo frees memory". First looks. InfoWorld. 16 (52/1). International Data Group: 99. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2022-01-05. p. 99: […] In Stacker 4.0, Stac provided DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) support, which allows most of the Stacker driver to move into extended memory. […] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"Dùng Cache để nâng cao tốc độ" [Cache to improve speed]. VIETBOOK (in Vietnamese). 1994. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://text.123doc.org/document/15299-dung-cache-de-nang-cao-toc-do.htm" target="_blank">https://text.123doc.org/document/15299-dung-cache-de-nang-cao-toc-do.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Conley, Frank (1994-07-25). "Windows Performance Utility - Power Pak 4.0 for Windows helps bring slower PC models up to speed". InfoWorld: 117. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=kDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>"Saphir ISDN-Adapterfamilie Bedienungsanleitung" (PDF) (in German) (5 ed.). HST High Soft Tech Gesellschaft für Telekommunikation mbH. February 2003. D2.1R01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20. <a href="https://www.voipango.de/out/pictures/wysiwigpro/voipango/Saphir_ISDN_Manual_DE.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.voipango.de/out/pictures/wysiwigpro/voipango/Saphir_ISDN_Manual_DE.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-09). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 183 (in German) (3 ed.). {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (2002-01-17). "PCMCIA drivers for DR-DOS". www.delorie.com/opendos. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20. <a href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/01/17/14:47:13.1" target="_blank">http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/01/17/14:47:13.1</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>APSoft CardWare for Windows 3.x R7.00 (PDF). 7.00. Feldkirchen, Germany: APSoft. 2004-03-04 [1993]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-17. <a href="http://www.tssc.de/site/download/docs/cwdwum.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.tssc.de/site/download/docs/cwdwum.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>MX1 Reference Guide (PDF) (Revision D ed.). Norcross, Georgia, USA: LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies). January 2004 [January 2002]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-MX1RG-D.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-MX1RG-D.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>VX1 Reference Guide (PDF) (Revision F ed.). Norcross, Georgia, USA: LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies). March 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-VX1RG-F.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.barcodepros.com/Manuals/E-EQ-VX1RG-F.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>MX3 Reference Guide (PDF). Norcross, Georgia, USA: LXE Inc. (EMS Technologies). December 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://country.honeywellaidc.com/CatalogDocuments/E-EQ-MX3RG-J-ARC.pdf" target="_blank">https://country.honeywellaidc.com/CatalogDocuments/E-EQ-MX3RG-J-ARC.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>"PROXY Host" (PDF) (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Funk Software, Inc. May 1999. Retrieved 2018-09-16.[permanent dead link] <a href="ftp://ftp.proxynetworks.com/Previous%20Versions/v5.10.5.1041/Documentation_5.10/PxHost30.pdf" target="_blank">ftp://ftp.proxynetworks.com/Previous%20Versions/v5.10.5.1041/Documentation_5.10/PxHost30.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Perle Remote User's Guide (for DOS and Windows 3.x) (PDF). Perle Systems Limited. 2002 [1995]. 5500118-10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-17. <a href="https://www.perle.com/support_services/documentation_pdfs/5500118-10.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.perle.com/support_services/documentation_pdfs/5500118-10.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Johnson, Bret (2011-09-24). "My Source Code: PRTSCR". Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-11. [3] (NB. Source code for PRTSCR program to modify PrintScreen to copy to a file. Loads itself into upper memory and uses DPMS or EMS memory.) <a href="http://bretjohnson.us/source/source.htm" target="_blank">http://bretjohnson.us/source/source.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Johnson, Bret (2015-11-03). "Have you heard from USB yet?". Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2017-09-11. (NB. About a DPMS-enabled USB TSR suite for DOS.) <a href="http://bretjohnson.us/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=789" target="_blank">http://bretjohnson.us/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=789</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Schulman, Andrew (July 1994). "QPI: The QEMM-386 Programming Interface". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Undocumented Corner. San Mateo, California, USA: Miller Freeman, Inc.: 123–131. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23. {{cite journal}}: Missing |author1= (help) <a href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt" target="_blank">https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/papers/qpi.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Schmit, Michael L. (1995). Pentium Processor Optimization Tools (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Academic Press, Inc. (AP Professional). pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-12-627230-1. <a href="0-12-627230-1" target="_blank">0-12-627230-1</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. {{cite book}}: Missing |author1= (help) (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [1][2] <a href="0-201-63287-X" target="_blank">0-201-63287-X</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Singh, Amarendra (1993-07-13). "NETROOM 3.0: More Room at the Top". PC Magazine. 12 (13): 40. Retrieved 2014-12-12. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8w8B-OhIIC&pg=PA40" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8w8B-OhIIC&pg=PA40</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Knoblauch, Rick (1994-05-17). "Hide Programs With Cloaking". PC Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 9. Ziff Communications Company / Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. p. 269. Retrieved 2014-12-04. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L39FUG-zDswC&pg=RA1-PA269" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=L39FUG-zDswC&pg=RA1-PA269</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Helix Cloaking API Services, 1.01, Helix Software Company, 1993-10-01 <a href="/wiki/Helix_Software_Company" target="_blank">/wiki/Helix_Software_Company</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>Schmit, Michael L. (1995). Pentium Processor Optimization Tools (1 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Academic Press, Inc. (AP Professional). pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-12-627230-1. <a href="0-12-627230-1" target="_blank">0-12-627230-1</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>US patent 5459869 [4] <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5459869" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5459869</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>Helix Cloaking API Services, 1.01, Helix Software Company, 1993-10-01 <a href="/wiki/Helix_Software_Company" target="_blank">/wiki/Helix_Software_Company</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>US patent 5459869 [4] <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5459869" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5459869</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Some early versions of DPMS (before Novell DOS 7 Update 3) could be loaded high, but this was deliberately defeated in later versions (by artificially letting the driver declare an impossible to satisfy amount of memory during initialization, so that the operating system could not load it high and had to leave it in conventional memory during initialization) for compatibility reasons. It could cause stability problems in some scenarios on 286 and 386 machines supporting chipset-level memory backfilling mechanisms. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block" target="_blank">/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block</a> <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Some early versions of DPMS (before Novell DOS 7 Update 3) could be loaded high, but this was deliberately defeated in later versions (by artificially letting the driver declare an impossible to satisfy amount of memory during initialization, so that the operating system could not load it high and had to leave it in conventional memory during initialization) for compatibility reasons. It could cause stability problems in some scenarios on 286 and 386 machines supporting chipset-level memory backfilling mechanisms. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block" target="_blank">/wiki/Upper_Memory_Block</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Goodman, John M. (1994-12-26). "Stacker, Helix combo frees memory". First looks. InfoWorld. 16 (52/1). International Data Group: 99. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2022-01-05. p. 99: […] In Stacker 4.0, Stac provided DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) support, which allows most of the Stacker driver to move into extended memory. […] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>NETROOM Version 3 Guide to Operations (6 ed.), October 1994, MPN N03,1094 <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>NETROOM Version 3 Supplemental Disk, all (11) *.BAT/*.DOC/*.HLP/*.INF/*.TXT files, 1995-02-10 <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. {{cite book}}: Missing |author1= (help) (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [1][2] <a href="0-201-63287-X" target="_blank">0-201-63287-X</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>Singh, Amarendra (1993-07-13). "NETROOM 3.0: More Room at the Top". PC Magazine. 12 (13): 40. Retrieved 2014-12-12. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8w8B-OhIIC&pg=PA40" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8w8B-OhIIC&pg=PA40</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>Goodman, John M. (1994-12-26). "Stacker, Helix combo frees memory". First looks. InfoWorld. 16 (52/1). International Data Group: 99. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2022-01-05. p. 99: […] In Stacker 4.0, Stac provided DOS Protected Mode Services (DPMS) support, which allows most of the Stacker driver to move into extended memory. […] <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=lDoEAAAAMBAJ&q=DPMS</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>Canter, Sheryl (1994-05-31). "Multimedia Cloaking Reclaims RAM Gobbled by Drivers". PC Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 10. Ziff Communications Company / Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. p. 48. Archived from the original on 2022-01-05. Retrieved 2014-12-04. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfbDrFwiARgC&q=pc+magazine+netroom+helix&pg=PA48" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=MfbDrFwiARgC&q=pc+magazine+netroom+helix&pg=PA48</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. {{cite book}}: Missing |author1= (help) (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: [1][2] <a href="0-201-63287-X" target="_blank">0-201-63287-X</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>"Netnotes: Novell, Inc". Network World. 10 (13): 17. 1993-03-29. Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2018-09-20. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ehwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Tittel, Ed (1994-11-04). "Novell at a crossroads". InfoWorld: 116, 118. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=bTgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>"Novell to dress up Tuxedo and deliver 32-bit client". Network World. 12 (13): 141. 1995-03-27. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>"Network Edition - Cover Story". PC Magazine: NE27. 1995-10-24. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jNOHGmrpRkC&pg=PA527" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3jNOHGmrpRkC&pg=PA527</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>"Novell to dress up Tuxedo and deliver 32-bit client". Network World. 12 (13): 141. 1995-03-27. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=ShgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>Liebing, Edward A. (1996-05-01). "NetWare Client 32 for DOS/Windows: Overview of Architecture and Features". Novell AppNotes. Novell. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html" target="_blank">https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Hendrick, Ben (1996-11-01). "Overview of NetWare Client 32 for Windows 95". Novell AppNotes. Novell. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19961101.html" target="_blank">https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19961101.html</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>Liebing, Edward A. (1996-05-01). "NetWare Client 32 for DOS/Windows: Overview of Architecture and Features". Novell AppNotes. Novell. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2018-08-18. <a href="https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html" target="_blank">https://support.novell.com/techcenter/articles/ana19960501.html</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2012-01-11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.) <a href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm" target="_blank">http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>