Narcissus (plant)

<h2 id="description">Description</h2>

<h3>General</h3>
Narcissus is a genus of <a href="/facts/Perennial/MQ3NvAUW">perennial</a> <a href="/facts/Herbaceous/u6myDhE2">herbaceous</a> <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulbiferous</a> <a href="/facts/Geophyte/FTXfMqAt">geophytes</a>, which die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in the following year from brown-skinned ovoid <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulbs</a> with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5–80 centimetres (2.0–31.5 in) depending on the species. Dwarf species such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_asturiensis/43BUzJG9">N. asturiensis</a> have a maximum height of 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in), while <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">Narcissus tazetta</a> may grow as tall as 80 centimetres (31 in).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
The plants are <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">scapose</a>, having a single central leafless hollow flower <a href="/facts/Plant_stem/QlQWSzV4">stem</a> (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves arise from the bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (<a href="/facts/Umbel/hASc38KG">umbel</a>). The flowers, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or rarely green, consist of a <a href="/facts/Perianth/dy8xGxeb">perianth</a> of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a <a href="/facts/Petal/BcMcG97l">floral tube</a> above the <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovary</a>, then an outer ring composed of six <a href="/facts/Tepal/c34KrfNG">tepals</a> (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped <a href="/facts/Corona_(plant_structure)/dy8xGxeb">corona</a>. The flowers may hang down (pendant), or be erect. There are six <a href="/facts/Pollen/eqRP052I">pollen</a>-bearing <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamens</a> surrounding a central <a href="/facts/Style_(flower)/JEQ85ChP">style</a>. The <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovary</a> is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The <a href="/facts/Fruit/PBpuzk60">fruit</a> consists of a dry <a href="/facts/Capsule_(botany)/nSgcw6KK">capsule</a> that splits (<a href="/facts/Dehisces/w5cbltMG">dehisces</a>) releasing numerous black <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seeds</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back and has contractile <a href="/facts/Root/Hk7ucczM">roots</a> that pull it down further into the soil. The flower stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge the following season. Most species are dormant from summer to late winter, flowering in the spring, though a few species are autumn flowering.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>

<h3>Specific</h3>
<h4>Vegetative</h4>
Bulbs

The pale brown-skinned <a href="/facts/Ovoid/sHC4YNkQ">ovoid</a> <a href="/facts/Tunica_(biology)/ztqHDJeA">tunicate</a> <a href="/facts/Bulb/YbycDwS7">bulbs</a> have a membranous tunic and a corky stem (base or basal) plate from which arise the <a href="/facts/Adventitious/QG8xICDa">adventitious</a> <a href="/facts/Root_hair/H3JnHz5k">root hairs</a> in a ring around the edge, which grow up to 40 mm in length. Above the stem plate is the storage organ consisting of bulb scales, surrounding the previous flower stalk and the terminal <a href="/facts/Bud/USYHoQv8">bud</a>. The scales are of two types, true storage organs and the bases of the foliage leaves. These have a thicker tip and a scar from where the leaf lamina became detached. The innermost leaf scale is semicircular, only partly enveloping the flower stalk (semisheathed). (see Hanks Fig 1.3). The bulb may contain a number of branched bulb units, each with two to three true scales and two to three leaf bases. Each bulb unit has a life of about four years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
Once the leaves die back in summer, the roots also wither. After some years, the roots shorten, pulling the bulbs deeper into the ground (<a href="/facts/Adventitious_roots/QG8xICDa">contractile roots</a>). The bulbs develop from the inside, pushing the older layers outwards which become brown and dry, forming an outer shell, the tunic or skin. Up to 60 layers have been counted in some wild species. While the plant appears dormant above the ground the flower stalk, which will start to grow in the following spring, develops within the bulb surrounded by two to three deciduous leaves and their sheaths. The flower stem lies in the <a href="/facts/Axil/1m6wCNTg">axil</a> of the second true leaf.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>

Stems

The single leafless <a href="/facts/Plant_stem/QlQWSzV4">plant stem</a> or scape, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bears from 1 to 20 blooms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> Stem shape depends on the species; some are highly compressed with a visible seam, while others are rounded. The stems are upright and located at the centre of the leaves. In a few species such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_hedraeanthus/Q2F21T95">N. hedraeanthus</a> the stem is oblique. The stem is hollow in the upper portion but towards the bulb is more solid and filled with a spongy material.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

Leaves

Narcissus plants have one to several basal <a href="/facts/Leaf/1m6wCNTg">leaves</a> which are linear, ligulate or strap-shaped (long and narrow), sometimes <a href="/facts/Caespitose/RjjcIGWp">channelled</a> <a href="/facts/Acaulescent/RjjcIGWp">adaxially</a> to <a href="/facts/Leaf_shape/GfSyEn7C">semiterete</a>, and may (pedicellate) or may not (sessile) have a <a href="/facts/Petiole_(botany)/pext65Wr">petiole</a> stalk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> The leaves are flat and broad to cylindrical at the base and arise from the bulb.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> The emerging plant generally has two leaves, but the mature plant usually three, rarely four, and they are covered with a <a href="/facts/Cutin/trhkVT3m">cutin</a>-containing <a href="/facts/Cuticle/LWaIDBIG">cuticle</a>, giving them a waxy appearance. Leaf colour is light green to blue-green. In the mature plant, the leaves extend higher than the flower stem, but in some species, the leaves are low-hanging. The leaf base is encased in a colorless sheath. After flowering, the leaves turn yellow and die back once the <a href="/facts/Seed_pod/JwfMYURn">seed pod</a> (fruit) is ripe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
Jonquils usually have dark green, round, rush-like leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h4>Reproductive</h4>
Inflorescence

The inflorescence is scapose, the single <a href="/facts/Plant_stem/QlQWSzV4">stem</a> or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an <a href="/facts/Umbel/hASc38KG">umbel</a> with up to 20 blooms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Species bearing a solitary flower include section Bulbocodium and most of section Pseudonarcissus. <a href="/facts/Umbellate/hASc38KG">Umbellate</a> species have a fleshy <a href="/facts/Racemose/lXl4udlJ">racemose</a> <a href="/facts/Inflorescence/CvpNd4vS">inflorescence</a> (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_papyraceus/4DSW8xxh">N. papyraceus</a> (see illustration, left) and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> (see Table I).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with (<a href="/facts/Pedicel_(botany)/qPgkGFkJ">pedicellate</a>) or without (<a href="/facts/Sessility_(botany)/ySFsrG7S">sessile</a>) floral stalks.
Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin, dry, papery or membranous (<a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">scarious</a>) <a href="/facts/Spathe/pnMGNMdn">spathe</a>. The <a href="/facts/Spathe/pnMGNMdn">spathe</a> consists of a singular <a href="/facts/Bract/pnMGNMdn">bract</a> that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> <a href="/facts/Bracteoles/pnMGNMdn">Bracteoles</a> are small or absent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

Flowers

The <a href="/facts/Flower/7gI5Kefw">flowers</a> of Narcissus are <a href="/facts/Hermaphrodite/C4aYIk4n">hermaphroditic</a> (bisexual),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes <a href="/facts/Fragrant/h3MF95yb">fragrant</a> (see Fragrances).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The flower symmetry is <a href="/facts/Actinomorphic/oJMuxKtL">actinomorphic</a> (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamens</a> (curving downwards, then bent up at the tip). Narcissus flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, <a href="/facts/Corona_(plant_structure)/dy8xGxeb">corona</a> (trumpet).
The three major floral parts (in all species except <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cavanillesii/pgj4I87s">N. cavanillesii</a> in which the corona is virtually absent - Table I: Section Tapeinanthus) are:

<ul><li>(i) the proximal <a href="/facts/Floral_tube/mxS9G82W">floral tube</a> (hypanthium),</li>
<li>(ii) the surrounding free <a href="/facts/Tepal/c34KrfNG">tepals</a>, and</li>
<li>(iii) the more distal <a href="/facts/Corona_(plant_structure)/dy8xGxeb">corona</a> (paraperigon, paraperigonium).</li></ul>
All three parts may be considered to be components of the <a href="/facts/Perianth/dy8xGxeb">perianth</a> (perigon, perigonium). The <a href="/facts/Perianth/dy8xGxeb">perianth</a> arises above the apex of the inferior <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovary</a>, its base forming the hypanthial <a href="/facts/Floral_tube/mxS9G82W">floral tube</a>.
The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone (<a href="/facts/Obconic/QQkqXaHH">obconic</a>) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow sections Apodanthi and Jonquilla to rudimentary (N. cavanillesii).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>
Surrounding the floral tube and corona and <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">reflexed</a> (bent back) from the rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many <a href="/facts/Monocotyledons/mXCuuCYo">monocotyledons</a>, the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered <a href="/facts/Sepal/rFYnXN4d">sepals</a>, and the three inner segments <a href="/facts/Petal/BcMcG97l">petals</a>. The transition point between the floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>
The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely is the corona a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_serotinus/UBXIDc1x">N. serotinus</a> (see Table I) or the rudimentary structure in <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cavanillesii/pgj4I87s">N. cavanillesii</a> to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
While the perianth may point forwards, in some species such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cyclamineus/YphLwNtJ">N. cyclamineus</a> it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">N. bulbocodium</a> (Table I), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona.
The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering <a href="/facts/Narcissus_viridiflorus/6JDDWPpq">N. viridiflorus</a>, which is green. In addition, the corona of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a> has a red crenulate margin (see Table I).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Flower diameter varies from 12 mm (<a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">N. bulbocodium</a>) to over 125 mm (N. nobilis=<a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. pseudonarcissus</a> subsp. nobilis).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>
Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst">N. triandrus</a> (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in <a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. alpestris = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus</a>, horizontal (patent, spreading) such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_gaditanus/CNKcNX4m">N. gaditanus</a> or <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a>, erect as in N. cavanillesii, N. serotinus and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_rupicola/1P9phXpJ">N. rupicola</a> (Table I), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>
The flowers of Narcissus demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with <a href="/facts/Pollinator/DBJNeDtv">pollinator</a> groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a>). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns:

<ul><li>"Daffodil" form</li>
<li>"Paperwhite" form</li>
<li>"Triandrus" form.</li></ul>
The predominant patterns are the 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See Pollination).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>
The "daffodil" form, which includes sections Pseudonarcissus and Bulbocodium, has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section Pseudonarcissus consists of relatively large flowers with a corolla length of around 50 mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
The "paperwhite" form, including sections Jonquilla, Apodanthi and Narcissus, has a relatively long, narrow tube and a short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant.
The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_albimarginatus/fS2XrSVP">N. albimarginatus</a> (a Moroccan endemic) and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst">N. triandrus</a>. It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a>

<a href="/facts/Androecium/MzNPVK3D">Androecium</a>

There are six <a href="/facts/Stamen/MzNPVK3D">stamens</a> in one to two rows (<a href="/facts/Whorl_(botany)/dhD4zdUI">whorls</a>), with the filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a>

<a href="/facts/Gynoecium/P5qFQMk1">Gynoecium</a>

The <a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovary</a> is inferior (below the floral parts) and <a href="/facts/Locule/0j8YPj1q">trilocular</a> (three chambered) and there is a <a href="/facts/Pistil/P5qFQMk1">pistil</a> with a minutely three lobed <a href="/facts/Stigma_(botany)/JEQ85ChP">stigma</a> and filiform (thread like) <a href="/facts/Style_(flower)/JEQ85ChP">style</a>, which is often exserted (extending beyond the tube).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a>

Fruit

The fruit consists of dehiscent <a href="/facts/Loculicidal/w5cbltMG">loculicidal</a> <a href="/facts/Capsule_(botany)/nSgcw6KK">capsules</a> (splitting between the locules) that are <a href="/facts/Ellipsoid/pe9vm0Sh">ellipsoid</a> to <a href="/facts/Glossary_of_botanical_terms/RjjcIGWp">subglobose</a> (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

Seeds

The fruit contains numerous subglobose <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">seeds</a> which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached <a href="/facts/Elaiosome/TBzuIERr">elaiosome</a>. The <a href="/facts/Seed/a4xGSLxJ">testa</a> is black<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> and the <a href="/facts/Pericarp/VDLWzDkf">pericarp</a> dry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a>
Most species have 12 <a href="/facts/Ovules/DFvS1VvA">ovules</a> and 36 seeds, although some species such as N. bulbocodium have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections Jonquilla and Bulbocodium are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to <a href="/facts/Seed_dispersal/yNofEeyA">disperse</a> the mature seeds.

<h3>Chromosomes</h3>
<a href="/facts/Chromosome/FRGf11FC">Chromosome</a> numbers include 2n=14, 22, 26, with numerous <a href="/facts/Aneuploid/CmaGcLIY">aneuploid</a> and <a href="/facts/Polyploid/L7xyKHdK">polyploid</a> derivatives. The basic chromosome number is 7, with the exception of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_elegans/B6VPfXzN">N. elegans</a> and N. broussonetii in which it is 10 or 11; this subgenus (Hermione) was in fact characterised by this characteristic. Polyploid species include <a href="/facts/Narcissus_papyraceus/4DSW8xxh">N. papyraceus</a> (4x=22) and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_dubius/g6Val88t">N. dubius</a> (6x=50).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h3>Phytochemistry</h3>
<h4>Alkaloids</h4>
As with all Amarylidaceae genera, Narcissus contains unique <a href="/facts/Isoquinoline/ygj32c57">isoquinoline</a> <a href="/facts/Alkaloid/m6hUXohz">alkaloids</a>. The first alkaloid to be identified was <a href="/facts/Lycorine/U2bDu0k0">lycorine</a>, from N. pseudonarcissus in 1877. These are considered a protective adaptation and are utilised in the classification of species. Nearly 100 alkaloids have been identified in the genus, about a third of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, although not all species have been tested. Of the nine alkaloid <a href="/facts/Ring_(chemistry)/EVFmy88Q">ring</a> types identified in the family, Narcissus species most commonly demonstrate the presence of alkaloids from within the Lycorine (lycorine, galanthine, pluviine) and <a href="/facts/Homolycorine/ecgtVeHL">Homolycorine</a> (homolycorine, lycorenine) groups. Hemanthamine, tazettine, <a href="/facts/Narciclasine/d13MzPC4">narciclasine</a>, montanine and <a href="/facts/Galantamine/SQURXsm4">galantamine</a> alkaloids are also represented. The alkaloid profile of any plant varies with time, location, and developmental stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> Narcissus also contain <a href="/facts/Fructans/BeIM3gok">fructans</a> and low molecular weight <a href="/facts/Glucomannan/PKJPSrwF">glucomannan</a> in the leaves and plant stems.

<h4>Fragrances</h4>
<a href="/facts/Fragrances/h3MF95yb">Fragrances</a> are predominantly <a href="/facts/Monoterpene/6kFBtsXM">monoterpene</a> <a href="/facts/Isoprenoids/1GvG7W7v">isoprenoids</a>, with a small amount of <a href="/facts/Benzenoids/K52xSfNC">benzenoids</a>, although <a href="/facts/Narcissus_jonquilla/AIW3UmpR">N. jonquilla</a> has both equally represented. Another exception is <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cuatrecasasii/tlr1jwVG">N. cuatrecasasii</a> which produces mainly fatty acid derivatives. The basic monoterpene precursor is <a href="/facts/Geranyl_pyrophosphate/evgr8bp7">geranyl pyrophosphate</a>, and the commonest monoterpenes are <a href="/facts/Limonene/8qBaxvyv">limonene</a>, <a href="/facts/Myrcene/Y2tR3rlN">myrcene</a>, and trans-β-<a href="/facts/Ocimene/p2GRA2pz">ocimene</a>. Most benzenoids are non-methoxylated, while a few species contain <a href="/facts/Methoxylated/KbrAmwQc">methoxylated</a> forms (<a href="/facts/Ethers/jwDg0IKr">ethers</a>), e.g. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_bujei/CsI6UNem">N. bujei</a>. Other ingredient include <a href="/facts/Indole/HT72P6e6">indole</a>, isopentenoids and very small amounts of <a href="/facts/Sesquiterpenes/rFJG50mL">sesquiterpenes</a>. Fragrance patterns can be correlated with <a href="/facts/Pollinators/DBJNeDtv">pollinators</a>, and fall into three main groups (see Pollination).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a>

<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Taxonomy_of_Narcissus/sI2EWoFm">Taxonomy of Narcissus</a>
<h3>History</h3>
<blockquote>Genus valde intricatum et numerosissimis dubiis oppressum A genus that is very complex and burdened with numerous uncertainties— Schultes & Schultes fil., Syst. Veg. 1829<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></blockquote>
<h4>Early</h4>
The genus Narcissus was well known to the <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">ancient Greeks and Romans</a>. In <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Greek</a> literature <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> and <a href="/facts/Dioscorides/FzDmURv3">Dioscorides</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a> described νάρκισσος, probably referring to <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a>, although the exact species mentioned in classical literature cannot be accurately established. <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a> later introduced the <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> form narcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> These early writers were as much interested in the plant's possible medicinal properties as they were in its botanical features and their accounts remained influential until at least the <a href="/facts/Renaissance/4D9Bc6KU">Renaissance</a> (see also Antiquity). Mediaeval and Renaissance writers include <a href="/facts/Albert_Magnus/12FJVrX9">Albert Magnus</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Turner_(naturalist)/8YcpEMJv">William Turner</a>, but it remained to <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a> to formally describe and name Narcissus as a genus in his <a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a> (1753) at which time there were six known species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>

<h4>Modern</h4>
<a href="/facts/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu/Ip3CSVvv">De Jussieu</a> (1789) grouped Narcissus into a "family",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> which he called Narcissi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a> This was renamed Amaryllideae by <a href="/facts/Jaume_Saint-Hilaire/68utMn9Y">Jaume Saint-Hilaire</a> in 1805,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> corresponding to the modern <a href="/facts/Amaryllidaceae/5WVenDkR">Amaryllidaceae</a>. For a while, Narcissus was considered part of <a href="/facts/Liliaceae/1pY4rRuJ">Liliaceae</a> (as in the illustration seen here of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_candidissimus/U6pShGx1">Narcissus candidissimus</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> but then the Amaryllidaceae were split off from it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a>

Various authors have adopted either narrow (e.g. <a href="/facts/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth/FIN2wL1e">Haworth</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> <a href="/facts/Richard_Anthony_Salisbury/8LdAkcJD">Salisbury</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>) or wide (e.g.<a href="/facts/William_Herbert_(botanist)/vPaCgapI">Herbert</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589douard_Spach/gtSdWCu5">Spach</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> ) interpretations of the genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> The narrow view treated many of the species as separate genera.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> Over time, the wider view prevailed with a major monograph on the genus being published by <a href="/facts/John_Gilbert_Baker/rwWAy6R6">Baker</a> (1875).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a> One of the more controversial genera was Tapeinanthus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a> but today it is included in Narcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a>
The eventual position of Narcissus within the <a href="/facts/Amaryllidaceae/5WVenDkR">Amaryllidaceae</a> <a href="/facts/Family_(botany)/qTrn6E8E">family</a> only became settled in this century with the advent of <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic_analysis/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic analysis</a> and the <a href="/facts/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group/HPTcwEPr">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> Within Amaryllidaceae the <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> Narcissus belongs to the <a href="/facts/Narcisseae/VfNaUnfV">Narcisseae</a> <a href="/facts/Tribe_(botany)/Uca1DPl7">tribe</a>, one of 13 within the <a href="/facts/Amaryllidoideae/qRGkY8dI">Amaryllidoideae</a> <a href="/facts/Subfamily/2QPtfDS4">subfamily</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> It is one of two <a href="/facts/Sister_group/pNNuVex4">sister</a> <a href="/facts/Clades/XefyYmWn">clades</a> corresponding to genera in the Narcisseae,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> being distinguished from <a href="/facts/Sternbergia/mGnmHzHz">Sternbergia</a> by the presence of a <a href="/facts/Paraperigonium/dy8xGxeb">paraperigonium</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> and is <a href="/facts/Monophyletic/pD8Yrrn6">monophyletic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a>

<h3>Subdivision</h3>
The infrageneric phylogeny of Narcissus still remains relatively unsettled,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a> the taxonomy having proved complex and difficult to resolve,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> due to the diversity of the wild species, the ease with which natural <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybridization</a> occurs, and extensive cultivation and breeding accompanied by escape and naturalisation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> Consequently, the number of accepted species has varied widely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
De Candolle, in the first systematic taxonomy of Narcissus, arranged the species into named groups, and those names have largely endured for the various subdivisions since and bear his name as their authority.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> The situation was confused by the inclusion of many unknown or garden varieties, and it was not until the work of Baker that the wild species were all grouped as sections under one genus, Narcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>
A common classification system has been that of Fernandes <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> based on <a href="/facts/Cytology/kdIBGHub">cytology</a>, as modified by Blanchard (1990)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a> and <a href="/facts/Brian_Mathew/QGFk5MWD">Mathew</a> (2002).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Another is that of Meyer (1966).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a> Fernandes proposed two <a href="/facts/Subgenera/csbIQaGC">subgenera</a> based on basal chromosome numbers, and then subdivided these into ten <a href="/facts/Section_(botany)/BVwRekvb">sections</a> as did Blanchard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a>
Other authors (e.g. Webb<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a>) prioritised morphology over genetics, abandoning subgenera, although Blanchard's system has been one of the most influential. While infrageneric groupings within Narcissus have been relatively constant, their status (genera, subgenera, sections, subsections, series, species) has not.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a> The most cited system is that of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a> (RHS) which simply lists ten sections. Three of these are <a href="/facts/Monotypic/QvoM9aGP">monotypic</a> (contain only one species), while two others contain only two species. Most species are placed in section Pseudonarcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> Many of these subdivisions correspond roughly to the popular names for daffodil types, e.g. Trumpet Daffodils, Tazettas, Pheasant's Eyes, Hoop Petticoats, Jonquils.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
The most <a href="/facts/Hierarchical/mYJyqFrG">hierarchical</a> system is that of Mathew, illustrated here -

Table I: Subdivisions of Narcissus (Mathew 2002)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><table><tbody><tr><th>Subgenus</th><th>Section</th><th>Subsection</th><th>Series</th><th><a href="/facts/Type_species/kL03T6V4">Type species</a></th></tr><tr><td rowspan="7">Narcissus <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_Albin_Pax/Tr0Qx9Bt">Pax</a></td><td>Narcissus L.</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td>Pseudonarcissus DCsyn. Ajax Spach</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. pseudonarcissus</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td>Ganymedes Salisbury ex Schultes and Schultes fil.</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst">N. triandrus</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Jonquillae De Candolle</td><td>Jonquillae DC</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_jonquilla/AIW3UmpR">N. jonquilla</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td>Apodanthi (A. Fernandes) D. A. Webb</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_rupicola/1P9phXpJ">N. rupicola</a> Dufour</td></tr><tr><td>Chloranthi D. A. Webb</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_viridiflorus/6JDDWPpq">N. viridiflorus</a> Schousboe</td></tr><tr><td>Tapeinanthus (Herbert) Traub</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_cavanillesii/pgj4I87s">N. cavanillesii</a> A. Barra and G. López</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Hermione (Salisbury) Spach</td><td rowspan="4">Hermione <a href="/facts/Syn./BHLdox7E">syn.</a> Tazettae De Candolle</td><td rowspan="2">Hermione</td><td>Hermione</td><td> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td>Albiflorae Rouy.</td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_papyraceus/4DSW8xxh">N. papyraceus</a> Ker-Gawler</td></tr><tr><td>Angustifoliae (A. Fernandes) F.J Fernándes-Casas</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_elegans/B6VPfXzN">N. elegans</a> (Haw.) Spach</td></tr><tr><td>Serotini Parlatore</td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_serotinus/UBXIDc1x">N. serotinus</a> L.</td></tr><tr><td>Aurelia (J. Gay) Baker</td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_broussonetii/NwkXRaAd">N. broussonetii</a> Lagasca</td></tr><tr><td>Corbularia (Salisb.) Paxsyn. Bulbocodium De Candolle</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">N. bulbocodium</a> L.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4>Phylogenetics</h4>
The <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic_analysis/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic analysis</a> of Graham and Barrett (2004) supported the infrageneric division of Narcissus into two <a href="/facts/Clades/XefyYmWn">clades</a> corresponding to Fernandes' subgenera, but did not support monophyly of all sections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> A later extended analysis by <a href="/facts/Nina_R%25C3%25B8nsted/adbBdCWE">Rønsted</a> et al. (2008) with additional taxa confirmed this pattern.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a>
A large molecular analysis by <a href="/facts/Ben_Zonneveld/sutfUkBF">Zonneveld</a> (2008) sought to reduce some of the <a href="/facts/Paraphyly/tmTWjACz">paraphyly</a> identified by Graham and Barrett. This led to a revision of the sectional structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a>
While Graham and Barrett (2004)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> had determined that subgenus Hermione was monophyletic, Santos-Gally et al. (2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> did not. If two species excluded in the former study are removed from the analysis, the studies are in agreement, the species in question instead forming a clade with subgenus Narcissus. Some so-called nothosections have been proposed, to accommodate natural ('ancient') hybrids (nothospecies).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>

<h4>Species</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Narcissus_species/A7LHCAqh">List of Narcissus species</a>

Estimates of the number of species in Narcissus have varied widely, from anywhere between 16 and almost 160,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> even in the modern era. Linnaeus originally included six species in 1753, by 1784 there were fourteen<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a>, by 1819 sixteen,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> and by 1831 <a href="/facts/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth/FIN2wL1e">Adrian Haworth</a> had described 150 species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a>
Much of the variation lies in the definition of <a href="/facts/Species/oDg6b96r">species</a>. Thus, a very wide view of each species, such as Webb's<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a> results in few species, while a very narrow view such as that of Fernandes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> results in a larger number.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a> Another factor is the status of <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrids</a>, with a distinction between "ancient hybrids" and "recent hybrids". The term "ancient hybrid" refers to hybrids found growing over a large area, and therefore now considered as separate species, while "recent hybrid" refers to solitary plants found amongst their parents, with a more restricted range.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a>
Fernandes (1951) originally accepted 22 species,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a> Webb (1980) 27.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a> By 1968, Fernandes had 63 species,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a> Blanchard (1990) 65 species,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> and Erhardt (1993) 66.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a> In 2006 the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s (RHS) International Daffodil Register and Classified List <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a> listed 87 species, while Zonneveld's genetic study (2008) resulted in only 36.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> As of September 2014, the <a href="/facts/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families/myaR3BVB">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> accepts 52 species, along with at least 60 hybrids,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> while the RHS has 81 accepted names in its October 2014 list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a>

<h3>Evolution</h3>
Within the <a href="/facts/Narcisseae/VfNaUnfV">Narcisseae</a>, Narcissus (<a href="/facts/Western_Mediterranean/Vr2pzVbM">western Mediterranean</a>) diverged from <a href="/facts/Sternbergia/mGnmHzHz">Sternbergia</a> (<a href="/facts/Eurasia/KlLI9GDM">Eurasia</a>) some time in the <a href="/facts/Late_Oligocene/WLk2kdUC">Late Oligocene</a> to <a href="/facts/Early_Miocene/Sm5gVSKd">Early Miocene</a> eras, around 29.3–18.1 <a href="/facts/Ma_(unit)/51V242hh">Ma</a>. Later, the genus divided into the two subgenera (Hermione and Narcissus) between 27.4 and 16.1 Ma. The divisions between the sections of Hermione then took place during the Miocene period 19.9–7.8 Ma.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> Narcissus appears to have arisen in the area of the Iberian peninsula, southern France and northwestern Italy. Subgenus Hermione in turn arose in the southwestern Mediterranean and Northwest Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a>

<h3>Names and etymology</h3>
<h4>Narcissus</h4>

The derivation of the Latin narcissus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a> is from Greek νάρκισσος narkissos.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a> According to <a href="/facts/Plutarch/p3bywktN">Plutarch</a> narkissos has been connected because of the plant's narcotic properties, with narkē "numbness";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a> it may also be connected with hell.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a> On the other hand, its etymology is considered to be clearly <a href="/facts/Pre-Greek/Wbo5IwNW">Pre-Greek</a> by <a href="/facts/Robert_S._P._Beekes/XLEtjxRV">Beekes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>
It is frequently linked to the myth of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_(mythology)/wkvNRtwx">Narcissus</a>, who became so obsessed with his own reflection in water that he drowned and the narcissus plant sprang from where he died. There is no evidence for the flower being named after Narcissus. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">Narcissus poeticus</a>, which grows in Greece, has a fragrance that has been described as intoxicating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny</a> wrote that the plant was named for its fragrance (ναρκάω narkao, "I grow numb" ), rather than Narcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> Furthermore, there were accounts of narcissi growing long before the story of Narcissus appeared (see Greek culture).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> It has also been suggested that narcissi bending over streams represent the youth admiring his reflection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Linnaeus used the Latin name "narcissus" for the plant but was preceded by others such as <a href="/facts/Matthias_de_l%2527Obel/1IxI1amB">Matthias de l'Obel</a> (1591)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a> and <a href="/facts/Carolus_Clusius/SCDkMVKu">Clusius</a> (1576).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a> The name Narcissus was not uncommon for men in Roman times.
The plural form of the common name "narcissus" has been the cause of some confusion. Dictionaries list "narcissi", "narcissuses" and "narcissus".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> However, texts on usage such as Garner<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a> and Fowler<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> state that "narcissi" is the preferred form. The common name narcissus should not be capitalised.

<h4>Daffodil</h4>
The name "daffodil" is derived from "affodell", a variant of <a href="/facts/Asphodelus/MVHSeREr">asphodel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a> The narcissus was frequently referred to as the asphodel<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a> (see Antiquity). Asphodel in turn appears to come from the Greek "asphodelos" (<a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_language/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀσφόδελος).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> From at least the 16th century, "daffadown dilly" and "daffydowndilly" have appeared as alternative names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a> Other names include "Lent lily".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h4>In other languages</h4>
The <a href="/facts/Hokkien/zUtFFsnL">Hokkien</a> name for Narcissus, chúi-sian, can be literally translated as "water fairy", where chúi (水) refers to water and sian (仙) refers to <a href="/facts/Chinese_immortal/ndtUQmkL">immortals</a>. It is the <a href="/facts/Hokkien_culture/UCuTuYQk">official provincial flower</a> of <a href="/facts/Fujian/Knjv0XCG">Fujian</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a>

<h2 id="distribution-and-habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>
<h3>Distribution</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_Narcissus_species/A7LHCAqh">List of Narcissus species</a>
Although the family <a href="/facts/Amaryllidaceae/5WVenDkR">Amaryllidaceae</a> are predominantly tropical or subtropical as a whole, Narcissus occurs primarily in <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_region/azjFD5mW">Mediterranean region</a>, with a <a href="/facts/Centre_of_diversity/sEExz83Q">centre of diversity</a> in the <a href="/facts/Iberian_Peninsula/ztFXI8zt">Iberian Peninsula</a> (<a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a> and <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portugal</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> A few species extend the range into <a href="/facts/Southern_France/Jm4I4xAl">southern France</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, the <a href="/facts/Balkans/5Hy8ly0d">Balkans</a> (N. poeticus, N. serotinus, N. tazetta), and the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Mediterranean/RLpwLJyM">Eastern Mediterranean</a> (N. serotinus)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> including <a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af">Palestine</a> (N. tazetta).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> The occurrence of N. tazetta in western and central <a href="/facts/Asia/4IToYrrQ">Asia</a> as well as <a href="/facts/East_Asia/D8yGVCQX">East Asia</a> are considered <a href="/facts/Introduced_species/s0aHefyp">introductions</a>, albeit ancient<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> (see Eastern cultures). While the exact northern limit of the natural range is unknown, the occurrences of wild N. pseudonarcissus in <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a>, middle and northern Europe are similarly considered ancient introductions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a>
While the Amaryllidaceae are not native to North America, Narcissus grows well in USDA <a href="/facts/Hardiness_zone/zhPbV4Qb">hardiness zones</a> 3B through 10, which encompass most of the United States and Canada.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a>
<a href="/facts/Narcissus_elegans/B6VPfXzN">N. elegans</a> occurs on the Northwest African Coast (<a href="/facts/Morocco/6ly8170M">Morocco</a> and <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a>), as well as the coastline of <a href="/facts/Corsica/6xJ6aREr">Corsica</a>, <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">N. bulbocodium</a> between <a href="/facts/Tangier/0fBWdCQ6">Tangier</a> and <a href="/facts/Algiers/Cdk8BQl1">Algiers</a> and Tangier to <a href="/facts/Marrakech/aVpGaF8h">Marrakech</a>, but also on the Iberian Peninsula. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_serotinus/UBXIDc1x">N. serotinus</a> is found along the entire Mediterranean coast. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> occurs as far east as <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and <a href="/facts/Kashmir/Rok34JM5">Kashmir</a>. Since this is one of the oldest species found in cultivation, it is likely to have been introduced into Kashmir. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. pseudonarcissus</a> have the largest distribution ranges. N. poeticus ranges from the <a href="/facts/Pyrenees/YJ38kInj">Pyrenees</a> along the <a href="/facts/Romanian_Carpathians/PIUAsNvC">Romanian Carpathians</a> to the <a href="/facts/Black_Sea/M0rLKvge">Black Sea</a> and along the <a href="/facts/Dalmatian_coast/nstFC7cc">Dalmatian coast</a> to <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a>. N. pseudonarcissus ranges from the Iberian Peninsula, via the <a href="/facts/Vosges_Mountains/FUG7xABL">Vosges Mountains</a> to northern <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> where there are still wild stocks in Southern <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a>. The only occurrence in <a href="/facts/Luxembourg/vRN04l7f">Luxembourg</a> is located near Lellingen, in the municipality of <a href="/facts/Kiischpelt/SmXkJe2q">Kiischpelt</a>. In <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a> it is found mainly in the nature reserve at <a href="/facts/Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal/gwuseynl">Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal</a> and the <a href="/facts/Eifel_National_Park/07x3D5Sn">Eifel National Park</a>, where in the spring at <a href="/facts/Monschau/99m4hock">Monschau</a> the meadows are teeming with yellow blooms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> One of the most easterly occurrences can be found at <a href="/facts/Misselberg/EWdoG3om">Misselberg</a> near <a href="/facts/Nassau%2c_Rhineland-Palatinate/VGlszgfs">Nassau</a> on the <a href="/facts/Lahn/3jyDxlcf">Lahn</a>.

However, unlike the above examples, most species have very restricted <a href="/facts/Endemic/xt4IpIsl">endemic</a> ranges<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> which may overlap resulting in natural hybrids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a> For instance in the vicinity of the <a href="/facts/Portugal/lYzwDQ63">Portuguese</a> city of <a href="/facts/Porto/wk5eA3zH">Porto</a> where both N. pseudonarcissus and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst">N. triandrus</a> occur there are found various intersections of the two species while in a small area along part of the Portuguese Mondego river are found intersectional hybrids between <a href="/facts/Narcissus_scaberulus/tawsouWK">N. scaberulus</a> and N. triandrus.
The <a href="/facts/Biogeography/0FV2wM36">biogeography</a> demonstrates a <a href="/facts/Phylogenetic/bw4rsovt">phylogenetic</a> association, for instance subgenus Hermione having a lowland distribution, but subgenus Narcissus section Apodanthi being <a href="/facts/Montane/gXbt5Gqn">montane</a> and restricted to Morocco, Spain and Portugal. The remaining sections within subgenus Narcissus include both lowland and mountain habitats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Section Pseudonarcissus, although widely naturalised, is endemic to the <a href="/facts/Baetic_Ranges/oyETfmg4">Baetic Ranges</a> of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a>

<h3>Habitats</h3>
Their native habitats are very varied, with different elevations, <a href="/facts/Holdridge_life_zones/K7Wyc5fk">bioclimatic areas</a> and substrates,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> being found predominantly in open spaces ranging from low <a href="/facts/Marsh/AG0WLJ2K">marshes</a> to rocky hillsides and <a href="/facts/Montane_ecology/gXbt5Gqn">montane</a> <a href="/facts/Pasture/Spc8pRtq">pastures</a>, and including <a href="/facts/Grassland/T4P1kqT0">grassland</a>, <a href="/facts/Scrubland/TuWUtSYv">scrub</a>, <a href="/facts/Woodland/BcnoNfmp">woods</a>, <a href="/facts/Bank_(geography)/sQkkIEkd">river banks</a> and <a href="/facts/Fracture_(geology)/qXCBP20K">rocky crevices</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a> Although requirements vary, overall there is a preference for <a href="/facts/Soil_pH/D9G9ChcT">acidic</a> soils, although some species will grow on <a href="/facts/Limestone/8ntvtFnR">limestone</a>. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_scaberulus/tawsouWK">Narcissus scaberulus</a> will grow on <a href="/facts/Granite/G2evuVKo">granite</a> soils where it is moist in the growing season but dry in the summer, while <a href="/facts/Narcissus_dubius/g6Val88t">Narcissus dubius</a> thrives best in regions with hot and dry summers.
The Pseudonarcissus group in their natural habitat prefers humid situations such as stream margins, springs, wet pastures, clearings of forests or shrublands with humid soils, and moist hillsides. These habitats tend to be discontinuous in the Mediterranean mountains, producing discrete isolated populations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> In <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, which has relatively little limestone, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">Narcissus pseudonarcissus</a> grows in small groups on open mountain meadows or in mixed forests of <a href="/facts/Fir/cLIr9mep">fir</a>, <a href="/facts/Beech/9LMa0wKB">beech</a>, <a href="/facts/Oak/1NJJzkzB">oak</a>, <a href="/facts/Alder/KbD9YG8w">alder</a>, <a href="/facts/Fraxinus/Ew2cklTl">ash</a> and <a href="/facts/Birch/XG0bl0GF">birch</a> trees with well-drained soil.

<h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2>
<h3>Life cycle</h3>
Narcissus are long-lived perennial geophytes with winter-growing and summer-dormant bulbs<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> that are mainly synanthous (leaves and flowers appearing at the same time).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a> While most species flower in late winter to spring, five species are autumn flowering (<a href="/facts/Narcissus_broussonetii/NwkXRaAd">N. broussonetii</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cavanillesii/pgj4I87s">N. cavanillesii</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_elegans/B6VPfXzN">N. elegans</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_serotinus/UBXIDc1x">N. serotinus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_viridiflorus/6JDDWPpq">N. viridiflorus</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a> By contrast, these species are hysteranthous (leaves appear after flowering).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a>
Flower longevity varies by species and conditions, ranging from 5–20 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> After flowering leaf and root <a href="/facts/Senescence/AHmBEpe8">senescence</a> sets in, and the plant appears to be 'dormant' until the next spring, conserving moisture. However, the dormant period is also one of considerable activity within the bulb <a href="/facts/Primordia/6cjIKxtY">primordia</a>. It is also a period during which the plant bulb may be susceptible to predators (see § Pests and diseases, below). Like many bulb plants from <a href="/facts/Temperate/6WPypCzC">temperate</a> regions, a period of exposure to cold is necessary before spring growth can begin. This protects the plant from growth during winter when intense cold may damage it. Warmer spring temperatures then initiate growth from the bulb. Early spring growth confers a number of advantages, including relative lack of competition for pollinators, and lack of <a href="/facts/Deciduous/7jQHVtdd">deciduous</a> shading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a> The exception to requiring cold temperatures to initiate flowering is <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a>
Plants may spread clonally through the production of daughter bulbs and division, producing clumps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> Narcissus species <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybridise</a> readily, although the fertility of the offspring will depend on the parental relationship.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>

<h3>Pollination</h3>
The flowers are <a href="/facts/Insect-pollinated/cSwptQsL">insect-pollinated</a>, the major <a href="/facts/Pollinators/DBJNeDtv">pollinators</a> being <a href="/facts/Bees/HglXpXty">bees</a>, <a href="/facts/Butterflies/qlSgwlRx">butterflies</a>, <a href="/facts/Flies/ugzGBFKG">flies</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hawkmoths/M0juzV0K">hawkmoths</a>, while the highly scented night-flowering <a href="/facts/Narcissus_viridiflorus/6JDDWPpq">N. viridiflorus</a> is pollinated by <a href="/facts/Crepuscular/nHEUNhSo">crepuscular</a> moths. Pollination mechanisms fall into three groups corresponding to floral morphology (see Description - Flowers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a>

<ol><li>'Daffodil' form. Pollinated by bees seeking <a href="/facts/Pollen/eqRP052I">pollen</a> from <a href="/facts/Anthers/MzNPVK3D">anthers</a> within the corona. The broad perianth allows bees (<a href="/facts/Bombus/ItHf967s">Bombus</a>, <a href="/facts/Anthophora/ecmzMu4c">Anthophora</a>, <a href="/facts/Andrena/x4g6ldcK">Andrena</a>) to completely enter the flower in their search for nectar and/or pollen. In this type, the stigma lies in the mouth of the corona, extending beyond the six anthers, whose single <a href="/facts/Whorl_(botany)/dhD4zdUI">whorl</a> lies well within the corona. The bees come into contact with the stigma before their legs, thorax and abdomen contact the anthers, and this <a href="/facts/Approach_herkogamy/os3dFrno">approach herkogamy</a> causes cross pollination.</li>
<li>'Paperwhite' form. These are adapted to long-tongued <a href="/facts/Lepidoptera/yPFPsQmL">Lepidoptera</a>, particularly <a href="/facts/Sphingid_moths/M0juzV0K">sphingid moths</a> such as <a href="/facts/Macroglossum/zpgyjb1L">Macroglossum</a>, <a href="/facts/Pieridae/fYIdMUSJ">Pieridae</a> and <a href="/facts/Nymphalidae/WVaX5VII">Nymphalidae</a>, but also some long-tongued bees, and <a href="/facts/Flies/ugzGBFKG">flies</a>, all of which are primarily seeking <a href="/facts/Nectar/Y784ExfM">nectar</a>. The narrow tube admits only the insect's <a href="/facts/Proboscis/Ym7nscSW">proboscis</a>, while the short corona serves as a funnel guiding the tip of the proboscis into the mouth of the perianth tube. The stigma is placed either in the mouth of the tube, just above two whorls of three anthers, or hidden well below the anthers. The pollinators then carry pollen on their probosci or faces. The long-tongued bees cannot reach the nectar at the tube base and so collect just pollen.</li>
<li>'Triandrus' form. Pollinated by long-tongued solitary bees (<a href="/facts/Anthophora/ecmzMu4c">Anthophora</a>, <a href="/facts/Bombus/ItHf967s">Bombus</a>), which forage for both pollen and nectar. The large corona allows the bees to crawl into the perianth but then the narrow tube prevents further progress, causing them to probe deeply for nectar. The pendant flowers prevent pollination by Lepidoptera. In N. albimarginatus there may be either a long stigma with short and mid-length anthers or a short stigma and long anthers (<a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">dimorphism</a>). In N. triandrus there are three patterns of sexual organs (trimophism) but all have long upper anthers but vary in stigma position and the length of the lower anthers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a></li></ol>
<a href="/facts/Allogamy/1TXu9yKx">Allogamy</a> (<a href="/facts/Outcrossing/6sAJ4Gh7">outcrossing</a>) on the whole is enforced through a late-acting (<a href="/facts/Ovary_(botany)/Qug4yDY4">ovarian</a>) <a href="/facts/Self-incompatibility/dn0bjr1T">self-incompatibility</a> system, but some species such as <a href="/facts/Narcissus_dubius/g6Val88t">N. dubius</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_longispathus/4coVW3tj">N. longispathus</a> are self-compatible producing mixtures of selfed and <a href="/facts/Outcrossed/6sAJ4Gh7">outcrossed</a> seeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a>

<h3>Pests and diseases</h3>
Diseases of Narcissus are of concern because of the economic consequences of losses in commercial cultivation. Pests include viruses, bacteria, and fungi as well as arthropods and gastropods. For control of pests, see Commercial uses.

<a href="/facts/Viruses/mf88Bcbl">Viruses</a>

<a href="/facts/Aphid/kbvClSLl">Aphids</a> such as <a href="/facts/Macrosiphum_euphorbiae/VGW653VN">Macrosiphum euphorbiae</a> can transmit <a href="/facts/Virus/mf88Bcbl">viral</a> diseases which affect the colour and shape of the leaves, as can <a href="/facts/Nematodes/yLMJ43Eu">nematodes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> Up to twenty-five viruses have been described as being able to infect narcissi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a> These include the <a href="/facts/Narcissus_common_latent_virus/TJsue35R">Narcissus common latent virus</a> (NCLV, Narcissus mottling-associated virus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_latent_virus/2Sqk1zl3">Narcissus latent virus</a> (NLV, Narcissus mild mottle virus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a>) which causes green mottling near leaf tips,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_degeneration_virus/uu70r2p3">Narcissus degeneration virus</a> (NDV),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_late_season_yellows_virus/1pyPyEaB">Narcissus late season yellows virus</a> (NLSYV) which occurs after flowering, streaking the leaves and stems,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_mosaic_virus/8C4Skv4h">Narcissus mosaic virus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_yellow_stripe_virus/YjhCsABD">Narcissus yellow stripe virus</a> (NYSV, Narcissus yellow streak virus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a>), <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tip_necrosis_virus/gvozRcc9">Narcissus tip necrosis virus</a> (NTNV) which produces necrosis of leaf tips after flowering<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_white_streak_virus/7py1u6tn">Narcissus white streak virus</a> (NWSV).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>
Less host specific viruses include <a href="/facts/Raspberry_ringspot_virus/m37Vj6rj">Raspberry ringspot virus</a>, <a href="/facts/Nerine_latent_virus/mxY2aVcm">Nerine latent virus</a> (NeLV) =<a href="/facts/Narcissus_symptomless_virus/mxY2aVcm">Narcissus symptomless virus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> <a href="/facts/Arabis_mosaic_virus/UgaRxYg5">Arabis mosaic virus</a> (ArMV),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> <a href="/facts/Fabavirus/DQf24xHo">Broad Bean Wilt Viruses</a> (BBWV)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> <a href="/facts/Cucumber_mosaic_virus/LdqFwyoW">Cucumber mosaic virus</a> (CMV), <a href="/facts/Tomato_black_ring_virus/runAJvk0">Tomato black ring virus</a> (TBRV), <a href="/facts/Tomato_ringspot_virus/8J6y7mDI">Tomato ringspot virus</a> (TomRSV) and <a href="/facts/Tobacco_rattle_virus/0gmLfdsa">Tobacco rattle virus</a> (TRV).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a>
Of these viruses the most serious and prevalent are NDV, NYSV and NWSV.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a> NDV is associated with <a href="/facts/Chlorotic/bgKaKIVb">chlorotic</a> leaf striping in <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a> Infection with NYSV produces light or grayish-green, or yellow stripes or mottles on the upper two-thirds of the leaf, which may be roughened or twisted. The flowers which may be smaller than usual may also be streaked or blotched. NWSV produces greenish-purple streaking on the leaves and stem turning white to yellow, and premature senescence reducing bulb size and yield.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> These viruses are primarily diseases of commercial nurseries. The growth inhibition caused by viral infection can cause substantial economic damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a>

<a href="/facts/Bacteria/wC8xSCsU">Bacteria</a>

<a href="/facts/Bacterial/wC8xSCsU">Bacterial</a> disease is uncommon in Narcissus but includes <a href="/facts/Pseudomonas/FKEX7p7K">Pseudomonas</a> (bacterial streak) and <a href="/facts/Pectobacterium_carotovorum/RPPdsf3E">Pectobacterium carotovorum</a> sp. carotovorum (bacterial soft rot).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a>

<a href="/facts/Fungi/BHo5DP59">Fungi</a>

More problematic for non-commercial plants is the <a href="/facts/Fungus/BHo5DP59">fungus</a>, <a href="/facts/Fusarium_oxysporum/meRut0kE">Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi</a>, which causes basal rot (rotting of the bulbs and yellowing of the leaves). This is the most serious disease of Narcissus. Since the fungus can remain in the soil for many years it is necessary to remove infected plants immediately, and to avoid planting further narcissi at that spot for a further five years. Not all species and cultivars are equally susceptible. Relatively resistant forms include <a href="/facts/Narcissus_triandrus/N7PQ4Bst">N. triandrus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_jonquilla/AIW3UmpR">N. jonquilla</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a>
Another fungus which attacks the bulbs, causing narcissus smoulder, is <a href="/facts/Botrytis_narcissicola/71qep7Jg">Botrytis narcissicola</a> (Sclerotinia narcissicola) and other species of <a href="/facts/Botryotinia/JoA2FT7l">Botrytis</a>, including <a href="/facts/Botrytis_cinerea/m3pJzsdP">Botrytis cinerea</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> particularly if improperly stored. Copper sulfate is used to combat the disease, and infected bulbs are burned. Blue mould rot of bulbs may be caused by infection with species of <a href="/facts/Penicillium/6mFbS6zl">Penicillium</a>, if they have become damaged either through mechanical injury or infestation by mites (see below).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> Species of <a href="/facts/Rhizopus/3XUqw4XJ">Rhizopus</a> (e.g. <a href="/facts/Rhizopus_stolonifer/UsB61wxT">Rhizopus stolonifer</a>, <a href="/facts/Rhizopus_nigricans/UsB61wxT">Rhizopus nigricans</a>) cause bulb soft rot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a> and <a href="/facts/Sclerotinia_bulborum/Meye32PE">Sclerotinia bulborum</a>, black slime disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> A combination of both <a href="/facts/Peyronellaea_curtisii/whBaCrWf">Peyronellaea curtisii</a> (Stagonosporopsis curtisii) and Botrytis narcissicola causes neck rot in the bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a>
Fungi affecting the roots include <a href="/facts/Nectria_radicicola/4LGPe6jw">Nectria radicicola</a> (Cylindrocarpon destructans), a cause of root rot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a> and <a href="/facts/Rosellinia_necatrix/QG9J45Wt">Rosellinia necatrix</a> causing white root rot,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a> while others affect root and bulb, such as <a href="/facts/Aspergillus_niger/roMkRoaD">Aspergillus niger</a> (black mold), and species of <a href="/facts/Trichoderma/B2SsL1pb">Trichoderma</a>, including <a href="/facts/Trichoderma_viride/fDatuyQ7">T. viride</a> and <a href="/facts/Trichoderma_harzianum/J61Esrqt">T. harzianum</a> (=T. narcissi) responsible for green mold.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a>
Other fungi affect the remainder of the plant. Another Botrytis fungus, <a href="/facts/Botrytis_polyblastis/hb6DEfKC">Botrytis polyblastis</a> (Sclerotinia polyblastis) causes brown spots on the flower buds and stems (narcissus fire), especially in damp weather and is a threat to the cut flower industry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> <a href="/facts/Ramularia_vallisumbrosae/CcsPJr2l">Ramularia vallisumbrosae</a> is a leaf spot fungus found in warmer climates, causing narcissus white mould disease.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a> Peyronellaea curtisii, the Narcissus leaf scorch, also affects the leaves<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> as does its <a href="/facts/Synanamorph/K8mlNNL0">synanamorph</a>, <a href="/facts/Phoma_narcissi/RX5vEssU">Phoma narcissi</a> (leaf tip blight).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> <a href="/facts/Aecidium_narcissi/x4cEWXuA">Aecidium narcissi</a> causes <a href="/facts/Rust_(fungus)/NbnnK0ay">rust</a> lesions on leaves and stems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a>

<a href="/facts/Animals/4b8J33nd">Animals</a>

<a href="/facts/Arthropods/JKJLTFzp">Arthropods</a> that are Narcissus pests include <a href="/facts/Insects/IgDNvnUL">insects</a> such as three species of <a href="/facts/Fly/ugzGBFKG">fly</a> that have larvae that attack the plants, the narcissus bulb fly <a href="/facts/Merodon_equestris/yof5kmq7">Merodon equestris</a>, and two species of <a href="/facts/Hoverflies/8ShGezPP">hoverflies</a>, the lesser bulb flies <a href="/facts/Eumerus_tuberculatus/pL2PKKA1">Eumerus tuberculatus</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> and <a href="/facts/Eumerus_strigatus/LF0UzPEX">Eumerus strigatus</a>. The flies lay their eggs at the end of June in the ground around the narcissi, a single female fly being able to lay up to fifty eggs. The hatching <a href="/facts/Larva/GKo2FIew">larvae</a> then burrow through the soil towards the bulbs and consume their interiors. They then overwinter in the empty bulb shell, emerging in April to <a href="/facts/Pupa/0u7NE8Cq">pupate</a> in the soil, from which the adult fly emerges in May.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a> The larvae of some <a href="/facts/Moths/bPrkvkGh">moths</a> such as <a href="/facts/Korscheltellus_lupulina/rTcv5GYX">Korscheltellus lupulina</a> (the common swift moth) attack Narcissus bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a>
Other arthropods include <a href="/facts/Mite/M52qFjlE">Mites</a> such as <a href="/facts/Steneotarsonemus_laticeps/sC3cowfd">Steneotarsonemus laticeps</a> (Bulb scale mite),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> <a href="/facts/Rhizoglyphus/HNf8RDSH">Rhizoglyphus</a> and <a href="/facts/Histiostoma/6G9pLY0N">Histiostoma</a> infest mainly stored bulbs and multiply particularly at high ambient temperature, but do not attack planted bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a>
Planted bulbs are susceptible to <a href="/facts/Nematode/yLMJ43Eu">nematodes</a>, the most serious of which is <a href="/facts/Ditylenchus_dipsaci/Cpp3g3AG">Ditylenchus dipsaci</a> (Narcissus eelworm), the main cause of basal plate disease<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> in which the leaves turn yellow and become misshapen. Infested bulbs have to be destroyed; where infestation is heavy avoiding planting further narcissi for another five years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> Other nematodes include <a href="/facts/Aphelenchoides_subtenuis/wpTbCEo8">Aphelenchoides subtenuis</a>, which penetrates the roots causing basal plate disease<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> and <a href="/facts/Pratylenchus_penetrans/v4gHNPtp">Pratylenchus penetrans</a> (lesion nematode) the main cause of root rot in narcissi.
<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a> Other nematodes such as the <a href="/facts/Longodorids/dAdqPmTy">longodorids</a> (<a href="/facts/Longidorus/He2KgyfU">Longidorus</a> spp. or needle nematodes and <a href="/facts/Xiphinema/qeSWXsNk">Xiphinema</a> spp. or dagger nematodes) and the stubby-root nematodes or <a href="/facts/Trichodorids/qEtv6yNz">trichodorids</a> (<a href="/facts/Paratrichodorus/xwszfjcC">Paratrichodorus</a> spp. and <a href="/facts/Trichodorus/wTrkTHrh">Trichodorus</a> spp.) can also act as vectors of virus diseases, such as TBRV and TomRSV, in addition to causing stunting of the roots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a>
<a href="/facts/Gastropods/rYPqm3PT">Gastropods</a> such as <a href="/facts/Snail/y94YHrPw">snails</a> and <a href="/facts/Slug/WYCTF9py">slugs</a> also cause damage to growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a>

<h2 id="conservation">Conservation</h2>
Many of the smallest species have become extinct, requiring vigilance in the conservation of the wild species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a> Narcissi are increasingly under threat by over-collection and threats to their natural habitats by urban development and tourism. <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cyclamineus/YphLwNtJ">N. cyclamineus</a> has been considered to be either extinct or exceedingly rare<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a> but is not currently considered endangered, and is protected.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a> The <a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN</a> <a href="/facts/Red_List/8gemqCLu">Red List</a> describes five species as '<a href="/facts/Endangered/L7cIweSW">Endangered</a>' (<a href="/facts/Narcissus_alcaracensis/oxrhkGQg">Narcissus alcaracensis</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_bujei/CsI6UNem">Narcissus bujei</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_longispathus/4coVW3tj">Narcissus longispathus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_nevadensis/Bvo2p1NQ">Narcissus nevadensis</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_radinganorum/5J3Cxs7B">Narcissus radinganorum</a>). In 1999 three species were considered endangered, five as vulnerable and six as rare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a>
In response, a number of species have been granted protected species status and protected areas (meadows) have been established such as the <a href="/facts/Negra%25C5%259Fi_Daffodil_Meadow/PUKXw1P0">Negraşi Daffodil Meadow</a> in <a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a>, or <a href="/facts/Kempley_Daffodil_Meadow/tK1K59WD">Kempley Daffodil Meadow</a> in the <a href="/facts/UK/kuPAILt2">UK</a>. These areas often host daffodil festivals in the spring.

<h2 id="cultivation">Cultivation</h2>
<h3>History</h3>
<blockquote>Magna cura non indigent NarcissiMost easy of cultivation is the Narcissus— <a href="/facts/Peter_Lauremberg/wbm2Ylq6">Peter Lauremberg</a>, Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis 1632<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a></blockquote>
Of all the flowering plants, the bulbous have been the most popular for cultivation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> Of these, narcissi are one of the most important spring flowering bulb plants in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a> <a href="/facts/Indigenous_(ecology)/03kpM3rf">Indigenous</a> in Europe, the wild populations of the parent species had been known since <a href="/facts/Classical_antiquity/JBq8vEX9">antiquity</a>. Narcissi have been cultivated from at least as early as the sixteenth century in the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, when large numbers of bulbs where imported from the field, particularly <a href="/facts/Narcissus_hispanicus/5J3Cxs7B">Narcissus hispanicus</a>, which soon became nearly extinct in its native habitat of France and Spain, though still found in the southern part of that country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a> The only large-scale production at that time related to the double narcissus "Van Sion" and cultivars of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> imported in 1557.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a>
Cultivation is also documented in Britain at this time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> although contemporary accounts show it was well known as a favourite garden and wild flower long before that and was used in making <a href="/facts/Garland/5wQye5El">garlands</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a> This was a period when the development of exotic formal gardens and parks was becoming popular, particularly in what is known as the "Oriental period" (1560–1620). In his Hortus Medicus (1588), the first catalogue of a German garden's plants,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a> <a href="/facts/Joachim_Camerarius_the_Younger/DbQE21z9">Joachim Camerarius the Younger</a> states that nine different types of daffodils were represented in his garden in <a href="/facts/Nuremberg/Bht6TsP4">Nuremberg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a> After his death in 1598, his plants were moved by <a href="/facts/Basilius_Besler/5yjr385T">Basilius Besler</a> to the gardens they had designed at <a href="/facts/Willibaldsburg/zdrmz11p">Willibaldsburg</a>, the bishop's palace at <a href="/facts/Eichst%25C3%25A4tt/lxh06pKr">Eichstätt</a>, Upper Bavaria. That garden is described in Besler's <a href="/facts/Hortus_Eystettensis/CdsUJF0F">Hortus Eystettensis</a> (1613) by which time there were 43 different types present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a> Another German source at this time was <a href="/facts/Peter_Lauremberg/wbm2Ylq6">Peter Lauremberg</a> who gives an account of the species known to him and their cultivation in his Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis (1632).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a>
While <a href="/facts/Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespeare</a>'s daffodil is the wild or true English daffodil (<a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. pseudonarcissus</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a> many other species were introduced, some of which escaped and naturalised, particularly <a href="/facts/Narcissus_biflorus/R30bow9s">N. biflorus</a> (a hybrid) in <a href="/facts/Devon/go3z9lDW">Devon</a> and the west of England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> <a href="/facts/John_Gerard/JJ0fyh3Y">Gerard</a>, in his extensive discussion of daffodils, both wild and cultivated ("bastard daffodils") described twenty four species in London gardens (1597),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a> ("we have them all and every one of them in our London gardens, in great abundance", p. 114).
In the early seventeenth century, <a href="/facts/John_Parkinson_(botanist)/75d3dXB3">Parkinson</a> helped to ensure the popularity of the daffodil as a cultivated plant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a> by describing a hundred different varieties in his Paradisus Terrestris (1629),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> and introducing the great double yellow Spanish daffodil (Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus flore pleno or Parkinson's Daffodil, see illustration) to England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a>

<blockquote>I thinke none ever had this kind before myselfe nor did I myself ever see it before the year 1618 for it is of mine own raising and flowering first in my own garden— <a href="/facts/John_Parkinson_(botanist)/75d3dXB3">John Parkinson</a>, Paradisus Terrestris 1632<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a></blockquote>
Although not achieving the sensationalism of <a href="/facts/Tulips/oq5B0jMb">tulips</a>, daffodils and narcissi have been much celebrated in art and literature (see § Art, below). The largest demand for narcissi bulbs were large trumpet daffodils, N. poeticus and N. bulbocodium, and <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a> became important in the shipping of bulbs to western Europe. By the early <a href="/facts/Baroque/9hAsnf9X">baroque</a> period both tulips and narcissi were an important component of the spring garden. By 1739 a Dutch nursery catalogue listed 50 different varieties. In 1757 <a href="/facts/John_Hill_(botanist)/2mQbgs2b">Hill</a> gave an account of the history and cultivation of the daffodil in his edited version of the works of <a href="/facts/Thomas_Hale_(agriculturist)/Jt8uupv9">Thomas Hale</a>, writing "The garden does not afford, in its Kind, a prettier plant than this; nor do we know one that has been so early, or so honorably mention'd by all Kinds of Writers" (see illustration).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a> Interest grew further when varieties that could be grown indoors became available, primarily the bunch flowered (multiple flower heads) N. tazetta (Polyanthus Narcissus).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> However interest varied by country. Maddock (1792) does not include narcissi in his list of the eight most important cultivated flowering plants in England,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> whereas in the Netherlands van Kampen (1760) stated that N. tazetta (Narcisse à bouquet) is the fifth most important – "Le Narcisse à bouquet est la premiere fleur, après les Jacinthes, les Tulipes les Renoncules, et les Anemones, (dont nous avons déja parlé,) qui merite nôtre attention".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a> Similarly <a href="/facts/Philip_Miller/09PlMzwa">Philip Miller</a>, in his <a href="/facts/Gardeners_Dictionary/z2UxrABT">Gardeners Dictionary</a> (1731–1768) refers to cultivation in Holland, Flanders and France, but not England,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a> because it was too difficult, a similar observation was made by <a href="/facts/Sir_James_Justice/r78Vdybv">Sir James Justice</a> at this time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a> However, for most species of Narcissus Lauremberg's <a href="/facts/Dictum/fpkfYYkd">dictum</a> Magna cura non indigent Narcissi was much cited.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a>
Narcissi became an important <a href="/facts/Horticultural/m8qBLuT3">horticultural</a> crop in Western Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth century, beginning in England between 1835 and 1855 and the end of the century in the Netherlands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a> By the beginning of the twentieth century 50 million bulbs of N. Tazetta "Paperwhite" were being exported annually from the Netherlands to the United States. With the production of <a href="/facts/Polyploid/L7xyKHdK">triploids</a> such as "Golden Spur", in the late nineteenth century, and in the beginning of the twentieth century, tetraploids like "King Alfred" (1899), the industry was well established, with trumpet daffodils dominating the market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> The <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a> has been an important factor in promoting narcissi, holding the first Daffodil Conference in 1884,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> while the <a href="/facts/Daffodil_Society/qDGBo6FM">Daffodil Society</a>, the first organisation dedicated to the cultivation of narcissi was founded in Birmingham in 1898. Other countries followed and the <a href="/facts/American_Daffodil_Society/H3IPmV0g">American Daffodil Society</a> which was founded in 1954 publishes The Daffodil Journal quarterly, a leading trade publication.

Narcissi are now popular as <a href="/facts/Ornamental_plants/ImyCDwMW">ornamental plants</a> for gardens, parks and as <a href="/facts/Cut_flowers/rxXFIn5u">cut flowers</a>, providing colour from the end of winter to the beginning of summer in <a href="/facts/Temperateness/6WPypCzC">temperate</a> regions. They are one of the most popular spring flowers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> and one of the major ornamental spring flowering bulb crops, being produced both for their bulbs and cut flowers, though cultivation of private and public spaces is greater than the area of commercial production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> Over a century of breeding has resulted in thousands of varieties and <a href="/facts/Cultivars/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> being available from both general and specialist suppliers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> They are normally sold as dry bulbs to be planted in late summer and autumn. They are one of the most economically important ornamental plants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> <a href="/facts/Plant_breeders/GFlyFbSK">Plant breeders</a> have developed some daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> Many of the breeding programs have concentrated on the corona (trumpet or cup), in terms of its length, shape, and colour, and the surrounding perianth<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> or even as in varieties derived from <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a> a very reduced form.

<h3>In gardens</h3>
While some wild narcissi are specific in terms of their ecological requirements, most garden varieties are relatively tolerant of soil conditions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a> however very wet soils and clay soils may benefit from the addition of sand to improve drainage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> The optimum soil is a neutral to slightly acid <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> of 6.5–7.0.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a>
Bulbs offered for sale are referred to as either 'round' or 'double nose'. Round bulbs are circular in cross section and produce a single flower stem, while double nose bulbs have more than one bulb stem attached at the base and produce two or more flower stems, but bulbs with more than two stems are unusual.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> Planted narcissi bulbs produce daughter bulbs in the axil of the bulb scales, leading to the dying off the exterior scales.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a> To prevent planted bulbs forming more and more small bulbs, they can be dug up every 5–7 years, and the daughters separated and replanted separately, provided that a piece of the basal plate, where the rootlets are formed, is preserved. For daffodils to flower at the end of the winter or early spring, bulbs are planted in <a href="/facts/Autumn/Rk9KKsS2">autumn</a> (September–November). This plant does well in ordinary soil but flourishes best in rich soil. Daffodils like the sun but also accept partial shade exposure.
Narcissi are well suited for planting under small thickets of trees, where they can be grouped as 6–12 bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> They also grow well in perennial borders,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> especially in association with <a href="/facts/Day_lilies/aomQw5JD">day lilies</a> which begin to form their leaves as the narcissi flowers are fading.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> A number of wild species and hybrids such as "Dutch Master", "Golden Harvest", "Carlton", "Kings Court" and "Yellow Sun" naturalise well in lawns,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a> but it is important not to mow the lawn till the leaves start to fade, since they are essential for nourishing the bulb for the next flowering season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> Blue <a href="/facts/Scilla/7R0c3Mcb">Scilla</a> and <a href="/facts/Muscari/D00F246Y">Muscari</a> which also naturalise well in lawns and flower at the same time as narcissus, make an attractive contrast to the yellow flowers of the latter. Unlike <a href="/facts/Tulip/oq5B0jMb">tulips</a>, narcissi bulbs are not attractive to rodents and are sometimes planted near tree roots in orchards to protect them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a>

<h3>Propagation</h3>
The commonest form of commercial propagation is by <a href="/facts/Twin-scaling/HVBJlmgc">twin-scaling</a>, in which the bulbs are cut into many small pieces but with the two scales still connected by a small fragment of the basal plate. The fragments are disinfected and placed in nutrient media. Some 25–35 new plants can be produced from a single bulb after four years. <a href="/facts/Micropropagation/mhzlonDU">Micropropagation</a> methods are not used for commercial production but are used for establishing commercial stock.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a>

<h3>Breeding</h3>
For commercial use, varieties with a minimum stem length of 30 centimetres (12 in) are sought, making them ideal for cut flowers. Florists require blooms that only open when they reach the retail outlet. For garden plants the objectives are to continually expand the colour palette and to produce hardy forms, and there is a particular demand for miniature varieties. The cultivars so produced tend to be larger and more robust than the wild types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a> The main species used in breeding are <a href="/facts/Narcissus_bulbocodium/qVd67BJc">N. bulbocodium</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_cyclamineus/YphLwNtJ">N. cyclamineus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_jonquilla/AIW3UmpR">N. jonquilla</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_pseudonarcissus/xACM3U5B">N. pseudonarcissus</a>, <a href="/facts/Narcissus_serotinus/UBXIDc1x">N. serotinus</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a>
Narcissus pseudonarcissus gave rise to trumpet <a href="/facts/Cultivars/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> with coloured tepals and corona, while its subspecies N. pseudonarcissus subsp. bicolor was used for white tepaled varieties. To produce large cupped varieties, N. pseudonarcissus was <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">crossed</a> with N. poeticus, and to produce small cupped varieties back crossed with N. poeticus. Multiheaded varieties, often called "Poetaz" are mainly hybrids of N. poeticus and N. tazetta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a>

<h3>Classification</h3>

Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions/7VBRaajC">List of Narcissus horticultural divisions</a>
For horticultural purposes, all Narcissus cultivars are split into 13 divisions as first described by Kington (1998),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a> for <a href="/facts/The_Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">the Royal Horticultural Society</a> (RHS),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a> based partly upon flower form (shape and length of corona), number of flowers per stem, flowering period and partly upon genetic background. Division 13, which includes wild daffodils, is the exception to this scheme.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> The classification is a useful tool for planning planting. Most commercially available narcissi come from Divisions 1 (Trumpet), 2 (Large cupped) and 8 (Tazetta).
Growers register new daffodil cultivars by name and colour with the Royal Horticultural Society, which is the international registration authority for the genus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> Their International Daffodil Register is regularly updated with supplements available online<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> and is searchable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> The most recent supplement (2014) is the sixth (the fifth was published in 2012).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> More than 27,000 names were registered as of 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> and the number has continued to grow. Registered daffodils are given a division number and colour code<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> such as 5 W-W ("Thalia").<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> In horticultural usage it is common to also find an unofficial Division 14: Miniatures, which although drawn from the other 13 divisions, have their miniature size in common.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> Over 140 varieties have gained the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a> (See <a href="/facts/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_narcissus/lBzXld6E">List of Award of Garden Merit narcissus</a>).

<h4>Colour code</h4>

Daffodil breeding has introduced a wide range of colours, in both the outer perianth tepal segment and the inner corona. In the registry, daffodils are coded by the colours of each of these two parts. Thus "Geranium", Tazetta (Division 8) as illustrated here with a white outer perianth and orange corona is classified as 8 W-O.

<h2 id="toxicity">Toxicity</h2>
<h3>Pharmacology</h3>
All Narcissus species contain the <a href="/facts/Alkaloid/m6hUXohz">alkaloid</a> poison <a href="/facts/Lycorine/U2bDu0k0">lycorine</a>, mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> Members of the monocot subfamily <a href="/facts/Amaryllidoideae/qRGkY8dI">Amaryllidoideae</a> present a unique type of alkaloids, the norbelladine alkaloids, which are <a href="/facts/4-methylcatechol/PhlERDJj">4-methylcatechol</a> derivatives combined with <a href="/facts/Tyrosine/RJhEgE4C">tyrosine</a>. They are responsible for the poisonous properties of a number of the species. Over 200 different chemical structures of these compounds are known, of which 79 or more are known from Narcissus alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a>
The toxic effects of ingesting Narcissus products for both humans and animals (such as cattle, goats, pigs, and cats) have long been recognised and they have been used in suicide attempts. Ingestion of N. pseudonarcissus or N. jonquilla is followed by <a href="/facts/Salivation/RUzb41Ct">salivation</a>, acute abdominal pains, <a href="/facts/Nausea/dyhkcbeD">nausea</a>, <a href="/facts/Vomiting/R2vQkHqV">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/facts/Diarrhea/6TBHaRdA">diarrhea</a>, then neurological and cardiac events, including <a href="/facts/Trembling/rD6ogM7X">trembling</a>, <a href="/facts/Convulsions/4xL3VfkE">convulsions</a>, and <a href="/facts/Paralysis/Sh1Rqr8R">paralysis</a>. Death may result if large quantities are consumed.
The toxicity of Narcissus varies with species, N. poeticus being more toxic than N. pseudonarcissus, for instance. The distribution of toxins within the plant also varies, for instance, there is a five times higher concentration of alkaloid in the stem of <a href="/facts/Narcissus_papyraceus/4DSW8xxh">N. papyraceus</a> than in the bulb, making it dangerous to herbivores more likely to consume the stem than the bulb, and is part of the plant's defence mechanisms. The distribution of alkaloids within tissues may also reflect defence against parasites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a> The bulbs can also be toxic to other nearby plants, including roses, rice, and cabbages, inhibiting growth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> For instance placing cut flowers in a vase alongside other flowers shortens the life of the latter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a>

<h3>Poisoning</h3>
Many cases of poisoning or death have occurred when narcissi bulbs have been mistaken for <a href="/facts/Leek/5f7HXCfS">leeks</a> or <a href="/facts/Onion/2ajXf00d">onions</a> and cooked and eaten. Recovery is usually complete in a few hours without any specific intervention. In more severe cases involving ingestion of large quantities of bulbs, <a href="/facts/Activated_carbon/YAbaXCcb">activated carbon</a>, salts and <a href="/facts/Laxatives/Sd8bddoF">laxatives</a> may be required, and for severe symptoms intravenous <a href="/facts/Atropine/cJQ0gL4o">atropine</a> and <a href="/facts/Emetics/R2vQkHqV">emetics</a> or <a href="/facts/Stomach_pumping/8D63n9Uy">stomach pumping</a> may be indicated. However, ingestion of large quantities accidentally is unusual because of a strong unpleasant taste. When narcissi were compared with a number of other plants not normally consumed by animals, narcissi were the most repellent, specifically N. pseudonarcissus. Consequently, narcissus alkaloids have been used as repellents and may also discourage fungi, molds, and bacteria.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a>
On 1 May 2009, a number of schoolchildren fell ill at Gorseland Primary School in <a href="/facts/Martlesham_Heath/qFuNMQ6m">Martlesham Heath</a>, Suffolk, England, after a daffodil bulb was added to soup during a cookery class.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a>

<h3>Topical effects</h3>
One of the most common <a href="/facts/Dermatitis/JwlyQBa2">dermatitis</a> problems for flower pickers, packers, florists, and gardeners, "daffodil itch", involves dryness, fissures, scaling, and <a href="/facts/Erythema/VUsgXRlB">erythema</a> in the hands, often accompanied by <a href="/facts/Ungual/Gjul1q5v">subungual</a> <a href="/facts/Hyperkeratosis/8x6CXBfM">hyperkeratosis</a> (thickening of the skin beneath the nails). It is blamed on exposure to <a href="/facts/Calcium_oxalate/1NC8NQ01">calcium oxalate</a>, <a href="/facts/Chelidonic_acid/CwXXyjd3">chelidonic acid</a> or alkaloids such as <a href="/facts/Lycorine/U2bDu0k0">lycorine</a> in the sap, either due to a direct irritant effect or an allergic reaction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a> It has long been recognised that some cultivars provoke dermatitis more readily than others. N. pseudonarcissus and the <a href="/facts/Cultivar/nfaLJJM3">cultivars</a> "Actaea", "Camparelle", "Gloriosa", "Grande Monarque", "Ornatus", "Princeps" and "Scilly White" are known to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a>
If bulb extracts come into contact with wounds, both central nervous system and cardiac symptoms may result. The scent can also cause toxic reactions such as headaches and vomiting from N. bulbocodium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a>

<h2 id="uses">Uses</h2>
<h3>Traditional medicine</h3>
Despite the lethal potential of Narcissus alkaloids, they have been used for centuries as <a href="/facts/Traditional_medicine/WLUmXCHz">traditional medicines</a> for a variety of complaints, including cancer. Plants thought to be <a href="/facts/Narcissus_poeticus/6wFL3Xvj">N. poeticus</a> and <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> are described in the Bible in the treatment for what is thought to be cancer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> In the <a href="/facts/Classical_Greece/WoUfexFx">Classical Greek</a> world <a href="/facts/Hippocrates/lXUElFQD">Hippocrates</a> (ca. B.C. 460–370) recommended a pessary prepared from narcissus oil for <a href="/facts/Uterine_tumors/HH8Y5RUq">uterine tumors</a>, a practice continued by <a href="/facts/Pedanius_Dioscorides/FzDmURv3">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (ca. A.D. 40–90) and <a href="/facts/Soranus_of_Ephesus/9qA6jvEy">Soranus of Ephesus</a> (A.D. 98–138) in the first and second centuries A.D., while the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> <a href="/facts/Pliny_the_Elder/grx67ghR">Pliny the Elder</a> (A.D. 23–79), advocated <a href="/facts/Topical/alFfLndS">topical</a> use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a> The bulbs of N. poeticus contain the <a href="/facts/Antineoplastic/fWTLbaUT">antineoplastic</a> agent narciclasine. This usage is also found in later <a href="/facts/Arabs/E77duPsg">Arabian</a>, North African, Central American and <a href="/facts/Chinese_people/Ft6TzPzd">Chinese</a> medicine during the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">Middle Ages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> In China <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> var. chinensis was grown as an ornamental plant but the bulbs were applied topically to tumors in traditional folk medicine. These bulbs contain pretazettine, an active antitumor compound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a>
Narcissus products have received a variety of other uses. The Roman physician <a href="/facts/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus/USXyDvQC">Aulus Cornelius Celsus</a> listed narcissus root in <a href="/facts/De_Medicina/Toq1RU3r">De Medicina</a> among <a href="/facts/Herbalism/aFHY8zCD">medical herbs</a>, described as <a href="/facts/Moisturizer/wKvt6bT2">emollient</a>, erodent, and "powerful to disperse whatever has collected in any part of the body". N. tazetta bulbs were used in Turkey as a remedy for abscesses in the belief they were <a href="/facts/Antiphlogistic/W27poSUd">antiphlogistic</a> and <a href="/facts/Analgesic/xLj4XBcq">analgesic</a>. Other uses include the application to wounds, strains, painful joints, and various local ailments as an <a href="/facts/Ointment/alFfLndS">ointment</a> called 'Narcissimum'. Powdered flowers have also been used medically, as an <a href="/facts/Emetic/R2vQkHqV">emetic</a>, a <a href="/facts/Decongestant/Vthbc5a0">decongestant</a> and for the relief of <a href="/facts/Dysentery/l0yfLtg3">dysentery</a>, in the form of a syrup or <a href="/facts/Infusion/f5ECb9ry">infusion</a>. The French used the flowers as an <a href="/facts/Antispasmodic/coRd9LNq">antispasmodic</a>, the Arabs the oil for <a href="/facts/Baldness/uEPKUafl">baldness</a> and also an <a href="/facts/Aphrodisiac/kczbIlgn">aphrodisiac</a>. In the eighteenth century the Irish <a href="/facts/Herbal/1wRwSWnc">herbal</a> of <a href="/facts/John_K%2527Eogh/BY9UEdWH">John K'Eogh</a> recommended pounding the roots in honey for use on burns, bruises, <a href="/facts/Joint_dislocation/vad93F0d">dislocations</a> and <a href="/facts/Freckles/rPaqHFA8">freckles</a>, and for drawing out thorns and splinters. N. tazetta bulbs have also been used for <a href="/facts/Contraception/qCzhxgH8">contraception</a>, while the flowers have been recommended for <a href="/facts/Hysteria/f3qQc90I">hysteria</a> and <a href="/facts/Epilepsy/wawyp56a">epilepsy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> In the traditional Japanese medicine of <a href="/facts/Kampo/lQqKAFFu">kampo</a>, wounds were treated with narcissus root and <a href="/facts/Wheatpaste/DBrIC5GF">wheat flour paste</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a> the plant, however, does not appear in the modern <a href="/facts/Kampo_herb_list/49fYAvKv">kampo herb list</a>.
There is also a long history of the use of Narcissus as a <a href="/facts/Stimulant/nmBdAXM5">stimulant</a> and to induce <a href="/facts/Trance/bggQcUcm">trance</a> like states and <a href="/facts/Hallucinations/5eUvLcnp">hallucinations</a>. <a href="/facts/Sophocles/5C4zjFU8">Sophocles</a> referred to the narcissus as the "Chaplet of the infernal Gods",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a> a statement frequently wrongly attributed to <a href="/facts/Socrates/djIKjImv">Socrates</a> (see Antiquity).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a>

<h3>Biological properties</h3>
Extracts of Narcissus have demonstrated a number of potentially useful biological properties including <a href="/facts/Antiviral_drug/Xgbd2eI2">antiviral</a>, <a href="/facts/Prophage_induction/Ma9XpaLL">prophage induction</a>, <a href="/facts/Antibacterial/sF1kIfxg">antibacterial</a>, <a href="/facts/Fungicide/c1twQBYo">antifungal</a>, <a href="/facts/Antimalarial/8l4vNNNH">antimalarial</a>, <a href="/facts/Insecticidal/LUacgaC3">insecticidal</a>, <a href="/facts/Cytotoxic/SQuTTLoL">cytotoxic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antitumor/dezlwmAe">antitumor</a>, <a href="/facts/Antimitotic/hbgHWf3g">antimitotic</a>, <a href="/facts/Antiplatelet/Am8LmCns">antiplatelet</a>, <a href="/facts/Hypotensive/BhrdVVRS">hypotensive</a>, <a href="/facts/Emetic/R2vQkHqV">emetic</a>, <a href="/facts/Acetylcholine_esterase_inhibitory/VbN36u7y">acetylcholine esterase inhibitory</a>, <a href="/facts/Antifertility/Wudd4dH7">antifertility</a>, <a href="/facts/Antinociceptive/v0DsC73C">antinociceptive</a>, <a href="/facts/Chronotropic/hRj7pBIC">chronotropic</a>, <a href="/facts/Pheromone/ymEDICw3">pheromone</a>, <a href="/facts/Plant_growth_inhibitor/h3noouev">plant growth inhibitor</a>, and <a href="/facts/Allelopathic/ooH9SfnX">allelopathic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> An <a href="/facts/Ethanol/3lCLfBSP">ethanol</a> extract of Narcissus bulbs was found effective in one mouse model of <a href="/facts/Nociception/v0DsC73C">nociception</a>, para-<a href="/facts/Benzoquinone/gK1tKCdz">benzoquinone</a> induced abdominal constriction, but not in another, the hot plate test.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a> Most of these properties are due to alkaloids, but some are also due to <a href="/facts/Mannose-binding_lectins/9eBWpShX">mannose-binding lectins</a>. The most-studied alkaloids in this group are <a href="/facts/Galantamine/SQURXsm4">galantamine</a> (galanthamine),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a> <a href="/facts/Lycorine/U2bDu0k0">lycorine</a>, narciclasine, and pretazettine.
It is likely that the traditional use of narcissi for the treatment of cancer was due to the presence of isocarbostyril constituents such as <a href="/facts/Narciclasine/d13MzPC4">narciclasine</a>, <a href="/facts/Pancratistatin/l4anojfB">pancratistatin</a> and their congeners. N. poeticus contains about 0.12g of narciclasine per kg of fresh bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a>
Acetylcholine esterase inhibition has attracted the most interest as a possible therapeutic intervention, with activity varying by a thousandfold between species, and the greatest activity seen in those that contain galantamine or epinorgalanthamine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a>
The <a href="/facts/Rodent/mT4m8QJq">rodent</a> repellant properties of Narcissus alkaloids have been utilised in horticulture to protect more vulnerable bulbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a>

<h3>Therapeutics</h3>

Of all the alkaloids, only galantamine has made it to therapeutic use in humans, as the drug <a href="/facts/Galantamine/SQURXsm4">galantamine</a> for <a href="/facts/Alzheimer%2527s/w7Ad6tdg">Alzheimer's</a> disease. Galantamine is an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor which crosses the <a href="/facts/Blood_brain_barrier/xYzvVwdu">blood brain barrier</a> and is active within the <a href="/facts/Central_nervous_system/k8I6To97">central nervous system</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> Daffodils are grown commercially near <a href="/facts/Brecon/4cfBU6zg">Brecon</a> in Powys, Wales, to produce galantamine.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a>

<h3>Commercial uses</h3>
Throughout history the scent of narcissi has been an important ingredient of <a href="/facts/Perfumes/prN8beWz">perfumes</a>, a quality that comes from <a href="/facts/Essential_oils/cq8V5ocP">essential oils</a> rather than alkaloids.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a> Narcissi are also an important <a href="/facts/Horticultural/m8qBLuT3">horticultural</a> crop,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a> and source of <a href="/facts/Cut_flowers/rxXFIn5u">cut flowers</a> (<a href="/facts/Floriculture/fSaNTb72">floriculture</a>).

The <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, which is the most important source of flower bulbs worldwide is also a major centre of narcissus production. Of 16,700 hectares (ha) under cultivation for flower bulbs, narcissi account for about 1,800 hectares. In the 1990s narcissus bulb production was at 260 million, sixth in size after <a href="/facts/Tulips/oq5B0jMb">tulips</a>, <a href="/facts/Gladioli/J6GtUEet">gladioli</a>, <a href="/facts/Iris_(plant)/gFaCSoqF">irises</a>, <a href="/facts/Crocuses/C04GJYj7">crocuses</a> and <a href="/facts/Lilies/VKabVVRj">lilies</a> and in 2012 it was ranked third.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> About two-thirds of the area under cultivation is dedicated to about 20 of the most popular varieties. In the 2009/2010 season, 470 cultivars were produced on 1578 ha. By far the largest area cultivated is for the miniature <a href="/facts/Narcissus_%2527T%25C3%25AAte-%25C3%25A0-t%25C3%25AAte%2527/sHLSlq0A">'Tête-à-Tête'</a>, followed at some distance by 'Carlton'. The largest production cultivars are shown in Table II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a>

 Table II: Area under cultivation in the Netherlands, by cultivar<table><tbody><tr><th>Cultivar</th><th>Division</th><th>Colour</th><th>Area (ha)</th></tr><tr><td>"Tête-à-Tête"</td><td>6: Cyclamineus</td><td>Yellow</td><td>663</td></tr><tr><td>"Carlton"</td><td>2: Large cup</td><td>Yellow</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>"Bridal Crown"</td><td>4: Double</td><td>White–Yellow</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>"Dutch Master"</td><td>1: Trumpet</td><td>Yellow</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>"Jetfire"</td><td>6: Cyclamineus</td><td>Yellow–Orange</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>"Ice Follies"</td><td>2: Large cup</td><td>White</td><td>36</td></tr></tbody></table>
"Carlton" and "Ice Follies" (Division 2: Large cup) have a long history of cultivation, together with "Dutch Master" and "Golden Harvest" (1: yellow). "Carlton" and "Golden Harvest" were introduced in 1927, and "Ice Follies" in 1953. "Carlton", with over 9 billion bulbs (350 000 tons), is among the more numerous individual plants produced in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a> The other major areas of production are the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a> <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israel</a> which exported 25 million <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> cultivar bulbs in 2003,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a> and the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>.
In the United Kingdom a total of 4100 ha were planted with bulbs, of which 3800 ha were Narcissi, the UK's most important bulb crop, much of which is for export,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a> making this the largest global production centre, about half of the total production area. While some of the production is for forcing, most is for dry bulb production. Bulb production and forcing occurs in the East, while production in the south west is mainly for outdoor flower production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a> The <a href="/facts/Farm_gate_value/KQPSuYDh">farm gate value</a> was estimated at £10m in 2007.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a>

Production of both bulbs and cut flowers takes place in open fields in beds or ridges, often in the same field, allowing adaptation to changing market conditions. Narcissi grow best in mild maritime climates. Compared to the United Kingdom, the harsher winters in the Netherlands require covering the fields with straw for protection. Areas with higher rainfall and temperatures are more susceptible to diseases that attack crops. Production is based on a 1 (UK) or 2 (Netherlands) year cycle. Optimal soil <a href="/facts/PH/RnSv8D7y">pH</a> is 6.0–7.5. Prior to planting disinfection by hot water takes place, such as immersion at 44.4 °C for three hours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a>
Bulbs are harvested for market in the summer, sorted, stored for 2–3 weeks, and then further disinfected by a hot (43.5 °C) bath. This eliminates infestations by narcissus fly and nematodes. The bulbs are then dried at a high temperature, and then stored at 15.5 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a> The initiation of new flower development in the bulb takes place in late spring before the bulbs are lifted, and is completed by mid summer while the bulbs are in storage. The optimal temperature for initiation is 20 °C followed by cooling to 13 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a>
Traditionally, sales took place in the daffodil fields prior to harvesting the bulbs, but today sales are handled by Marketing Boards although still before harvesting. In the Netherlands there are special exhibition gardens for major buyers to view flowers and order bulbs, some larger ones may have more than a thousand narcissus varieties on display. While individuals can visit these gardens they cannot buy bulbs at <a href="/facts/Retail/unzV9sPF">retail</a>, which are only available at <a href="/facts/Wholesale/WcqQwls0">wholesale</a>, usually at a minimum of several <a href="/facts/Hundredweight/nw0nvbAV">hundredweight</a>. The most famous display is at <a href="/facts/Keukenhof/voNDsfVG">Keukenhof</a>, although only about 100 narcissus varieties are on display there.

<h4>Forcing</h4>
There is also a market for forced blooms, both as cut flowers and potted flowers through the winter from Christmas to Easter, the long season requiring special preparation by growers.

<h5>Cut flowers</h5>
For <a href="/facts/Cut_flowers/rxXFIn5u">cut flowers</a>, bulbs larger than 12 cm in size are preferred. To bloom in December, bulbs are harvested in June to July, dried, stored for four days at 34 °C, two weeks at 30 and two weeks at 17–20 °C and then placed in cold storage for precooling at 9 degrees for about 15–16 weeks. The bulbs are then planted in light compost in crates in a <a href="/facts/Greenhouse/VBHMUgfM">greenhouse</a> for forcing at 13 °C–15 °C and the blooms appear in 19–30 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a>

<h5>Potted flowers</h5>
For potted flowers a lower temperature is used for precooling (5 °C for 15 weeks), followed by 16 °C–18 °C in a greenhouse. For later blooming (mid- and late-forcing), bulbs are harvested in July to August and the higher temperatures are omitted, being stored a 17–20 °C after harvesting and placed in cold storage at 9 °C in September for 17–18 (cut flowers) or 14–16 (potted flowers) weeks. The bulbs can then be planted in cold frames, and then forced in a greenhouse according to requirements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">N. tazetta</a> and its cultivars are an exception to this rule, requiring no cold period. Often harvested in October, bulbs are lifted in May and dried and heated to 30 °C for three weeks, then stored at 25 °C for 12 weeks and planted. Flowering can be delayed by storing at 5 °C–10 °C.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a>

<h2 id="culture">Culture</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Narcissus_in_culture/tMLqsgn4">Narcissus in culture</a>
<h3>Symbols</h3>

The daffodil is the <a href="/facts/National_symbols_of_Wales/6Lmt8r7x">national flower</a> of <a href="/facts/Wales/xa3W6PHH">Wales</a>, associated with <a href="/facts/Saint_David%2527s_Day/Ny6DhYMd">Saint David's Day</a> (March 1). The narcissus is also a national flower symbolising the new year or <a href="/facts/Nowruz/5Gounfnm">Nowruz</a> in the <a href="/facts/Kurdish_culture/UdhG7FWM">Kurdish culture</a>.
In the West the narcissus is perceived as a symbol of vanity, in the East as a symbol of wealth and good fortune (see § Eastern cultures, below), while in <a href="/facts/Persian_literature/5lKzoLfm">Persian literature</a>, the narcissus is a symbol of beautiful eyes.
In western countries the daffodil is also associated with spring festivals such as <a href="/facts/Lent/DCjMp9Ly">Lent</a> and its successor <a href="/facts/Easter/LYPGCQge">Easter</a>. In Germany the wild narcissus, N. pseudonarcissus, is known as the Osterglocke or "Easter bell." In the United Kingdom the daffodil is sometimes referred to as the Lenten lily.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a>
Although prized as an ornamental flower, some people consider narcissi unlucky, because they hang their heads implying misfortune.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> White narcissi, such as N triandrus "Thalia", are especially associated with death, and have been called grave flowers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> In Ancient Greece narcissi were planted near tombs, and <a href="/facts/Robert_Herrick_(poet)/4zzS2Erb">Robert Herrick</a> describes them as portents of death, an association which also appears in the myth of <a href="/facts/Persephone/nwNGsa7l">Persephone</a> and the <a href="/facts/Underworld/DaB7uJsa">underworld</a> (see § Art, below).

<h3>Art</h3>
<h4>Antiquity</h4>

The decorative use of narcissi dates as far back as <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian/BDsEGK4g">ancient Egyptian</a> tombs, and <a href="/facts/Frescoes/oj49kcQa">frescoes</a> at <a href="/facts/Pompeii/TJ8jt7M6">Pompeii</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a> They are mentioned in the King James Version of the Bible<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a> as the <a href="/facts/Rose_of_Sharon/hzrlIBos">Rose of Sharon</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a> and make frequent appearances in classical literature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a>

<h4>Greek culture</h4>
The narcissus appears in two <a href="/facts/Graeco-Roman/17Wzn8n0">Graeco-Roman</a> <a href="/facts/Myths/kG8UTfem">myths</a>, that of the youth <a href="/facts/Narcissus_(mythology)/wkvNRtwx">Narcissus</a> who was turned into the flower of that name, and of the Goddess <a href="/facts/Persephone/nwNGsa7l">Persephone</a> <a href="/facts/Rape_of_Persephone/mQxgEawG">snatched</a> into the <a href="/facts/Greek_underworld/3JMV6eMT">Underworld</a> by the god <a href="/facts/Hades/L8jg3utR">Hades</a> while picking the flowers. The narcissus is considered sacred to both Hades and Persephone,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a> and grows along the banks of the river <a href="/facts/Styx/8gTIvax4">Styx</a> in the underworld.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a>
The Greek poet <a href="/facts/Stasinos/SNwX5wrR">Stasinos</a> mentioned them in the <a href="/facts/Cypria/XNtlHHxH">Cypria</a> amongst the flowers of Cyprus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a> The legend of Persephone comes to us mainly in the seventh century BC <a href="/facts/Homeric_Hymn/kP0wnS0T">Homeric Hymn</a> To Demeter,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a> where the author describes the narcissus, and its role as a lure to trap the young Persephone. The flower, she recounts to her mother, was the last flower she reached for before being seized.

Other Greek authors making reference to the narcissus include <a href="/facts/Sophocles/5C4zjFU8">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/facts/Plutarch/p3bywktN">Plutarch</a>. Sophocles, in <a href="/facts/Oedipus_at_Colonus/bq05LwGb">Oedipus at Colonus</a> utilises narcissus in a symbolic manner, implying fertility,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a> allying it with the cults of <a href="/facts/Demeter/msJN4G3H">Demeter</a> and her daughter <a href="/facts/Persephone/nwNGsa7l">Kore (Persephone)</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a> and by extension, a symbol of death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a> <a href="/facts/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb/ukCnnAHq">Jebb</a> comments that it is the flower of imminent death with its fragrance being narcotic, emphasised by its pale white colour. Just as Persephone reaching for the flower heralded her doom, the youth Narcissus gazing at his own reflection portended his own death.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a> Plutarch refers to this in his Symposiacs as numbing the nerves causing a heaviness in the limbs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a> He refers to Sophocles' "crown of the great Goddesses", which is the source of the English phrase "<a href="/facts/Chaplet_(headgear)/P02xfYMW">Chaplet</a> of the infernal Gods" incorrectly attributed to <a href="/facts/Socrates/djIKjImv">Socrates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a>
A passage by <a href="/facts/Moschus/RVL9jdNx">Moschus</a>, describes fragrant narcissi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a> <a href="/facts/Homer/Xw8Ur53U">Homer</a> in his <a href="/facts/Odyssey/tVTrA6nu">Odyssey</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a> described the underworld as having <a href="/facts/Elysian/rydSLMID">Elysian</a> meadows carpeted with flowers, thought to be narcissus, as described by <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a> A similar account is provided by <a href="/facts/Lucian/r5bPEm9C">Lucian</a> describing the flowers in the underworld.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a> The myth of the youth Narcissus is also taken up by <a href="/facts/Pausanias_(geographer)/3jMP2VVl">Pausanias</a>. He believed that the myth of Persephone long antedated that of Narcissus, and hence discounted the idea the flower was named after the youth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a>

<h4>Roman culture</h4>
<a href="/facts/Virgil/K9zjwwHS">Virgil</a>, the first known <a href="/facts/Ancient_Rome/cGqIuxPd">Roman</a> writer to refer to the narcissus, does so in several places, for instance twice in the <a href="/facts/Georgics/VNzdyfCu">Georgics</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a> Virgil refers to the cup shaped corona of the narcissus flower, allegedly containing the tears of the self-loving youth <a href="/facts/Narcissus_(mythology)/wkvNRtwx">Narcissus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a> <a href="/facts/John_Milton/VCDqX83S">Milton</a> makes a similar analogy "And Daffodillies fill their Cups with Tears".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a> Virgil also mentions narcissi three times in the <a href="/facts/Eclogues/H7M4MhRX">Eclogues</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a>
The poet <a href="/facts/Ovid/qw6buQ2V">Ovid</a> also dealt with the mythology of the narcissus. In his <a href="/facts/Metamorphoses/qzs4us4c">Metamorphoses</a>, he recounts the story of the youth Narcissus who, after his death, is turned into the flower,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a> and it is also mentioned in Book 5 of his poem <a href="/facts/Fasti_(poem)/MkD4waj6">Fasti</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a> This theme of metamorphosis was broader than just Narcissus; for instance see <a href="/facts/Crocus/C04GJYj7">crocus</a>, <a href="/facts/Laurus_nobilis/zU3Xdvke">laurel</a> and <a href="/facts/Hyacinth_(plant)/dKzIcBoj">hyacinth</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a>

<h4>Western culture</h4>

Although there is no clear evidence that the flower's name derives directly from the Greek myth, this link between the flower and the myth became firmly part of western culture. The narcissus or daffodil is the most loved of all English plants,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> and appears frequently in English literature. Many English writers have referred to the cultural and symbolic importance of Narcissus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a>). No flower has received more poetic description except the <a href="/facts/Rose/00sLwePY">rose</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lily/8pBXdnwc">lily</a>, with poems by authors from <a href="/facts/John_Gower/2I42qqLV">John Gower</a>, <a href="/facts/Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespeare</a>, Milton (see Roman culture, above), <a href="/facts/Wordsworth/ISecKTd9">Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/facts/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley/7WE0Qunw">Shelley</a> and <a href="/facts/Keats/lImImXhl">Keats</a>. Frequently, the poems deal with self-love derived from Ovid's account.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a> Gower's reference to the yellow flower of the legend has been assumed to be the daffodil or Narcissus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a> though as with all references in the older literature to the flower that sprang from the youth's death, there is room for some debate as to the exact species of flower indicated, some preferring <a href="/facts/Crocus/C04GJYj7">Crocus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a> Spenser announces the coming of the Daffodil in Aprill of his <a href="/facts/Shepheardes_Calender/E6mXzGY0">Shepheardes Calender</a> (1579).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a>
Shakespeare, <a href="/facts/Shakespeare_garden/LPNjg9Ea">who frequently uses flower imagery</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a> refers to daffodils twice in <a href="/facts/The_Winter%2527s_Tale/d244YCMG">The Winter's Tale</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a> and also <a href="/facts/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen/B2pjngdX">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a>. <a href="/facts/Robert_Herrick_(poet)/4zzS2Erb">Robert Herrick</a> alludes to their association with death in a number of poems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a> Among the English <a href="/facts/Romantic_movement/lfG31kE3">romantic movement</a> writers none is better known than <a href="/facts/William_Wordsworth/ISecKTd9">William Wordsworth</a>'s short 1804 poem <a href="/facts/I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud/plsWgSXA">I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a> which has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a> Wordsworth also included the daffodil in other poems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a> Yet the description given of daffodils by his sister, <a href="/facts/Dorothy_Wordsworth/7WljvtAS">Dorothy</a> is just as poetic, if not more so,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a> just that her poetry was prose and appears almost an unconscious imitation of the first section of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (see Greek culture, above).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a> Among their contemporaries, Keats refers to daffodils among those things capable of bringing "joy for ever".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a>
More recently <a href="/facts/A._E._Housman/YVLXWSBU">A. E. Housman</a>, using one of the daffodil's more symbolic names (see Symbols), wrote The Lent Lily in <a href="/facts/A_Shropshire_Lad/HfcS0zcV">A Shropshire Lad</a>, describing the traditional Easter death of the daffodil.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a>
In Black Narcissus, <a href="/facts/Rumer_Godden/z0HuYfVr">Rumer Godden</a> describes the disorientation of English nuns in the Indian <a href="/facts/Himalayas/eRSf0yyE">Himalayas</a>, and gives the plant name an unexpected twist, alluding both to <a href="/facts/Narcissism/Q2bT0HUY">narcissism</a> and the effect of the perfume Narcisse Noir (<a href="/facts/Parfums_Caron/0T9kdJLQ">Caron</a>) on others. The novel was later adapted into the <a href="/facts/Black_Narcissus/K1nnSNNV">1947 British film of the same name</a>. The narcissus also appears in German literature such as that of <a href="/facts/Paul_Gerhardt/G0dB1QGo">Paul Gerhardt</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a>
In the visual arts, narcissi are depicted in three different contexts, mythological (Narcissus, Persephone), floral art, or landscapes. The Narcissus story has been popular with painters and the youth is frequently depicted with flowers to indicate this association.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a> The Persephone theme is also typified by Waterhouse in his Narcissus, the floral <a href="/facts/Motif_(visual_arts)/uMl6Inge">motif</a> by <a href="/facts/Jan_van_Scorel/V9L4ffoz">van Scorel</a> and the landscape by <a href="/facts/Van_Gogh/q9aWnV4l">Van Gogh</a>'s Undergrowth.
Narcissi first started to appear in western art in the <a href="/facts/Late_Middle_Ages/XNtcJjrU">late Middle Ages</a>, in <a href="/facts/Panel_paintings/Jxegebmh">panel paintings</a>, particularly those depicting <a href="/facts/Crucifixion/754Fyshn">crucifixion</a>. For instance that of the Westfälischer Meister in Köln in the <a href="/facts/Wallraf-Richartz-Museum/GXWTPzFP">Wallraf-Richartz-Museum</a>, <a href="/facts/Cologne/U2qmyGga">Cologne</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a> where daffodils symbolise not only death but also hope in the <a href="/facts/Resurrection/XQCQqA0M">resurrection</a>, because they are perennial and bloom at <a href="/facts/Easter/LYPGCQge">Easter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a>

Narcissi in art

<h4>Eastern cultures</h4>
In <a href="/facts/Chinese_culture/tetHMHsK">Chinese culture</a> <a href="/facts/Narcissus_tazetta/aCBdeu6I">Narcissus tazetta</a> subsp. chinensis (Chinese sacred lilies), which can be grown indoors, is widely used as an ornamental plant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a> It was probably introduced to China by Arab traders travelling the <a href="/facts/Silk_Road/TLBryY39">Silk Road</a> prior to the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> for medicinal use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a> Spring-flowering, they became associated with <a href="/facts/Chinese_New_Year/a0uPC9X8">Chinese New Year</a>, signifying good fortune, prosperity and good luck<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a> and there are many legends in Chinese culture associated with Narcissus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a> In contrast to the West, narcissi have not played a significant part in <a href="/facts/Chinese_Garden/WLQyFxTw">Chinese Garden</a> art,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a> however, <a href="/facts/Zhao_Mengjian/TsARF7AL">Zhao Mengjian</a> in the <a href="/facts/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty/tpY0b2qQ">Southern Song dynasty</a> was noted for his portrayal of narcissi.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a> Narcissus bulb carving and cultivation has become an art akin to Japanese <a href="/facts/Bonsai/g4wLe7ak">bonsai</a>. The Japanese novel <a href="/facts/Narcissu/pYhAfRWA">Narcissu</a> contains many references to the narcissus, where the main characters set out for the famed narcissus fields on <a href="/facts/Awaji_Island/7RGGP57U">Awaji Island</a>.[275]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a>

<h4>Islamic culture</h4>
Narcissi are one of the most popular garden plants in <a href="/facts/Islamic_culture/R0lHtcL9">Islamic culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a> Prior to the <a href="/facts/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia/o3y3Wxhk">Arab conquest of Persia</a>, the Persian ruler <a href="/facts/Khosrau_I/bcd99whX">Khosrau I</a> (r. 531–579) is said to have not been able to tolerate them at feasts because they reminded him of eyes, an association that persists to this day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a> The <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> phrase نرگس شهلا (narges-e šahlâ, literally "a reddish-blue narcissus")<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a> is a well-known metonymy for the "eye(s) of a mistress"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a> in the classical poetries of the Persian, <a href="/facts/Urdu_language/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a> <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Turkish_language/z17YMfhT">Ottoman Turkish</a>, <a href="/facts/Azerbaijani_language/RBrpdUk2">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/facts/Chagatai_language/R2IHWsJx">Chagatai</a> languages; to this day also the vernacular names of some narcissus cultivars (for example, Shahla-ye Shiraz and Shahla-ye Kazerun).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a> As described by the poet <a href="/facts/Ghalib/PRUyX96E">Ghalib</a> (1797–1869), "God has given the eye of the narcissus the power of seeing".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a> The eye imagery is also found in a number of poems by <a href="/facts/Abu_Nuwas/xfjLcLyK">Abu Nuwas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a> Another poet who refers to narcissi, is <a href="/facts/Rumi/GmDR4NXX">Rumi</a>. Even the prophet <a href="/facts/Mohammed/5VcA7XrT">Mohammed</a> is said to have praised the narcissus,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a> though some of the <a href="/facts/Hadith/8aKKCttq">sayings</a> that were cited as proof are considered "weak" records.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a> Narcissus is also considered a symbol in <a href="/facts/Shia_Islam/JIQl7ooz">Shia Islam</a> and likewise in <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> for <a href="/facts/Mahdi/LCwdHM4W">Mahdi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a>

Narcissi in Eastern and Islamic cultures

<h3>Popular culture</h3>
The word "daffodil" has been <a href="/facts/Daffodil_(disambiguation)/ygg5zavP">used widely</a> in popular culture, from Dutch cars (<a href="/facts/DAF_Daffodil/kAgrJ01y">DAF Daffodil</a>) to films (<a href="/facts/Daffodils_(film)/7TKMV98N">Daffodils</a>) to slurs against homosexuals and cross-dressers (as in the film <a href="/facts/J._Edgar/LaWQgDsk">J. Edgar</a>, when Hoover's mother explains why real-life cross-dresser Barton Pinkus<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a> was called "Daffy" (short for "Daffodil" and the equivalent of a <a href="/facts/Pansy/0TbGvWUP">pansy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a>), and admonishes, "I'd rather have a dead son than a daffodil for a son".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a>

<h3>Festivals</h3>
In some areas where narcissi are prevalent, their blooming in spring is celebrated in festivals. For instance, the slopes around <a href="/facts/Montreux/4Y5PsHDt">Montreux</a>, Switzerland and its associated <a href="/facts/Riviera/asBVQUKz">riviera</a> come alive with blooms each May (May Snow) at the annual Narcissi Festival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a> Festivals are also held in many other countries.

<h3>Cancer</h3>
Various cancer charities around the world, such as the <a href="/facts/American_Cancer_Society/LvXxqke6">American Cancer Society</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a> <a href="/facts/Cancer_Society_(New_Zealand)/No7ujUm2">Cancer Society</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a> <a href="/facts/Cancer_Council_Australia/nHsFPbLQ">Cancer Council</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a> <a href="/facts/Irish_Cancer_Society/UtvkqYTS">Irish Cancer Society</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a> and <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie_Cancer_Care/g6SEzyGA">Marie Curie</a> in the UK<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a> use the daffodil as a fundraising symbol on "Daffodil Days".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Narcissus_species/A7LHCAqh">List of Narcissus species</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_Narcissus_horticultural_divisions/7VBRaajC">List of Narcissus horticultural divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_AGM_narcissus/lBzXld6E">List of AGM narcissus</a> – Narcissus cultivars given the <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>'s <a href="/facts/Award_of_Garden_Merit/zQ4Ya8S6">Award of Garden Merit</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Narcissus_in_culture/tMLqsgn4">Narcissus in culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Pyrostegia_venusta/xtHv2u2E">Orange trumpet</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Taxonomy_of_Narcissus/sI2EWoFm">Taxonomy of Narcissus</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<h3>General</h3>
<h4>Antiquity</h4>
<ul><li>Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny the Elder) (1856). Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. (eds.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryp02bostgoog">Natural History Book XXI (Volume Four)</a>. London: Henry G Bohn. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</li>
<li>Plinius Secundus, Gaius (Pliny the Elder) (1906). Mayhoff, Karl Friedrich Theodor (ed.). <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.02.0138">"Naturalis Historia"</a>. Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-03.</li>
<li>Vergilius Maro, Publius (Virgil) (1770). Davidson, Joseph (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-opAAAAYAAJ">The Works of Virgil: Translated Into English Prose, as Near the Original as the Different Idioms of the Latin and English Languages Will Allow & etc</a> (5th ed.). London: J Beecroft et al. Retrieved 2014-09-27.</li>
<li>Pausanias (1918). Jones, W.H.S. (ed.). <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1">"Description of Greece"</a>. <a href="/facts/Perseus_Digital_Library/ICBJtcgG">Perseus Digital Library</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/facts/Harvard_University_Press/YluAnq74">Harvard University Press</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Dioscuridis Anazarbei, Pedanii (1906). Wellman, Max (ed.). De materia medica libri quinque. Volume II. Berlin: Apud Weidmannos. <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20439608M">20439608M</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a> (1916) [4th century BC]. Hort, Arthur (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo">Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία</a> [Enquiry into Plants]. <a href="/facts/Loeb_Classical_Library/AIRXBouP">Loeb Classical Library</a>. Vol. II. London and New York: William Heinemann and G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-99077-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Theocritus; Bion; Moschus (1880). Lang, Andrew (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3okOAAAAQAAJ">Theocritus, Bion and Moschus rendered into English prose</a>. London: Macmillan. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</li>
<li>Moschus (1919). <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0644">"Εὐρώπη"</a>. In Edmonds, John Maxwell (ed.). Moschus. The Greek Bucolic Poets (Perseus Digital Library ed.). London: William Heinemann. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</li></ul>
<h4>Renaissance</h4>
<ul><li>Turner, William (1995) [Reproduces parts II and III, originally published in 1562 and 1568 respectively]. Chapman, George T. L.; Tweddle, Marilyn N.; McCombie, Frank (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc8Z6otwklgC">William Turner: A New Herball Parts II and III</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521445498. Retrieved 2014-11-02. Original at <a href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/turher/index.html">Rare Book Room Spread 188</a></li>
<li>Clusius, Carolus (1576). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/847#/summary">Atrebat Rariorum alioquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia: libris duobus expressas</a>. Antwerp: Plantinus. Retrieved 2014-11-05.</li>
<li>Camerarius, Joachim (The Younger) (1588). <a href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11111583?page=5">Hortus medicus et philosophicus: In quo plurimorum stirpium breves descriptiones</a>. Frankfurt: S. Feyerabend, H. Dack, & P. Fischer. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Matthias_de_l%2527Obel/1IxI1amB">de l'Obel, Matthias</a> (1591). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9308#/summary">Icones stirpium</a>. Antwerp: Ex officina plantiniana :Apud Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. Retrieved 2014-10-26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)</li>
<li>Gerard, John (1597). <a href="https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000817749">The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes</a>. London: John Norton. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</li>
<li>Besler, Basilius (1613). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45339#/summary">Hortus Eystettensis, sive, Diligens et accurata omnium plantarum, florum, stirpium : ex variis orbis terrae partibus, singulari studio collectarum, quae in celeberrimis viridariis arcem episcopalem ibidem cingentibus, olim conspiciebantur delineatio et ad vivum repraesentatio et advivum repraesentatio opera</a>. Nuremberg. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.45339">10.5962/bhl.title.45339</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-10.</li>
<li>Parkinson, John (1629). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary">Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris: Or A Garden of All Sorts of Pleasant Flowers which our English Ayre will Permitt to be Noursed Vp. With a Kitchen Garden of All Manner of Herbes, Rootes, & Fruites, for Meate or Sause Vsed with Vs, and an Orchard of All Sorte of Fruitbearing Trees and Shrubbes Fit for Our Land. Together with the Right Orderinge, Planting & Preserving of Them and Their Uses and Vertues Collected by Iohn Parkinson Apothecary of London</a>. London: Printed by Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng at the Signe of the Starre on Bread-Street Hill. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.7100">10.5962/bhl.title.7100</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-29.</li>
<li>Lauremberg, Peter (1632). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjRAAAAAcAAJ">Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis</a> (in Latin). Frankfurt: Matthias Merian. Retrieved 2014-12-24.</li></ul>
<h4>Eighteenth century</h4>
<ul><li>Miller, Philip (1735). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/28437#/summary">The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit and flower garden, as also the physick garden, wilderness, conservatory, and vineyard</a> (Abridged ed.). London: Rivington. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.28437">10.5962/bhl.title.28437</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuma.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft44q8633p">2027/uma.ark:/13960/t44q8633p</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-27.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 2016-10-13. see also <a href="/facts/Species_Plantarum/SKwpspkt">Species Plantarum</a></li>
<li>Hale, Thomas (1757). <a href="/facts/John_Hill_(botanist)/2mQbgs2b">Hill</a>, John (ed.). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary">Eden, or, A compleat body of gardening : containing plain and familiar directions for raising the several useful products of a garden, fruits, roots, and herbage, from the practice of the most successful gardeners, and the result of a long experience</a>. London: Osborne. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li>van Kampen et fils, Nicolas (1760). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ZYAAAAcAAJ">Traité des fleurs à oignons: contenant tout ce qui est nécessaire pour les bien cultiver, fondé sur une expérience de plusieurs années</a> (in French). Harlem: Bohn. Retrieved 2014-12-26. translated into English as (van Kampen & Son 1764)</li>
<li>van Kampen & Son, Nicolas (1764). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIYmAQAAMAAJ">The Dutch florist, or, True method of managing all sorts of flowers with bulbous roots</a> (translated (Harrison) from French: (van Kampen et fils 1760)) (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2014-12-26. Next to the Hyacinths, Tulips, Ranunculuses, and Anemones, of which we have treated already, the Polyanthus Narcissus holds the first place and demands our chief attention</li>
<li><a href="/facts/James_Justice_(horticulturalist)/r78Vdybv">Justice, James</a> (1771). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/26951#/summary">The British gardener's new director : chiefly adapted to the climate of the northern counties: directing the necessary works in the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, and in the nursery, greenhouse, and stove</a> (5th ed.). Dublin: Exshaw. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.26951">10.5962/bhl.title.26951</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6445sk1k">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6445sk1k</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-27.</li>
<li>Maddock, James (1792). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/16498#/summary">The florist's directory : or, A treatise on the culture of flowers ; to which is added a supplementary dissertation on soils, manures, &c</a>. London: B. White & Sons. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.16498">10.5962/bhl.title.16498</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fncs1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft25b0nj3t">2027/ncs1.ark:/13960/t25b0nj3t</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-26.</li></ul>
<h4>Nineteenth century</h4>
<ul><li>Perthensis, Encyclopaedia (1806). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2gIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA565">"Narcissus"</a>. Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or, Universal dictionary of Knowledge vol. 25. Perth. pp. 565–566. Retrieved 2014-11-28.</li>
<li>Linné, Carl von (1784). <a href="/facts/Johan_Andreas_Murray/31FDcITH">Murray</a>, Johann Andreas (ed.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03gZAAAAYAAJ">Systema vegetabilium (14th edition of Systema Naturae)</a>. Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)/Yf68N7tb">Brown, Robert</a> (1810). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3678#/summary">Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum</a>. London: Taylor. Retrieved 2014-10-30.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/De_Lamarck/3lxaPmqM">De Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste</a>; De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815a). <a href="https://archive.org/details/florefrancaiseou31815lama">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a>. Vol. III (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li>De Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815b). <a href="https://archive.org/details/florefranaiseou00goog">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a>. Vol. V (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Redout%25C3%25A9/B6tFMHF6">Redouté, Pierre Joseph</a>; <a href="/facts/De_Candolle/IlF5waCe">De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus</a> (1805–1808). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/537#/summary">Les liliacées</a>. Paris: Redouté. Retrieved 2014-11-01.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/A._P._de_Candolle/IlF5waCe">A. P. de Candolle</a> (1813). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39705#/summary">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</a>. Retrieved 2014-02-05.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/John_Wilkes/BCwSHexx">Wilkes</a>, John, ed. (1819). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6XHGGuzduAC&pg=PA575">"Narcissus"</a>. Encyclopaedia Londinensis vol. 16. London. pp. 576–580. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</li>
<li>Anonymous (1823). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N05KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora Domestica, Or, The Portable Flower-garden : with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots and Illustrations From the Works of the Poets. London: Taylor and Hessey. pp. 264–269. Retrieved 2014-12-21. Later attributed to <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Kent_(writer)/wjEodF4Q">Elizabeth Kent</a> and <a href="/facts/Leigh_Hunt/WLxR2zag">Leigh Hunt</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1829). <a href="/facts/Josef_August_Schultes/NdcqKVhp">Schultes</a>, Josef August; Schultes, Julius Hermann (eds.). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/825#/summary">Systema vegetabilium</a>. Stuttgardt: J. G. Cottae. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</li>
<li>Herbert, William (1837). "Suborder 5. Narcisseae". <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ">Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement</a>. London: Ridgway. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</li>
<li>Curtis, Thomas, ed. (1839). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=948pOSOcj_QC&pg=PA449">"Narcissus"</a>. London Encyclopaedia vol. 15. London. pp. 449–451. Retrieved 2014-11-27.</li>
<li>Spach, Edouard (1846). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/44839#/summary">Histoire naturelle des végétaux: Phanérogames</a>. Vol. 12. Paris: Roret. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</li>
<li>Burnett, M. A. (1850). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JR0aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT113">"Narcissus angustifolius"</a>. Plantae utiliores: or illustrations of useful plants, employed in the arts and medicine, Part VIII. London: Whittaker. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</li>
<li>Wilkinson, Caroline Catharine, Lady (1858). <a href="https://archive.org/details/weedswildflowers00wilkrich">Weeds and wild flowers : their uses, legends, and literature</a>. London: J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 2014-11-26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</li>
<li>Salisbury, Richard Anthony; <a href="/facts/John_Edward_Gray/6JdrIDH0">Gray, J. E.</a> (1866). <a href="https://archive.org/details/generaplantsafr00saligoog">The Genera of Plants</a> (Unpublished fragment). J. Van Voorst. Retrieved 2014-10-26.</li>
<li>Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander (1870). <a href="https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala">On the popular names of British Plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species</a> (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</li>
<li>Earley, W (1877). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSI7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394">"The Narcissus"</a>. The Villa Gardener vol. 7 (December). London. pp. 394–396. Retrieved 2014-11-08.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Henry_Nicholson_Ellacombe/00J8FutS">Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson</a> (1884). <a href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog">The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare</a> (2nd ed.). London: W Satchell and Co. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</li></ul>
<h4>Twentieth century</h4>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Daffodil">"Daffodil" </a>. <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 728.</li>
<li>Doorenbos, J. (1954). "Notes on the history of bulb breeding in the Netherlands". Euphytica. 3 (1 february): 1–18. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00028123">10.1007/BF00028123</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5615677">5615677</a>.</li>
<li>Rees, A.R., ed. (1972). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpdAkF2Av0gC">The Growth of Bulbs: Applied Aspects of the Physiology of Ornamental Bulbous Crops</a>. Oxford: Elsevier Science. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0323155861. Retrieved 2014-12-15.</li>
<li>Halevy, Abraham H., ed. (1985). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xy4NAQAAMAAJ">CRC Handbook of flowering vol. I</a>. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0849339110. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Anthony_Huxley/hxk2X3jM">Huxley, Anthony</a>; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. (4 vols.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0333474945.</li>
<li>Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC">Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants</a>. New York: Chapman & Hall. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li>Leeds, Rod; Hedge, Ronald; Hawthorne, Linden, eds. (1997). RHS Plant Guides: Bulbs. London: Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0751303056.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Klaus_Kubitzki/aPkjC4D7">Kubitzki, K.</a>, ed. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC">The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3</a>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14.</li></ul>
<h4>Twenty first century</h4>
<ul><li>Singh, A.K. (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC">Flower crops : cultivation & management</a>. New Delhi: New India Pub. Agency. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8189422356. Retrieved 2014-11-07.</li>
<li>Duke, James A. (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcLYLpwdcm8">Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible</a>. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis Ltd. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0849382031. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li>Leyel, C. F. (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kz6q3Alkm4C&pg=PA289">"Herbs for the Skin"</a>. Cinquefoil. Pomeroy, WA: Health Research Books. p. 289. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0787314132. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li>Mabberley, David J (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFFgAgAAQBAJ">Mabberley's Plant-Book</a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1107782594. Retrieved 2014-01-08.</li>
<li>Williams, D. M.; Knapp, Sandra, eds. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aH5B3ifHmuwC">Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-26772-5. Retrieved 2014-02-15.</li>
<li>Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103">"Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi"</a>. In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC">Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production</a>. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4398-4924-8.</li>
<li>S.J. Enna, S.J.; Norton, Stata (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HY7EjVJ9sYMC&pg=PA149">"12. Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)"</a>. Herbal Supplements and the Brain: Understanding Their Health Benefits and Hazards. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: FT Press Science. pp. 149–160. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0132825016. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li></ul>
<h3>Flora</h3>
<ul><li>Cullen, James (2011). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CkxWrDqtWLQC">"Narcissus"</a>. In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey (eds.). The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass: Vol. 1. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 205 ff. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521761475. Retrieved 2014-10-21.</li>
<li>Tutin, T. G.; et al., eds. (1980). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC">Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)</a> (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04.</li>
<li>Thomé, Otto Wilhelm (1903). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35974#/summary">Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz</a>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Gera: Zezschwitz. Retrieved 2014-10-22.</li>
<li>Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/cientificos_.php?gen=Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora Iberica. <a href="/facts/Real_Jard%25C3%25ADn_Bot%25C3%25A1nico/Umx76lhC">Real Jardín Botánico</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
<ul><li>Aedo C (2014). <a href="http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/imprenta/tomoXX/20_184_05_Narcissus.pdf">"Narcissus L."</a> (PDF). In Talavera S, Andrés C, Arista M, Fernández Piedra MP, Rico E, Crespo MB, Quintanar A, Herrero A, Aedo C (eds.). Flora Iberica. Vol 20 (in Spanish). Madrid: <a href="/facts/Real_Jard%25C3%25ADn_Bot%25C3%25A1nico/Umx76lhC">Real Jardín Botánico</a>, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</li></ul></li>
<li>Blanca G, Cabezudo B, Cueto M, Salazar C, Morales-Torres C, eds. (2009). <a href="http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/web/1_consejeria_de_medio_ambiente/dg_gestion_medio_natural/biodiversidad/static_files/flora_y_hongos/libro_flora_vascular/flora_vascular_tomo_1.pdf">"Narcissus"</a> (PDF). Flora vascular de Andalucía oriental (in Spanish). Vol. I. Sevilla: Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía. pp. 171–180. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9788492807130.
<ul><li><a href="http://floresdeordesa.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/flora_vascular_andalucia_oriental_20111.pdf">2nd ed. 2011. Narcissus</a> pp. 173–182 <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9788433852175</li></ul></li>
<li>Cebrian, Jordi (2014). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230202834/http://www.floracatalana.es/INICI/INICI.html">"Flora Catalana"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.floracatalana.es/INICI/INICI.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2014-12-31.</li>
<li>Quiles, José (2014). <a href="http://www.florasilvestre.es/mediterranea/index.htm">"Flora silvestre del Mediterráneo"</a>. Retrieved 2015-01-01.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121652">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora of China: Vol. 24. p. 269. Retrieved 2014-10-15.</li>
<li>Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. (2003). <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652">"Narcissus"</a>. Flora of North America vol 26. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Gathe, J; Watson, L (2008). <a href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21239">"Narcissus L."</a> Florabase: Western Australian Flora. Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 2014-12-02.</li></ul>
<h3>Narcissus</h3>
<h4>Articles</h4>
<ul><li>Krelage, JH (17 April 1890). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339">"On Polyanthus Narcissi"</a>. <a href="/facts/Journal_of_the_Royal_Horticultural_Society/xEwbgvmQ">Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society</a>. 12 (Daffodil Conference and Exhibition): 339–346. Retrieved 2014-12-25.</li>
<li>Wylie, Ann P (1952). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1952.16">"The history of the garden Narcissi"</a>. Heredity. 6 (2): 137–156. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1952.16">10.1038/hdy.1952.16</a>.</li>
<li>Meyer, Frederick G (April 1961). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Meyer-F-Exploring-for-Wild-Narcissus-April-1961-American-Hort-Magazine-searchable.pdf">"Exploring for Wild Narcissus"</a> (PDF). The American Horticultural Magazine. 40 (2): 211–220. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/American_Horticultural_Society/BM1vK09H">American Horticultural Society</a> (January 1966). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/american-horticultural-society-daffodil-handbook-1966/">"The Daffodil Handbook"</a>. Amer. Hort. Mag. 45 (1). Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Mcintosh, P. D.; Allen, R. B. (January 1992). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01140671.1992.10422321">"Narcissi bulb production at southern South island sites, New Zealand"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 20 (1): 17–27. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01140671.1992.10422321">10.1080/01140671.1992.10422321</a>.</li>
<li>Chow, Y (1993). "Basal Plate Tissue in Narcissus Bulbs and in Shoot Clump Cultures: Its Structure and Role in Organogenic Potential of Single Leaf Cultures". Annals of Botany. 71 may (5): 437–443. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.1993.1057">10.1006/anbo.1993.1057</a>.</li>
<li>Dobson, Heidi E.M.; Arroyo, Juan; Bergström, Gunnar; Groth, Inga (December 1997). "Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 25 (8): 685–706. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278">10.1.1.493.2278</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0305-1978%2897%2900059-8">10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00059-8</a>.</li>
<li>Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448">"The Narcissus"</a>. Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20.</li>
<li>Spaulding, Daniel D.; Barger, T. Wayne (2014). <a href="http://phytoneuron.net/2014Phytoneuron/82PhytoN-NarcissusAlabama.pdf">"Key to the wild daffodils (Narcissus, Amaryllidaceae) of Alabama and adjacent states"</a> (PDF). Phytoneuron. 82: 1–10. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2153-733X">2153-733X</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li></ul>
<h5>Taxonomy</h5>
<ul><li>Pugsley, H.W (1933). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Pugsley-Monograph-of-Narcissus-Subgenus-Ajax-Journal-of-the-RHS-Vol.-LVIII-pt1-1933-p1-86comp.pdf">"A monograph of Narcissus, subgenus Ajax"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 58: 17–93. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</li>
<li>Meyer, F. G. (January 1966). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Daffodil-Handbook-a-special-issue-of-the-American-Horticultural-Magazine-1966-part-2.pdf">"Narcissus species and wild hybrids"</a> (PDF). Amer. Hort. Mag. 45 (1): 47–76. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Webb, DA (June 1978). "Taxonomic notes on Narcissus L". Bot J Linn Soc. 76 (4): 298–307. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1978.tb01817.x</a>.</li>
<li>Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2005). <a href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2304281.pdf">"Narcissorum notulae, VI"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 265–272. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</li>
<li>Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2008). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020142638/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf">"Narcissorum notulae, X"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 547–558. Archived from <a href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</li>
<li>Jiménez, Juan F.; Sánchez-Gómez, Pedro; Guerra, Juan; Molins, Arántzazu; Rosselló, Josep A. (12 June 2009). "Regional Speciation or Taxonomic Inflation? The Status of Several Narrowly Distributed and Endangered Species of Narcissus Using ISSR and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS Markers". Folia Geobotanica. 44 (2): 145–158. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12224-009-9040-2">10.1007/s12224-009-9040-2</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13095365">13095365</a>.</li>
<li>Medrano, M.; Herrera, C. M. (12 May 2008). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712358">"Geographical Structuring of Genetic Diversity Across the Whole Distribution Range of Narcissus longispathus, a Habitat-specialist, Mediterranean Narrow Endemic"</a>. Annals of Botany. 102 (2): 183–194. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcn086">10.1093/aob/mcn086</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712358">2712358</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556752">18556752</a>.</li>
<li>Aedo, Carlos (2010). <a href="http://www.biolveg.uma.es/abm/Volumenes/vol35/35_Aedo.pdf">"Typifications of the names of Iberian accepted species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)"</a> (PDF). Acta Botanica Malacitana. 35: 133–142. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.24310%2Fabm.v35i0.2860">10.24310/abm.v35i0.2860</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-29.</li>
<li>Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2011). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131912/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_56_26.pdf">"Narcissorum Notulae, XXXI"</a> (PDF). Fontqueria. 56 (26): 239–248. Archived from <a href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_56_26.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-05.</li></ul>
<h5>Phylogenetics</h5>
<ul><li>Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">"Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007">10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653457">21653457</a>.</li>
<li>Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Harder, Lawrence D. (2 September 2004). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2004.01183.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15720619">15720619</a>.</li>
<li>Rønsted, Nina; Savolainen, Vincent; Mølgaard, Per; Jäger, Anna K. (May–June 2008). "Phylogenetic selection of Narcissus species for drug discovery". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 36 (5–6): 417–422. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.12.010">10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.010</a>.</li>
<li>Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1">"The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00606-008-0015-1">10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F13962">1887/13962</a>.</li>
<li>Zonneveld, B. J. M. (8 July 2010). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219">"The involvement of Narcissus hispanicus Gouan in the origin of Narcissus bujei and of cultivated trumpet daffodils (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 67 (1): 29–39. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219">10.3989/ajbm.2219</a>.</li>
<li>Marques, I.; Nieto Feliner, G.; Martins-Loucao, M. A.; Fuertes Aguilar, J. (11 November 2011). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241596">"Genome size and base composition variation in natural and experimental Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) hybrids"</a>. Annals of Botany. 109 (1): 257–264. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcr282">10.1093/aob/mcr282</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3241596">3241596</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22080093">22080093</a>.</li>
<li>Gage, Ewan; Wilkin, Paul; Chase, Mark W.; Hawkins, Julie (2011). "Phylogenetic systematics of Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) based on plastid and ITS sequence data". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (2): 149–162. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2011.01138.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01138.x</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84007862">84007862</a>.</li>
<li>Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994">"Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)"</a>. Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2011.02526.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82002008">82002008</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-30.[permanent dead link]</li>
<li>Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). <a href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/101673/1/accesoRestringido.pdf">"Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F675977">10.1086/675977</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F101673">10261/101673</a>. <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/675977">675977</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44161272">44161272</a>.</li></ul>
<h5>Pharmacology</h5>
<ul><li>John M. Riddle, John M. (September 1985). <a href="http://rbedrosian.com/Gardens/Riddle_1985_Ancient_Chemo.pdf">"Ancient and Medieval Chemotherapy for Cancer"</a> (PDF). Isis. 76 (3): 319–330. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F353876">10.1086/353876</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3902714">3902714</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44932623">44932623</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-31.</li>
<li>Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc Viladomat (2006). Cordell, G. A. (ed.). Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63. pp. 87–179. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1099-4831%2806%2963003-4">10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780124695634. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118783">7118783</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17133715">17133715</a>. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li>
<li>Hartwell, J. L. (1967). "Plants Used Against Cancer". Lloydia. 30: 379–436.</li>
<li>Kornienko, Alexander; Evidente, Antonio (2008). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856661">"Chemistry, Biology, and Medicinal Potential of Narciclasine and its Congeners"</a>. Chemical Reviews. 108 (6): 1982–2014. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr078198u">10.1021/cr078198u</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856661">2856661</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18489166">18489166</a>.</li>
<li>Pettit, GR; Cragg, GM; Singh, SB; Duke, JA; Doubek, DL (1990). "Antineoplastic agents, 162. Zephyranthes candida". Journal of Natural Products. 53 (1): 176–178. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50067a026">10.1021/np50067a026</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2348199">2348199</a>.</li>
<li>Pettit, George R.; Tan, Rui; Bao, Guan-Hu; Melody, Noeleen; Doubek, Dennis L.; Gao, Song; Chapuis, Jean-Charles; Williams, Lee (27 April 2012). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372531">"Antineoplastic Agents. 587. Isolation and Structure of 3-Epipancratistatin from Narcissus cv. Ice Follies"</a>. Journal of Natural Products. 75 (4): 771–773. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp200862y">10.1021/np200862y</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372531">3372531</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22413911">22413911</a>.</li>
<li>Pigni, Natalia B.; Ríos-Ruiz, Segundo; Martínez-Francés, Vanessa; Nair, Jerald J.; Viladomat, Francesc; Codina, Carles; Bastida, Jaume (28 September 2012). "Alkaloids from Narcissus serotinus". Journal of Natural Products. 75 (9): 1643–1647. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp3003595">10.1021/np3003595</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22917000">22917000</a>.</li>
<li>Pigni, Natalia B.; Ríos-Ruiz, Segundo; Luque, F. Javier; Viladomat, Francesc; Codina, Carles; Bastida, Jaume (November 2013). "Wild daffodils of the section Ganymedes from the Iberian Peninsula as a source of mesembrane alkaloids". Phytochemistry. 95: 384–393. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PChem..95..384P">2013PChem..95..384P</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.07.010">10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.010</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23932506">23932506</a>.</li>
<li>Takos, Adam; Rook, Fred (31 May 2013). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709753">"Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (6): 11713–11741. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms140611713">10.3390/ijms140611713</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709753">3709753</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23727937">23727937</a>.</li>
<li>Berkov, Strahil; Martínez-Francés, Vanessa; Bastida, Jaume; Codina, Carles; Ríos, Segundo (March 2014). "Evolution of alkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Narcissus". Phytochemistry. 99: 95–106. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PChem..99...95B">2014PChem..99...95B</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2013.11.002">10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.002</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24461780">24461780</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/galanthamine">"Galanthamine CID 9651"</a>. PubChem. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-03-09.</li></ul>
<h4>Books</h4>
<ul><li>Atta-ur-Rahman, ed. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wjy24u4ubiUC">Studies in natural products chemistry. Vol 20 Structure and Chemistry (Part F)</a>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780080541990. Retrieved 2015-04-02.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Adrian_Hardy_Haworth/FIN2wL1e">Haworth, Adrian Hardy</a> (1831). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf">Narcissinearum Monographia</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). London: Ridgway. Retrieved 2014-10-20.</li>
<li>Burbidge, Frederick William (1875). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ">The Narcissus: Its History and Culture: With Coloured Plates and Descriptions of All Known Species and Principal Varieties</a>. London: L. Reeve & Company. Retrieved 2014-09-28. (<a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Narcissus-its-history-and-culture-Burbidge-and-Baker-1875.pdf">also available as pdf</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Peter_Barr_(nurseryman)/Je1sL1IA">Barr, Peter</a>; Burbidge, F.W. (1884). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ">Ye Narcissus Or Daffodyl Flowere, Containing Hys Historie and Culture, &C., With a Compleat Liste of All the Species and Varieties Known to Englyshe Amateurs</a>. London: Barre & Sonne. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1104534271. Retrieved 2014-11-02. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>
<li>Blanchard, J. W. (1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aBFAAAAYAAJ">Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils</a>. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0900048531. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</li>
<li>Erhardt, Walter (1993). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_feiAAAACAAJ">Narzissen: Osterglocken, Jonquillen, Tazetten</a>. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): E. Ulmer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3800164899. Retrieved 2014-10-18.</li>
<li>Hanks, Gordon R (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC">Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus</a>. London: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02.</li>
<li>Kingsbury, Noël; Whitworth, Jo (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVFFAQAAQBAJ">Daffodil : the remarkable story of the world's most popular spring flower</a>. Timber Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1604695595. Retrieved 2014-11-08.</li></ul>
<h4>Websites</h4>
<ul><li>Cook, Danielle. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531003709/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/cook_dani/index.htm">"Daffodil"</a>. Archived from <a href="https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2013/cook_dani/index.htm">the original</a> on 2014-05-31. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</li>
<li>Johnston, Brian (April 2007). <a href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr07/bj-daffodil.html">"A Close-up View of the "Daffodil""</a> (Close up images). Micscape Magazine. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</li>
<li>Kraft, Rachel (30 April 2001). <a href="http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/chiwonlee/plsc368/student/papers01/rkraft/daffodilprop.htm">"Propagation of Daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)"</a>. Plant Propagation. North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences. Retrieved 2014-11-14.</li>
<li>Trinklein, David (2007). <a href="http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610">"Spring Flowering Bulbs: Daffodils"</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Missouri/Ss7ITAmw">University of Missouri</a> Extension. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</li>
<li>Van Beck, John; Christman, Steve (3 October 2005). <a href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/n/narc_spp.cfm">"Narcissus"</a>. Floridata. Retrieved 2014-10-25.</li>
<li>Vigneron, Pascal. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229023329/http://www.amaryllidaceae.org//Narcissus/index.htm">"Narcissus"</a>. Amaryllidaceae.org (in French). Archived from <a href="http://www.amaryllidaceae.org/Narcissus/index.htm">the original</a> on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310025215/http://www.daffodilfestivals.com/">"Daffodil Festivals and Fields"</a>. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928234322/https://www.dryad-home.co.uk/gallery/NARCISSUS/index.html">"Narcissus"</a>. Dryad Nursery. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://www.dryad-home.co.uk/gallery/NARCISSUS/index.html">the original</a> (Image galleries) on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2014-11-12.</li>
<li>Steinbergs, A (2008). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319232416/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html">"Daffodils"</a>. Spring-flowering Bulbs. The Plant Expert. Archived from <a href="http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html">the original</a> on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206201657/http://www.vanengelen.com/narcissus.html">"Narcissus Horticultural Tips"</a>. Van Engelen. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://www.vanengelen.com/narcissus.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-06. Retrieved 2014-11-27.</li></ul>
<h5>History</h5>
<ul><li>Libertiny, Susan (5 February 2013). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102073605/http://www.allaboutmygarden.com/2013/02/peter-barr-the-king-of-daffoldils/">"Peter Barr – The King of Daffoldils"</a>. All about my garden. Archived from <a href="http://www.allaboutmygarden.com/2013/02/peter-barr-the-king-of-daffoldils/">the original</a> on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</li>
<li><a href="http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/treasures/john-gerard-1545-1612/">"John Gerard (1545–1612)"</a>. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. 2007. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</li></ul>
<h3>Pests and diseases</h3>
<h4>Books</h4>
<ul><li>Alford, David, ed. (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxw5JvD7MN4C">Pest and Disease Management Handbook</a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0470680193. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</li>
<li>Pirone, Pascal Pompey (1978). <a href="https://archive.org/details/diseasespestsofo0000piro">Diseases and pests of ornamental plants</a> (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0471072492. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</li>
<li>Gratwick, Marion, ed. (1992). Crop Pests in the UK. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-1490-5">10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-94-011-1490-5. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38067491">38067491</a>.</li>
<li>Horst, R. Kenneth (2013). <a href="https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-94-007-6048-6">Field manual of diseases on garden and greenhouse flowers</a>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-94-007-6049-3. Retrieved 2014-12-04. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndhEAAAAQBAJ">Additional excerpts</a></li>
<li>Dreistadt, Steve H. (2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1s6Tmbu72kC">Integrated pest management for floriculture and nurseries</a>. Oakland, Calif.: University of California, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1879906464.</li>
<li>Smith, I.M., ed. (1988). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gbPsC7i1IIC">European Handbook of Plant Diseases</a>. Oxford: Wiley. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1444314182. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</li></ul>
<h5>Fungi</h5>
<ul><li>Elad, Yigal; Williamson, Brian; Tudzynski, Paul; Delen, Nafiz, eds. (2007). Botrytis biology, pathology and control. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2626-3">10.1007/978-1-4020-2626-3</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4020-2626-3. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83681757">83681757</a>. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3MLLfk8JXMC">Further excerpts</a></li>
<li>Moore, WC (1959). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_M8AAAAIAAJ">British Parasitic Fungi</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2014-11-22.</li></ul>
<h5>Viruses</h5>
<ul><li>Fauquet, C.M.; et al., eds. (2005). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC">Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses ; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0080575483. Retrieved 2014-12-12.</li>
<li>King, Andrew M. Q.; et al., eds. (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXRCYay3pH4C">Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses</a>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0123846846. Retrieved 2014-12-09.</li>
<li>Tidona, Christian; Darai, Gholamreza, eds. (2012). The Springer index of viruses (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-95919-1">10.1007/978-0-387-95919-1</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-387-95919-1.</li></ul>
<h5>Nematodes</h5>
<ul><li>Lee, Donald L, ed. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omQLBAAAQBAJ">The biology of nematodes</a>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415272117. Retrieved 2014-12-16.</li>
<li>Zuckerman, Bert M.; Rohde, Richard A., eds. (1981). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9Mz--9wwoC">Plant Parasitic Nematodes vol. 3</a>. Oxford: Elsevier Science. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0323147033. Retrieved 2014-12-14.</li>
<li>Ravichandra, N. G. (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OfS_AwAAQBAJ">Horticultural Nematology</a>. New Delhi: Springer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9788132218418. Retrieved 2014-12-14.</li>
<li>Perry, Roland N.; Moens, Maurice, eds. (2013). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTv7AgAAQBAJ">Plant nematology</a> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: CABI. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1780641515. Retrieved 2014-12-16.</li></ul>
<h4>Articles</h4>
<ul><li>McWhorter, Frank P.; Weiss, Freeman (June 1932). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Diseases-of-Narcissus-opt.pdf">"Diseases of Narcissus"</a> (PDF). Station Bulletin. 304. Retrieved 2014-12-06.</li>
<li><a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Narcissus-Pests-opt.pdf">"Narcissus pests, 6th ed"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Bulletin (51). 1970. Retrieved 2014-12-20.</li>
<li>Mor, M.; Spiegel, Y. (1993). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2619407">"Infection of Narcissus Roots by Aphelenchoides subtenuis"</a>. J. Nematol. 25 (3, September): 476–479. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2619407">2619407</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279798">19279798</a>.</li>
<li>Slootweg, A.F.G. (1 January 1956). "Rootrot of Bulbs Caused By Pratylenchus and Hoplolaimus Spp". Nematologica. 1 (3): 192–201. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187529256X00041">10.1163/187529256X00041</a>.</li>
<li>Singh, S. K.; Hodda, M.; Ash, G. J. (August 2013). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/4091452">"Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses"</a>. EPPO Bulletin. 43 (2): 334–374. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12050">10.1111/epp.12050</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-15.</li></ul>
<h5>Fungi</h5>
<ul><li>Hong, Sung Kee; Kim, Wan Gyu; Cho, Weon Dae; Kim, Hong Gi (2007). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763179">"Occurrence of Narcissus Smoulder Caused by Botrytis narcissicola in Korea"</a>. Mycobiology. 35 (4): 235–7. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4489%2FMYCO.2007.35.4.235">10.4489/MYCO.2007.35.4.235</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763179">3763179</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24015104">24015104</a>.</li>
<li>Hanks, G.R. (1996). "Control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. narcissi, the cause of narcissus basal rot, with thiabendazole and other fungicides". Crop Protection. 15 (6 September): 549–558. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-2194%2896%2900023-3">10.1016/0261-2194(96)00023-3</a>.</li>
<li>Hanks, Gordon; Carder, John (2003). "Management of basal rot - the narcissus disease". Pesticide Outlook. 14 (6): 260. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB314848N">10.1039/B314848N</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54515245">54515245</a>.</li>
<li>O'Neill, T.M; Mansfield, J.W. (1980). <a href="http://www.actahort.org/books/109/109_57.htm">"Infection of Narcissus by Borytis narcissicola and Botrytis cinerea"</a>. Acta Hort. (109): 403–408. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1980.109.57">10.17660/ActaHortic.1980.109.57</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-04.</li>
<li>Boerema, G. H.; Hamers, Maria E. C. (May 1989). "Check-list for scientific names of common parasitic fungi. Series 3b: Fungi on bulbs: Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae". Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology. 95 (S3): 1–29. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01981520">10.1007/BF01981520</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9422139">9422139</a>.</li>
<li>Mantell, S.H.; Wheeler, B.E.J. (February 1973). "Rosellinia and white root rot of Narcissus in the Scilly Isles". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 60 (1): 23–IN1. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0007-1536%2873%2980056-7">10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80056-7</a>.</li>
<li>Fellows, Jane; Hanks, Gordon (October 2007). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220080135/http://www.hdc.org.uk/sites/default/files/research_papers/BOF%2062%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf">Narcissus: The cause of 'physiological rust' disorder</a> (PDF) (Report). Horticultural Development Council. Archived from <a href="http://www.hdc.org.uk/sites/default/files/research_papers/BOF%2062%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-07.</li>
<li>Crous, P.W.; Summerell, B.A.; Shivas, R.G.; Romberg, M.; Mel'nik, V.A.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Groenewald, J.Z. (31 December 2011). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251320">"Fungal Planet description sheets: 92–106"</a>. Persoonia. 27 (1): 130–162. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3767%2F003158511X617561">10.3767/003158511X617561</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3251320">3251320</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22403481">22403481</a>.</li></ul>
<h5>Viruses</h5>
<ul><li>Asjes, C.J. (1996). "Control situation of virus diseases in Narcissus in the Netherlands". Acta Hort. 432 (432): 166–175. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1996.432.21">10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.432.21</a>.</li>
<li>Berniak, Hanna; Komorowska, Beata; Sochacki, Dariusz (January 2013). <a href="http://www.inhort.pl/files/journal_IO/contents/2013_1/JHortRes21_1_02.pdf">"Detection of Narcissus Latent Virus Isolates Using One-Step Rt-Pcr Assay"</a> (PDF). Journal of Horticultural Research. 21 (1): 11–14. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjohr-2013-0002">10.2478/johr-2013-0002</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3700211">3700211</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-12.</li>
<li>Brunt, A. A. (1970). <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Brunt-virus-v2.pdf">"Virus diseases of Narcissus"</a> (PDF). Daffodil Tulip Yb. 36: 18–37. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</li>
<li>Brunt, A.A. (1971). <a href="http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=23_47">"Occurrence and importance of viruses infecting narcissus in Britain"</a>. Acta Hort. 23 (23): 292–299. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1971.23.47">10.17660/ActaHortic.1971.23.47</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-11.</li>
<li>Chen, J.; Shi, Y.-H.; Adams, M. J.; Zheng, H.-Y.; Qin, B.-X.; Chen, J.-P. (February 2007). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6855428">"Characterisation of an isolate of Narcissus degeneration virus from Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)"</a>. Archives of Virology. 152 (2): 441–448. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-006-0841-9">10.1007/s00705-006-0841-9</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16932980">16932980</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28044644">28044644</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-09.</li>
<li>Chen, J.; Shi, Y.-H.; Lu, Y.-W.; Adams, M. J.; Chen, J.-P. (9 June 2006). "Narcissus symptomless virus: a new carlavirus of daffodils". Archives of Virology. 151 (11): 2261–2267. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-006-0801-4">10.1007/s00705-006-0801-4</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16763730">16763730</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19997956">19997956</a>.</li>
<li>Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1970). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.36.81">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan I. Narcissus mosaic virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 36 (2): 81–86. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.36.81">10.3186/jjphytopath.36.81</a>.</li>
<li>Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1971). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.37.108">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan II. Tomato ringspot virus and its transmission by Xiphinema americanum"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 37 (2): 108–116. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.37.108">10.3186/jjphytopath.37.108</a>.</li>
<li>Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1972). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.38.137">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan III. Cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco rattle virus and broad bean wilt virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 38 (2): 137–145. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.38.137">10.3186/jjphytopath.38.137</a>.</li>
<li>Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1973). <a href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002760785/en">"Viruses Isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan IV. Tomato black ring virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 39 (4): 279–287. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.39.279">10.3186/jjphytopath.39.279</a>. Retrieved 2014-12-11.</li>
<li>Iwaki, Mitsuro; Komuro, Yasuo (1974). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.40.344">"Viruses isolated from Narcissus (Narcissus spp.) in Japan V. Arabis mosaic virus"</a>. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology (in Japanese). 40 (4): 344–353. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3186%2Fjjphytopath.40.344">10.3186/jjphytopath.40.344</a>.</li>
<li>Mowat, W.P.; Duncan, G.H.; Dawson, S. (1988a). "An appraisal of the identities of Potyviruses infecting Narcissus". Acta Hort. 234 (234): 207–208. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1988.234.24">10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.234.24</a>.</li>
<li>Mowat, W.P.; Duncan, G.H.; Dawson, S. (December 1988b). "Narcissus late season yellows potyvirus: symptoms, properties and serological detection". Annals of Applied Biology. 113 (3): 531–544. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-7348.1988.tb03330.x">10.1111/j.1744-7348.1988.tb03330.x</a>.</li></ul>
<h4>Websites</h4>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r280112311.html">"Narcissus (Narcissus spp.)"</a>. UC Pest Management Guidelines. Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. Integrated pest management program. March 2009. Retrieved 2014-11-21.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=149">"Daffodil viruses"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217230024/http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases">"Daffodil (Narcissus spp.)-Virus Diseases"</a>. Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Oregon State University. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases">the original</a> on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-08.</li>
<li><a href="http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp">"Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release"</a>. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-10.</li>
<li>Adams, Mike (2013). <a href="http://www.dpvweb.net/index.php">"Overview"</a>. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Association of Applied Biologists. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</li></ul>
<h3>Historical research</h3>
<ul><li>Anonymous (May–October 1887). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZBHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA428">"Homer the botanist"</a>. Macmillan's Magazine. 56: 428–436. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li>Graves, Robert (1949). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDw7sdhIdlEC&pg=PA328">The Common Asphodel</a> (1970 ed.). New York: Haskell. pp. 327–330. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</li>
<li>Arber, Agnes (1912). <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46889/46889-h/46889-h.htm">Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution: A Chapter in the History of Botany 1470-1670</a>. Cambridge University Press 1912. Retrieved 2014-11-02.</li>
<li>Krausch, Heinz D (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVki2C3StvYC">'Kaiserkron und Päonien rot?': Entdeckung und Einführung unserer Gartenblumen</a>. Munich: Dölling und Galitz Verlag G. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3862180226. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li></ul>
<h3>Literature and art</h3>
<ul><li>Ferber, Michael (2007). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meFkAwAAQBAJ">"Daffodil"</a>. A Dictionary of Literary Symbols (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781139466394. Retrieved 2014-11-24.</li></ul>
<h4>Antiquity</h4>
<ul><li>Singer, Samuel Weller, ed. (1846). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LV8iAAAAMAAJ">Hesperides: or, The works both humane and divine of Robert Herrick, Volume 1</a>. London: William Pickering. Retrieved 2014-10-01.</li>
<li>Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse, ed. (1889). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C">Sophocles: the plays and fragments with critical notes, commentary, and translation in English prose. Part II. The Oedipus Coloneus</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li>McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rUqAAAAYAA">Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Vol. IX RH-ST</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved 2014-10-08.</li>
<li>Zimmerman, Clayton (1994). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGzK8Mpkl4EC">The pastoral Narcissus : a study of the first idyll of Theocritus</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0847679621. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Jashemski, Wilhelmina Feemster; Meyer, Frederick G., eds. (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xfjyTqqR7IC">The natural history of Pompeii</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0521800549. Retrieved 2014-10-19.</li>
<li>Reece, Steve (2007). <a href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/811">"Homer's Asphodel Meadow"</a>. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 47 (4): 389–400. Retrieved 2014-10-07.</li>
<li>Markantonatos, Andreas (2002). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ">Tragic narrative : a narratological study of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3110895889. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</li>
<li>Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhv2AV3eTsUC">Aphrodite</a>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415775229. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</li>
<li>Stasinos (1914). <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/homer/cypria.htm">"Homerica: The Cypria (fragments)"</a> (translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914). Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2014-11-23.</li>
<li>West, Martin L., ed. (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC">Greek epic fragments from the seventh to the fifth centuries BC</a> (in Greek and English). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-674-99605-2. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</li></ul>
<h4>Mediaeval and Renaissance</h4>
<ul><li>Gower, John (2008). <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/266/266-h/266-h.htm#link2H_4_0002">Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins. Liber primus</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-30 – via Project Gutenberg.</li>
<li>Gower, John (1390). Pauli, Reinhold (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/confessioamanti10paulgoog">Confessio Amantis of John Gower, Volume 1</a> (1857 ed.). Bell and Daldy 1857. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</li>
<li>Yeager, R.F. (1990). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmH4Q4GMyHEC">John Gower's poetic : the search for a new Arion</a>. Cambridge: Brewer. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0859912808. Retrieved 2014-11-30.</li>
<li>Spenser, Edmund (1579). <a href="http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/ren.htm">"The Shepheardes Calender"</a>. Renascence Editions. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</li>
<li>Constable, Henry (1859). Hazlitt, WC (ed.). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dianasonnetsothe00consuoft">Diana: The Sonnets and other poems by Henry Constable</a>. London: Basil Montagu Pickering. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</li>
<li>Shakespeare, William (1623). <a href="http://shakespeare.mit.edu/winters_tale/full.html">"The Winter's Tale"</a>. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Retrieved 2014-11-06.</li>
<li>Shakespeare, William (1634). <a href="http://william-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk/the-two-noble-kinsmen/">"The Two Noble Kinsmen"</a>. Classic Literature Library. Retrieved 2014-11-26.</li>
<li>D'Ancona, Mirella Levi (1977). Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting. Firenze: Casa Editrice Leo S.Olschki. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9788822217899.</li>
<li>Sparrow, Lady Amie (November 2007). <a href="http://amiesparrow.wordpress.com/16th-century-england/sweet-bags/flowers-and-their-renaissance-symbolism/">"Flowers and Their Renaissance Symbolism"</a>. The Bull, Newsletter for the Barony of Stierbach, Vol. 10 Issue XI. Retrieved 2014-10-06.</li></ul>
<h4>Modern</h4>
<ul><li>Wordsworth, William (1807). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPA9AAAAYAAJ">Poems in Two Volumes, VOL. II</a>. Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. Retrieved 2014-10-12.</li>
<li>Wordsworth, Dorothy (1802). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905114252/http://www.rc.umd.edu/sites/default/RCOldSite/www/rchs/reader/dwdaff.html">"Excerpt from Dorothy Wordsworth's Grasmere Journal, 15 April 1802"</a>. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth: The Alfoxden Journal 1798, The Grasmere Journals 1800-1803, ed. Mary Moorman. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. pp. 109–110. Archived from <a href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/sites/default/RCOldSite/www/rchs/reader/dwdaff.html">the original</a> on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</li>
<li>Keats, John (1818). <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/126/32.html">"The Poetical Works of John Keats. 1884. 32: Endymion"</a>. Great Books Online. Bartleby. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</li>
<li>Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1820). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222215914/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/shelley/percy_bysshe/s54cp/volume25.html">"The Sensitive Plant"</a>. The Complete Poetical Works, by Percy Bysshe Shelley: Volume 25. Poems written in 1820. 1. University of Adelaide. Archived from <a href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/shelley/percy_bysshe/s54cp/volume25.html">the original</a> (Oxford Edition 1914, edited by Thomas Hutchinson) on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.</li>
<li>Wordsworth, Chistoper (January 1853). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJTfAAAAMAAJ">"Memoirs of William Wordsworth, Poet-Laureate, D.C.L."</a> London Quarterly Review. Vol. 92. pp. 96–124. Retrieved 2014-12-24.</li>
<li>Housman, A. E. (1896). <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5720/5720-h/5720-h.htm">A Shropshire Lad</a> (1919 ed.). Gutenberg. Retrieved 2014-11-11.</li>
<li>Lewis, C. Day (1992). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdFmmsHbsZsC">The Complete Poems</a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0804725859. Retrieved 2014-11-05.</li>
<li>Masefield, Richard (2014). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8l8AwAAQBAJ">Brimstone</a>. Red Door Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1783013326. Retrieved 2014-11-17. if you ain't as white as a lentern lily</li></ul>
<h4>Islam</h4>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Annemarie_Schimmel/wGWjm7ns">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1984). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Erjw3tDToN0C">Stern und Blume : die Bilderwelt der persischen Poesie</a>. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3447024341. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Annemarie_Schimmel/wGWjm7ns">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1992). <a href="https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0">Two-colored brocade : the imagery of Persian poetry</a>. Univ Of North Carolina. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0807856208. Retrieved 2014-10-15.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Annemarie_Schimmel/wGWjm7ns">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC">Die Träume des Kalifen : Träume und ihre Deutung in der islamischen Kultur</a>. München: Beck. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3406440564. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li>
<li>Schimmel, Annemarie (2001). Kleine Paradiese : Blumen und Gärten im Islam. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3451051920.</li>
<li>Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC">Encyclopedia of Arabic literature, vol. 2</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0415185721. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li></ul>
<h4>Eastern</h4>
<ul><li>Hearn, Maxwell K. (2008). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC">How to read Chinese paintings</a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1588392817. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</li>
<li>Hu, William C. (1989). Narcissus, Chinese new year flower : legends and folklore. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ars Ceramica with the Honolulu Academy of Arts. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0893440350.</li>
<li>Bailey, LH (1890). <a href="http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/American/Legend-Of-The-Chinese-Lily-Narcissus-Orientalis.html#.VG5NvskXIQM">"Legend Of The Chinese Lily (Narcissus Orientalis)"</a>. The American Garden vol XI. The Rural Publishing Company. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</li>
<li>Anonymous (12 September 1946). <a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65420802">"The legend of the Chinese lily"</a>. Gippsland Times. p. 10. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</li></ul>
<h3>Databases</h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230508/http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/">"Narcissus"</a>. The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. 2013. Archived from <a href="http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Amaryllidaceae/Narcissus/">the original</a> on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=66318-3&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DNarcissus%26output_format%3Dnormal">"Narcissus L."</a> International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li>
<li><a href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. <a href="/facts/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families/myaR3BVB">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a>. <a href="/facts/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2c_Kew/XN0rTTRv">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-16.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101031509/http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:282547">"Narcissus L."</a> eMonocot. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:282547">the original</a> on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2014-12-31. Distribution maps</li>
<li><a href="http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=84509&PTRefFk=8000000">"Narcissus"</a>. Euro+Med Plantbase. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Retrieved 2015-01-01.</li>
<li>Stevens, P. F. (2015) [1st. Pub. 2001], <a href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidaceae">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Amaryllidaceae - 3. Amaryllidoideae - 3H. Narcisseae</a></li></ul>
<h3>Societies and organisations</h3>
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117191635/http://thedaffodilsociety.com/wordpress/">"The Daffodil Society"</a>. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://thedaffodilsociety.com/wordpress/">the original</a> (UK) on 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</li>
<li><a href="https://daffodilusa.org">"The American Daffodil Society"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
<ul><li><a href="http://dafflibrary.org/">"DaffLibrary – books, articles, and journals about daffodils"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</li>
<li><a href="http://daffseek.org/">"DaffSeek – Daffodil Database with Photos"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</li>
<li><a href="https://daffodilusa.org/links/international-daffodil-organizations/">"International Daffodil Organizations"</a>. American Daffodil Society. Retrieved 2014-11-16.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Advice/Profile?PID=365">"Daffodils"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
<ul><li><a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration">"Daffodil cultivar registration"</a>. <a href="/facts/Royal_Horticultural_Society/QrtXmlUo">Royal Horticultural Society</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-20.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104061857/http://www.bulbsociety.org/newgallery560e.html?acode=1&b_char=N">"IBS Gallery"</a>. Gallery of the world's bulbs. International Bulb Society. 2012. Archived from <a href="http://www.bulbsociety.org/newgallery560e.html?acode=1&b_char=N">the original</a> on 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2014-11-04.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.daffodil.org.nz/">"National Daffodil Society of New Zealand"</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-23.</li>
<li><a href="http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Plant Encyclopaedia. Alpine Garden Society. 2011. Retrieved 2014-10-29.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Narcissus">"Narcissus"</a>. Pacific Bulb Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
<ul><li><a href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/NarcissusSpeciesOverview">"Overview of the Narcissus Species"</a>. Pacific Bulb Society. 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-29.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Cultivation</h3>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/index.html">"Flower Bulb Research Program"</a>. Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
<ul><li><a href="http://www.flowerbulbs.cornell.edu/newsletter/">"Research Newsletter"</a>. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103180736/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc/en/publiek/index.jsf">"International Flower Bulb Centre"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc/en/publiek/index.jsf">the original</a> on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
<ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195128/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Narcissus.xml">"Bulb flower production: Narcissus"</a>. Archived from <a href="http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Narcissus.xml">the original</a> on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103181112/http://video.bulbsonline.org/emag/PicturebookSpring/flash.html#/18/">"Narcissus"</a>. Narcissus, Hyacinth & Special Flower Bulbs Picture Book. Archived from <a href="http://video.bulbsonline.org/emag/PicturebookSpring/flash.html#/18/">the original</a> on 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h3>Reference material</h3>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <a href="/facts/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature_and_Natural_Resources/QwV8JXup">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a>. 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-18.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/">"Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. Oxford dictionaries online. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from <a href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/">the original</a> on 2001-05-16. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</li>
<li>Jamieson, John (1879). <a href="http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Scottish_Language_To_Which_Is_v1_1000691793">An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language</a> (Forgotten Books ed.). Paisley: Alexander Gardener. Retrieved 2014-11-25.</li>
<li>Wright, Joseph (1905). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R8QAwAAQBAJ">The English dialect dictionary</a>. Oxford: Frowde. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9785880963072. Retrieved 2014-11-25. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li></ul>
<h3>Geography</h3>
<ul><li>Gold, Sara; Eshel, Amram; Plotnizki, Abraham (2014). <a href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/">"Wild Flowers of Israel"</a>. Retrieved 2014-10-07.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103030605/http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html">"Awaji Yumebutai International Conference Center"</a>. <a href="/facts/Awaji_Island/7RGGP57U">Awaji Island</a>, Japan. 2006. Archived from <a href="http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html">the original</a> (Narcissus fields) on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2014-11-17.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li> The dictionary definition of Narcissus at Wiktionary</li>
<li> Media related to Narcissus at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li> Data related to Narcissus at Wikispecies</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">The word "daffodil" is also applied to related genera such as Sternbergia, Ismene, and Fritillaria meleagris. It has been suggested that the word "Daffodil" be restricted to the wild species of the British Isles, N. pseudonarcissus. (Halevy 1985, Rees A.R. Narcissus, pp. 268–271) <a href="/wiki/Sternbergia" target="_blank">/wiki/Sternbergia</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Narcissus | Definition & Myth | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 2025-03-09. <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Narcissus-Greek-mythology" target="_blank">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Narcissus-Greek-mythology</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Search 'daffodil' on etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2025-03-09. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=daffodil" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=daffodil</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Michaux, Jean (2009). "Narcissus tazetta". La Flore. Académie de Besançon. Archived from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2014-11-26. <a href="http://crdp.ac-besancon.fr/flore/Amaryllidaceae/ESPECES/narcissus_tazetta.htm" target="_blank">http://crdp.ac-besancon.fr/flore/Amaryllidaceae/ESPECES/narcissus_tazetta.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Straley & Utech 2003. - Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. (2003). "Narcissus". Flora of North America vol 26. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 2014-10-19. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Kubitzki 1998, Narcissus, pp. 100–101. - Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Sell & Murrell 1996, Narcissus. p. 285. - Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). "Narcissus". Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Narcissus jonquillan". Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018. <a href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275814&isprofile=0&z=5" target="_blank">http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275814&isprofile=0&z=5</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Sell & Murrell 1996, Narcissus, p. 285. - Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). "Narcissus". Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Johnston 2007. - Johnston, Brian (April 2007). "A Close-up View of the "Daffodil"" (Close up images). Micscape Magazine. Retrieved 2014-11-14. <a href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr07/bj-daffodil.html" target="_blank">http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artapr07/bj-daffodil.html</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Straley & Utech 2003. - Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. (2003). "Narcissus". Flora of North America vol 26. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 2014-10-19. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Sell & Murrell 1996, Narcissus, p. 285. - Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). "Narcissus". Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Dobson 1997. - Dobson, Heidi E.M.; Arroyo, Juan; Bergström, Gunnar; Groth, Inga (December 1997). "Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 25 (8): 685–706. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.493.2278. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00059-8. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Lloyd & Barrett 1995, Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), p. 343. - Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Kubitzki 1998, Narcissus, pp. 100–101. - Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Sell & Murrell 1996, Narcissus. p. 285. - Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). "Narcissus". Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Lloyd & Barrett 1995, Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), p. 343. - Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Straley & Utech 2003. - Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. (2003). "Narcissus". Flora of North America vol 26. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 2014-10-19. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Sell & Murrell 1996, Narcissus. p. 285. - Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (1996). "Narcissus". Flora of Great Britain and Ireland: : Volume 5, Butomaceae - Orchidaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 285–293. ISBN 978-0521553391. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pKGlBap0FRYC&pg=PA285</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Lloyd & Barrett 1995, Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), p. 343. - Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Kubitzki 1998, Narcissus, pp. 100–101. - Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Kubitzki 1998, Narcissus pp. 100–101. - Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Straley & Utech 2003. - Straley, Gerald B.; Utech, Frederick H. (2003). "Narcissus". Flora of North America vol 26. pp. 53–54. Retrieved 2014-10-19. <a href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652" target="_blank">http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=121652</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Kubitzki 1998, Narcissus, pp. 100–101. - Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 2014-01-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Dobson 1997. - Dobson, Heidi E.M.; Arroyo, Juan; Bergström, Gunnar; Groth, Inga (December 1997). "Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 25 (8): 685–706. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.493.2278. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00059-8. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Schultes (1830). Narcissus, Vol. VII, pt.2. p. 932. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-10-25. In Linnaeus (1829) <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15274#page/245/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15274#page/245/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Theophrastus 1916, p. 42. - Theophrastus (1916) [4th century BC]. Hort, Arthur (ed.). Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία [Enquiry into Plants]. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. II. London and New York: William Heinemann and G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-674-99077-7. <a href="https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/theophrastusiien00theo</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Dioscurides (1906). νάρκισσος. pp. 302–303, IV: 158. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2014-10-20. In Dioscuridis Anazarbei (1906) <a href="https://archive.org/stream/pedaniidioscuri01pedagoog#page/n333/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/pedaniidioscuri01pedagoog#page/n333/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Gaius Plinius, Secundus. "Naturalis Historia xxi:75". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-03. In Plinius Secundus (1906) <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Pliny, The Elder (1856). 75. Sixteen remedies derived from the Narcissus. H. G. Bohn. pp. 367–368. ISBN 9780598910783. Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2014-10-03. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) In Plinius Secundus (1856) <a href="9780598910783" target="_blank">9780598910783</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Gaius Plinius, Secundus. "Naturalis Historia xxi:14". Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Plinius Secundus (1906) <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D14" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D14</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Pliny, The Elder (1856). 12. The Narcissus: Three varieties of it. H. G. Bohn. p. 316. ISBN 9780598910783. Retrieved 2014-10-03. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) In Plinius Secundus (1856) <a href="9780598910783" target="_blank">9780598910783</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Narcissus". Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. p. 289. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:68">"Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-02-02. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927152429/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130927152429/http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Des familles et des tribus. Déterville. pp. 192–195. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-05. In A. P. de Candolle (1813). <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). "Narcissi". Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. pp. 54–56. OCLC 5161409. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/149/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/149/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:80">Herbert 1837, pp. 62–63 - Herbert, William (1837). "Suborder 5. Narcisseae". Amaryllidaceae: Preceded by an Attempt to Arrange the Monocotyledonous Orders, and Followed by a Treatise on Cross-bred Vegetables, and Supplement. London: Ridgway. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=EusCAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:85">Cullen, James (2011). "Narcissus". In Cullen, James; Knees, Sabina G.; Cubey, H. Suzanne Cubey (eds.). The European Garden Flora, Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass: Vol. 1. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 205 ff. ISBN 978-0521761475. Retrieved 2014-10-21. <a href="978-0521761475" target="_blank">978-0521761475</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:87">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Meerow, Alan W.; Fay, Michael F.; Guy, Charles L.; Li, Qin-Bao; Zaman, Faridah Q. & Chase, Mark W. (1999). "Systematics of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 86 (9): 1325–1345. doi:10.2307/2656780. JSTOR 2656780. PMID 10487820. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Stevens 2015. - Stevens, P. F. (2015) [1st. Pub. 2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Amaryllidaceae - 3. Amaryllidoideae - 3H. Narcisseae <a href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidaceae" target="_blank">http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Amaryllidaceae</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:92">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:100">Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). "The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1. hdl:1887/13962. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:104">Fernandes, A. (1968). "Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L." (PDF). Daffodil and Tulip Year Book. Vol. 33. pp. 37–66. Retrieved 2014-10-23. <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf" target="_blank">http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:119">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:123">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2008). "Narcissorum notulae, X" (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 547–558. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf" target="_blank">http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Fernández-Casas, Francisco Javier (2008). "Narcissorum notulae, X" (PDF). Fontqueria. 55: 547–558. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf" target="_blank">http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Fontqueria_55_67.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). "The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1. hdl:1887/13962. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Blanchard, J. W. (1990). Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. ISBN 978-0900048531. <a href="978-0900048531" target="_blank">978-0900048531</a> <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Linné 1784, p.316. - Linné, Carl von (1784). Murray, Johann Andreas (ed.). Systema vegetabilium (14th edition of Systema Naturae). Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich. Retrieved 2014-11-03. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03gZAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=03gZAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Wilkes 1819. - Wilkes, John, ed. (1819). "Narcissus". Encyclopaedia Londinensis vol. 16. London. pp. 576–580. Retrieved 2014-11-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6XHGGuzduAC&pg=PA575" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=z6XHGGuzduAC&pg=PA575</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Haworth, A.H. (1831). Narcissinearum Monographia (PDF) (2nd ed.). London: Ridgway. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf" target="_blank">http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Haworth-Narcissinearum-searchable-Second-Edition-1831-better-copycomp.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Fernandes, A. (1968). "Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L." (PDF). Daffodil and Tulip Year Book. Vol. 33. pp. 37–66. Retrieved 2014-10-23. <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf" target="_blank">http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). "The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1. hdl:1887/13962. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld</a> <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Fernandes, A (1951). "Sur la phylogenie des especes du genre Narcissus L." Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II. 25: 113–190. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-04. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151144/http://bibdigital.bot.uc.pt/obras/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72_item1/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25_item1/P119.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151144/http://bibdigital.bot.uc.pt/obras/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-29_72_item1/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25/UCFCTBt-E-21-26-s2-25_item1/P119.html</a> <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Webb, D. A. (1980). Narcissus L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–84. ISBN 9780521201087. Retrieved 2014-10-04. In Tutin et al. (1980) <a href="9780521201087" target="_blank">9780521201087</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Fernandes, A. (1968). "Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L." (PDF). Daffodil and Tulip Year Book. Vol. 33. pp. 37–66. Retrieved 2014-10-23. <a href="http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf" target="_blank">http://dafflibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Fernandes-Keys-v2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Blanchard, J. W. (1990). Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. ISBN 978-0900048531. <a href="978-0900048531" target="_blank">978-0900048531</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Erhardt, Walter (1993). Narzissen : Osterglocken, Jonquillen, Tazetten. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): E. Ulmer. ISBN 978-3800164899. Retrieved 2014-10-18. <a href="978-3800164899" target="_blank">978-3800164899</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">"Botanical Classification". Royal Horticultural Society. 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-10-27. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffbotanical" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffbotanical</a> <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">"Daffodil cultivar registration". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-27. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/daffodil-cultivar-registration</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">"Search The International Daffodil Register & Classified List". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-27. <a href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/daffodilregister/daffsearch.asp" target="_blank">http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/daffodilregister/daffsearch.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Zonneveld, B. J. M. (24 September 2008). "The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 275 (1–2): 109–132. doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0015-1. hdl:1887/13962. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld" target="_blank">/wiki/Ben_Zonneveld</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">"Narcissus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2016-10-13. <a href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Narcissus" target="_blank">http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Narcissus</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">"Botanical names in the genus Narcissus". Royal Horticultural Society. October 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-11-02. <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffalpha" target="_blank">https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/daffalpha</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">narcissus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project. <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=narcissus1" target="_blank">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=narcissus1</a> <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">νάρκισσος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkissos" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkissos</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Harper, Douglas. "narcissus". Online Etymology Dictionary. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/narcissus" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/word/narcissus</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">νάρκισσος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkissos" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkissos</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">νάρκη in Liddell and Scott. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkeh" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=na/rkeh</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Prior 1870, p. 163, "Narcissus" - Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander (1870). On the popular names of British Plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Retrieved 2014-10-06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala</a> <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Beekes, Robert (2010) [2009]. "s.v. νάρκισσος". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Vol. 2. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 997. ISBN 9789004174184. <a href="9789004174184" target="_blank">9789004174184</a> <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Shorter Oxford English dictionary (6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-10-26. American usage: "Narcissus". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. <a href="978-0199206872" target="_blank">978-0199206872</a> <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Gaius Plinius, Secundus. "Naturalis Historia xxi:75". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2014-10-03. In Plinius Secundus (1906) <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3D21%3Achapter%3D74</a> <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Dweck, A. C. The folklore of Narcissus (PDF). pp. 19–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07. In Hanks (2002) <a href="http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Nigel Groom (30 June 1997). The New Perfume Handbook. Springer. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2012-07-28. <a href="978-0-7514-0403-6" target="_blank">978-0-7514-0403-6</a> <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">ναρκάω in Liddell and Scott. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=narka/w" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=narka/w</a> <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Prior 1870, p. 163, "Narcissus" - Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander (1870). On the popular names of British Plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Retrieved 2014-10-06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala</a> <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Pausanias. "9. Boeotia". pp. 31: 9. Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-19. In Pausanias (1918) <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9</a> <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Prior here refers to the poet Pamphilus, but it is likely he meant Pamphos. <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">"Tongues in trees". Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist vol VI, III series, No 156. London: Haymarket Publishing. 21 December 1889. p. 718. Retrieved 2014-10-06. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA718" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=v_M9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA718</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">de l'Obel, Matthias (1591). Icones stirpium. Antwerp: Ex officina plantiniana :Apud Viduam et Ioannem Moretum. pp. 112–122. Archived from the original on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2014-10-26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) <a href="/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel" target="_blank">/wiki/Matthias_de_l%27Obel</a> <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Clusius 1576, De Narcisso, ii, pp. 245-25]. - Clusius, Carolus (1576). Atrebat Rariorum alioquot stirpium per Hispanias observatarum historia: libris duobus expressas. Antwerp: Plantinus. Retrieved 2014-11-05. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/847#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/847#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Shorter Oxford English dictionary (6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2014-10-26. American usage: "Narcissus". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. <a href="978-0199206872" target="_blank">978-0199206872</a> <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">"narcissus". Cambridge Dictionaries online. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2014-11-16. <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/narcissus" target="_blank">http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/narcissus</a> <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">"narcissus". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-16. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissus" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissus</a> <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Garner, Brian (2009). "narcissus". Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 559. ISBN 978-0199888771. Retrieved 2014-11-16. <a href="978-0199888771" target="_blank">978-0199888771</a> <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). "narcissus". Pocket Fowler's Modern English usage (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0199232581. Retrieved 2014-11-16. <a href="978-0199232581" target="_blank">978-0199232581</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Harper, Douglas. "daffodil". Online Etymology Dictionary. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/daffodil" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/word/daffodil</a> <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Dweck, A. C. The folklore of Narcissus (PDF). pp. 19–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07. In Hanks (2002) <a href="http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:189">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:199">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Santos-Gally, Rocío; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (April 2012). "Insights into Neogene Mediterranean biogeography based on phylogenetic relationships of mountain and lowland lineages of (Amaryllidaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 782–798. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02526.x. S2CID 82002008. Retrieved 2014-10-20.[permanent dead link] <a href="https://www.academia.edu/708994" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/708994</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Lloyd & Barrett 1995, Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), p. 344. - Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Medrano, Mónica; López-Perea, Esmeralda; Herrera, Carlos M. (June 2014). "Population Genetics Methods Applied to a Species Delimitation Problem: Endemic Trumpet Daffodils (Narcissus Section Pseudonarcissi) from the Southern Iberian Peninsula". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 175 (5): 501–517. doi:10.1086/675977. hdl:10261/101673. S2CID 44161272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Lloyd & Barrett 1995, Barrett S, Lloyd D. Stylar polymorphisms and the evolution of heterostyly in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), p. 344. - Lloyd, David G; Barrett, Spencer C.H., eds. (1995). Floral biology : studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0412043413. Retrieved 2014-10-29. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFA7mFHp2QC</a> <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:216">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:216" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:217">Dobson 1997. - Dobson, Heidi E.M.; Arroyo, Juan; Bergström, Gunnar; Groth, Inga (December 1997). "Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 25 (8): 685–706. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.493.2278. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00059-8. <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.493.2278</a> <a href="#fnref:217" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:218">Barrett, SC; Harder, LD (January 2005). "The evolution of polymorphic sexual systems in daffodils (Narcissus)". The New Phytologist. 165 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01183.x. PMID 15720619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:218" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:219">Zuckerman & Rohde 1981, Longidorus transmitted viruses, p. 286. - Zuckerman, Bert M.; Rohde, Richard A., eds. (1981). Plant Parasitic Nematodes vol. 3. Oxford: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0323147033. Retrieved 2014-12-14. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9Mz--9wwoC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=pU9Mz--9wwoC</a> <a href="#fnref:219" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:220">PNW 2014. - "Daffodil (Narcissus spp.)-Virus Diseases". Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Oregon State University. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-08. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217230024/http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141217230024/http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/daffodil-narcissus-spp-virus-diseases</a> <a href="#fnref:220" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:221">Berniak, Komorowska & Sochacki 2013. - Berniak, Hanna; Komorowska, Beata; Sochacki, Dariusz (January 2013). "Detection of Narcissus Latent Virus Isolates Using One-Step Rt-Pcr Assay" (PDF). Journal of Horticultural Research. 21 (1): 11–14. doi:10.2478/johr-2013-0002. S2CID 3700211. Retrieved 2014-12-12. <a href="http://www.inhort.pl/files/journal_IO/contents/2013_1/JHortRes21_1_02.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.inhort.pl/files/journal_IO/contents/2013_1/JHortRes21_1_02.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:221" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:222">Asjes 1996. - Asjes, C.J. (1996). "Control situation of virus diseases in Narcissus in the Netherlands". Acta Hort. 432 (432): 166–175. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.432.21. <a href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1996.432.21" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.1996.432.21</a> <a href="#fnref:222" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:223">Adams 2013, Find Viruses: Narcissus. - Adams, Mike (2013). "Overview". Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Association of Applied Biologists. Retrieved 2014-12-22. <a href="http://www.dpvweb.net/index.php" target="_blank">http://www.dpvweb.net/index.php</a> <a href="#fnref:223" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:224">This Carlavirus should not be confused with the similarly named Narcissus latent virus which is a Macluravirus. <a href="/wiki/Carlavirus" target="_blank">/wiki/Carlavirus</a> <a href="#fnref:224" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:227">A. A. Brunt (1976). "Narcissus latent virus". In Adams 2013. <a href="http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=170" target="_blank">http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=170</a> <a href="#fnref:227" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:320">Parkinson 1629, Narcissus. The Daffodil. pp. 67–108. - Parkinson, John (1629). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris: Or A Garden of All Sorts of Pleasant Flowers which our English Ayre will Permitt to be Noursed Vp. With a Kitchen Garden of All Manner of Herbes, Rootes, & Fruites, for Meate or Sause Vsed with Vs, and an Orchard of All Sorte of Fruitbearing Trees and Shrubbes Fit for Our Land. Together with the Right Orderinge, Planting & Preserving of Them and Their Uses and Vertues Collected by Iohn Parkinson Apothecary of London. London: Printed by Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng at the Signe of the Starre on Bread-Street Hill. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.7100. Retrieved 2014-12-29. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:320" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:321">Parkinson 1629, p. 103. - Parkinson, John (1629). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris: Or A Garden of All Sorts of Pleasant Flowers which our English Ayre will Permitt to be Noursed Vp. With a Kitchen Garden of All Manner of Herbes, Rootes, & Fruites, for Meate or Sause Vsed with Vs, and an Orchard of All Sorte of Fruitbearing Trees and Shrubbes Fit for Our Land. Together with the Right Orderinge, Planting & Preserving of Them and Their Uses and Vertues Collected by Iohn Parkinson Apothecary of London. London: Printed by Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng at the Signe of the Starre on Bread-Street Hill. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.7100. Retrieved 2014-12-29. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:321" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:322">Parkinson 1629, p. 103. - Parkinson, John (1629). Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris: Or A Garden of All Sorts of Pleasant Flowers which our English Ayre will Permitt to be Noursed Vp. With a Kitchen Garden of All Manner of Herbes, Rootes, & Fruites, for Meate or Sause Vsed with Vs, and an Orchard of All Sorte of Fruitbearing Trees and Shrubbes Fit for Our Land. Together with the Right Orderinge, Planting & Preserving of Them and Their Uses and Vertues Collected by Iohn Parkinson Apothecary of London. London: Printed by Hvmfrey Lownes and Robert Yovng at the Signe of the Starre on Bread-Street Hill. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.7100. Retrieved 2014-12-29. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7100#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:322" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:323">Hale 1757, pp. 495–496. - Hale, Thomas (1757). Hill, John (ed.). Eden, or, A compleat body of gardening : containing plain and familiar directions for raising the several useful products of a garden, fruits, roots, and herbage, from the practice of the most successful gardeners, and the result of a long experience. London: Osborne. Retrieved 2014-11-03. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:323" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:324">Krelage 1890. - Krelage, JH (17 April 1890). "On Polyanthus Narcissi". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 12 (Daffodil Conference and Exhibition): 339–346. Retrieved 2014-12-25. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA339</a> <a href="#fnref:324" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:325">Maddock 1792. - Maddock, James (1792). The florist's directory : or, A treatise on the culture of flowers ; to which is added a supplementary dissertation on soils, manures, &c. London: B. White & Sons. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.16498. hdl:2027/ncs1.ark:/13960/t25b0nj3t. Retrieved 2014-12-26. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/16498#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/16498#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:325" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:326">van Kampen et fils 1760, p. 96. - van Kampen et fils, Nicolas (1760). Traité des fleurs à oignons: contenant tout ce qui est nécessaire pour les bien cultiver, fondé sur une expérience de plusieurs années (in French). Harlem: Bohn. Retrieved 2014-12-26. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ZYAAAAcAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ZYAAAAcAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:326" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:327">van Kampen & Son 1764, p. 80. - van Kampen & Son, Nicolas (1764). The Dutch florist, or, True method of managing all sorts of flowers with bulbous roots (translated (Harrison) from French: (van Kampen et fils 1760)) (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2014-12-26. Next to the Hyacinths, Tulips, Ranunculuses, and Anemones, of which we have treated already, the Polyanthus Narcissus holds the first place and demands our chief attention <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIYmAQAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DIYmAQAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:327" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:328">Miller 1735, vol. ii Narcissus. - Miller, Philip (1735). The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit and flower garden, as also the physick garden, wilderness, conservatory, and vineyard (Abridged ed.). London: Rivington. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28437. hdl:2027/uma.ark:/13960/t44q8633p. Retrieved 2014-12-27. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/28437#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/28437#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:328" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:329">Justice 1771, The Gardiner's new Director p. 304. - Justice, James (1771). The British gardener's new director : chiefly adapted to the climate of the northern counties: directing the necessary works in the kitchen, fruit and pleasure gardens, and in the nursery, greenhouse, and stove (5th ed.). Dublin: Exshaw. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.26951. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6445sk1k. Retrieved 2014-12-27. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/26951#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/26951#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:329" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:330">Ellacombe 1884, Daffodils, p. 76. - Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson (1884). The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare (2nd ed.). London: W Satchell and Co. Retrieved 2014-11-26. <a href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog</a> <a href="#fnref:330" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:331">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:331" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:332">Zonneveld, B.J.M. (8 July 2010). "The involvement of Narcissus hispanicus Gouan in the origin of Narcissus bujei and of cultivated trumpet daffodils (Amaryllidaceae)". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 67 (1): 29–39. doi:10.3989/ajbm.2219. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fajbm.2219</a> <a href="#fnref:332" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:333">Barr (1884). The Daffodil Conference. Retrieved 2014-11-02. In Barr & Burbidge (1884, p. 32) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ&q=narcissus%20queltia&pg=PA32" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ&q=narcissus%20queltia&pg=PA32</a> <a href="#fnref:333" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:334">Huxley, Griffiths & Levy 1992. - Huxley, Anthony; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. (4 vols.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333474945. <a href="#fnref:334" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:335">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:335" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:336">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:336" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:337">Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (7): 1007–1021. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007. PMID 21653457. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.7.1007</a> <a href="#fnref:337" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:338">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:338" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:339">Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:339" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:340">Mathew, B (2 September 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. CRC Press. pp. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-10-02. In Hanks (2002) <a href="9780203219355" target="_blank">9780203219355</a> <a href="#fnref:340" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:341">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:341" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:342">Trinklein 2007. - Trinklein, David (2007). "Spring Flowering Bulbs: Daffodils". University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved 2014-10-25. <a href="http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610" target="_blank">http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610</a> <a href="#fnref:342" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:343">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:343" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:344">"R. Bulbs, Corms and Tubers: 16.6 Narcissus And Daffodils". Canadian Nursery Landscape Association. 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-14. Retrieved 2014-10-17. <a href="http://www.canadanursery.com/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=880" target="_blank">http://www.canadanursery.com/Page.asp?PageID=122&ContentID=880</a> <a href="#fnref:344" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:345">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:345" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:346">Singh 2006, Narcissus p. 251. - Singh, A.K. (2006). Flower crops : cultivation & management. New Delhi: New India Pub. Agency. ISBN 978-8189422356. Retrieved 2014-11-07. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC</a> <a href="#fnref:346" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:347">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:347" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:348">Trinklein 2007. - Trinklein, David (2007). "Spring Flowering Bulbs: Daffodils". University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved 2014-10-25. <a href="http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610" target="_blank">http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6610</a> <a href="#fnref:348" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:349">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:349" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:350">Dana & Lerner 2001. - Dana, Michael N.; Lerner, B. Rosie (1 April 2001). "The Narcissus". Purdue Extension: Horticulture (HO-11-W). Retrieved 2014-12-20. <a href="https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448" target="_blank">https://mdc.itap.purdue.edu/item.asp?itemID=10448</a> <a href="#fnref:350" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:351">Steinbergs 2008. - Steinbergs, A (2008). "Daffodils". Spring-flowering Bulbs. The Plant Expert. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-11-26. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319232416/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150319232416/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/DaffodilIntro.html</a> <a href="#fnref:351" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:352">Chow 1993. - Chow, Y (1993). "Basal Plate Tissue in Narcissus Bulbs and in Shoot Clump Cultures: Its Structure and Role in Organogenic Potential of Single Leaf Cultures". Annals of Botany. 71 may (5): 437–443. doi:10.1006/anbo.1993.1057. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.1993.1057" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.1993.1057</a> <a href="#fnref:352" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:353">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 107. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:353" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:354">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:354" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:355">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 105. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:355" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:357">Kington, Sally (1998). The International Daffodil Register and Classified List 1998. London: Royal Horticultural Society. ISBN 978-1874431695. <a href="978-1874431695" target="_blank">978-1874431695</a> <a href="#fnref:357" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:358">Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. <a href="978-1405332965" target="_blank">978-1405332965</a> <a href="#fnref:358" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:379">Narcissus in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database <a href="https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/AMARY.html#Narcissus" target="_blank">https://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/AMARY.html#Narcissus</a> <a href="#fnref:379" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:411">Alford 2000, p. 551. - Alford, David, ed. (2000). Pest and Disease Management Handbook. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470680193. Retrieved 2014-12-04. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxw5JvD7MN4C" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rxw5JvD7MN4C</a> <a href="#fnref:411" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:412">Fellows & Hanks 2007. - Fellows, Jane; Hanks, Gordon (October 2007). Narcissus: The cause of 'physiological rust' disorder (PDF) (Report). Horticultural Development Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-07. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220080135/http://www.hdc.org.uk/sites/default/files/research_papers/BOF%2062%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141220080135/http://www.hdc.org.uk/sites/default/files/research_papers/BOF%2062%20Final%20Report%202007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:412" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:413">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 107. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:413" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:414">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:414" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:415">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 104. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:415" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:416">Hanks 2002, Hanks, "The biology of Narcissus", pp. 1–29. - Hanks, Gordon R (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0415273442. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=4_kH_BffGDgC</a> <a href="#fnref:416" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:417">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 107. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:417" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:418">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 107. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:418" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:419">Okubo & Sochacki 2012, p. 108. - Okubo, Hiroshi; Sochacki, Dariusz (2012). "Botanical and horticultural aspects of major ornamental geophytes: VII Narcissi". In Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi (eds.). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA103</a> <a href="#fnref:419" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:420">Evans, Anthony (2009). "The Cathedral Gardens in Spring". Hereford Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111054314/http://www.herefordcathedral.org/about-us/news/the-cathedral-gardens-in-winter/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141111054314/http://www.herefordcathedral.org/about-us/news/the-cathedral-gardens-in-winter/</a> <a href="#fnref:420" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:421">Morgan, Theresa (March 2012). "The Lent Lily". The Door (233): 2. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11. <a href="http://issuu.com/oxforddiocese/docs/td_march_2012/2" target="_blank">http://issuu.com/oxforddiocese/docs/td_march_2012/2</a> <a href="#fnref:421" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:422">Rarely "Lentern", especially ecclesiastical usage as here, or dialect, particularly Scottish (Masefield 2014, p. 104)(Jamieson 1879, Care Sonday vol I p. 284)(Wright 1905, vol 3 H–L, Lentren p. 575) - Masefield, Richard (2014). Brimstone. Red Door Publishing. ISBN 978-1783013326. Retrieved 2014-11-17. if you ain't as white as a lentern lily <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8l8AwAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=V8l8AwAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:422" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:423">Bastida, Jaume; Lavilla, Rodolfo; Viladomat, Francesc (2006). "Chemical and biological aspects of "Narcissus" alkaloids". In Cordell, G. A. (ed.). The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology Vol. 63. Vol. 63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc. pp. 87–179. doi:10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63003-4. ISBN 9780124695634. PMC 7118783. PMID 17133715. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) <a href="9780124695634" target="_blank">9780124695634</a> <a href="#fnref:423" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:424">"'Thalia', White Miniature, Angel Tears". Paghat's Garden. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-26. <a href="http://www.paghat.com/narcissusthalia.html" target="_blank">http://www.paghat.com/narcissusthalia.html</a> <a href="#fnref:424" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:425">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID 19264756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:425" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:426">Jashemski & Meyer 2002, p. 131. - Jashemski, Wilhelmina Feemster; Meyer, Frederick G., eds. (2002). The natural history of Pompeii. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521800549. Retrieved 2014-10-19. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xfjyTqqR7IC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3xfjyTqqR7IC</a> <a href="#fnref:426" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:427">Book of Isaiah (1611). "XXXV" (line 1). Holy Bible (King James Version ed.). Retrieved 2014-10-08. The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+35%3A1-10&version=KJV" target="_blank">https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+35%3A1-10&version=KJV</a> <a href="#fnref:427" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:428">Dweck, A. C. The folklore of Narcissus (PDF). pp. 19–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07. In Hanks (2002) <a href="http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:428" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:429">McClintock, John; Strong, James (1889). "Rose". Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Vol. IX RH-ST. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 128. Retrieved 2014-10-08. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rUqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA128" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=1rUqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA128</a> <a href="#fnref:429" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:430">"Narcissus tazetta". Archived from the original on 2014-10-13. Retrieved 2014-10-08. In Gold, Eshel & Plotnizki (2014) <a href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=249" target="_blank">http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=249</a> <a href="#fnref:430" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:431">"Endangered and Protected Species". Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-08. In Gold, Eshel & Plotnizki (2014) <a href="http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/protectedIndex.asp" target="_blank">http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/protectedIndex.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:431" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:432">Hale 1757, pp. 495–496. - Hale, Thomas (1757). Hill, John (ed.). Eden, or, A compleat body of gardening : containing plain and familiar directions for raising the several useful products of a garden, fruits, roots, and herbage, from the practice of the most successful gardeners, and the result of a long experience. London: Osborne. Retrieved 2014-11-03. <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary" target="_blank">https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65153#/summary</a> <a href="#fnref:432" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:433">Davis, Alan (2007). "Ruskin and the Persephone Myth". Lancaster University: Ruskin Library. Retrieved 2014-10-27. <a href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/ruskinlib/Pages/persephone.html" target="_blank">http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/ruskinlib/Pages/persephone.html</a> <a href="#fnref:433" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:434">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID 19264756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:434" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:435">Cyrino 2010, p. 63. - Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415775229. Retrieved 2014-11-23. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhv2AV3eTsUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dhv2AV3eTsUC</a> <a href="#fnref:435" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:436">Gregory Nagy (trans.). "Homeric Hymn to Demeter" (line 428). Casey Dué Hackney, University of Houston. Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2014-10-03. <a href="http://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/demeter.html" target="_blank">http://www.uh.edu/~cldue/texts/demeter.html</a> <a href="#fnref:436" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:437">Markantonatos 2002, p. 186. - Markantonatos, Andreas (2002). Tragic narrative : a narratological study of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110895889. Retrieved 2014-11-23. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:437" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:438">Sophocles (1889). Oedipus at Colonus (line 683). In Jebb (1889) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C&pg=PA114" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C&pg=PA114</a> <a href="#fnref:438" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:439">Markantonatos 2002, pp. 206–207. - Markantonatos, Andreas (2002). Tragic narrative : a narratological study of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110895889. Retrieved 2014-11-23. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=faciAAAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:439" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:440">Sophocles (1889). Oedipus at Colonus (line 683). In Jebb (1889) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C&pg=PA114" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=XW_HUe5xe20C&pg=PA114</a> <a href="#fnref:440" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:441">Plutarch (2014). "Symposiacs". The complete works of Plutarch: essays and miscellanies, New York: Crowell, 1909. Vol.III. Book III c.1. University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2014-10-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009023532/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter3.html#section24" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141009023532/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter3.html#section24</a> <a href="#fnref:441" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:442">Prior 1870, p. 163, "Narcissus" - Prior, Richard Chandler Alexander (1870). On the popular names of British Plants, being an explanation of the origin and meaning of the names of our indigenous and most commonly cultivated species (2nd ed.). London: Williams & Norgate. Retrieved 2014-10-06. <a href="https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/onpopularnamesof00prioiala</a> <a href="#fnref:442" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:443">Moschus 1919, l. 65. - Moschus (1919). "Εὐρώπη". In Edmonds, John Maxwell (ed.). Moschus. The Greek Bucolic Poets (Perseus Digital Library ed.). London: William Heinemann. Retrieved 2014-11-08. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0644" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0644</a> <a href="#fnref:443" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:444">Earley 1877. - Earley, W (1877). "The Narcissus". The Villa Gardener vol. 7 (December). London. pp. 394–396. Retrieved 2014-11-08. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSI7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=cSI7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA394</a> <a href="#fnref:444" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:445">Theocritus, Bion & Moschus 1880, Moschus. Idyll II, Europa and the Bull (pp. 181–187) at p. 183. - Theocritus; Bion; Moschus (1880). Lang, Andrew (ed.). Theocritus, Bion and Moschus rendered into English prose. London: Macmillan. Retrieved 2014-11-08. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3okOAAAAQAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=3okOAAAAQAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:445" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:446">Homer. "11" (line 539). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. over the field of asphodel <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538</a> <a href="#fnref:446" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:447">Homer. "11" (line 539). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D538</a> <a href="#fnref:447" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:448">Homer. "24" (line 14). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. came to the mead of asphodel, where the spirits dwell <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1</a> <a href="#fnref:448" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:449">Homer. "24" (line 14). In Murray, A.T. (ed.). Odyssey (Harvard University Press 1919 ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-08. ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα, ἔνθα τε ναίουσι ψυχαί, εἴδωλα καμόντων <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D24%3Acard%3D1</a> <a href="#fnref:449" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:450">Dweck, A. C. The folklore of Narcissus (PDF). pp. 19–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-07. In Hanks (2002) <a href="http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.dweckdata.co.uk/Published_papers/Narcissus.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:450" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:451">"Asphodel". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-11-20. <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asphodel" target="_blank">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asphodel</a> <a href="#fnref:451" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:452">The Asphodel of the Greek underworld has been variously associated with the white Asphodelus ramosus (Macmillan (1887)) or the yellow Asphodeline lutea (Graves (1949)), previously classified as Asphodelus luteus. <a href="/wiki/Asphodelus_ramosus" target="_blank">/wiki/Asphodelus_ramosus</a> <a href="#fnref:452" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:453">Lucian (1925). "11" (line 2). In Harmon, A. M. (ed.). Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία (Harvard University Press ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-09. ἀσφοδέλῳ κατάφυτον <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D11" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D11</a> <a href="#fnref:453" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:454">Lucian (1925). "21" (line 10). In Harmon, A. M. (ed.). Μένιππος ἢ Νεκυομαντεία (Harvard University Press ed.). Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2014-10-09. ἀσφοδελὸν λειμῶνα <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D21" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0454%3Asection%3D21</a> <a href="#fnref:454" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:455">Lucian. "MENIPPUS: A NECROMANTIC EXPERIMENT". Sacred Texts. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-10-09. <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl1/wl176.htm" target="_blank">http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl1/wl176.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:455" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:456">Pausanias. "9. Boeotia". pp. 31: 9. Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-19. In Pausanias (1918) <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9" target="_blank">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D31%3Asection%3D9</a> <a href="#fnref:456" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:457">Publius Vergilius Maro (1770). Georgics IV (line 122). p. 155. Archived from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24. In Vergilius Maro (1770) <a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" target="_blank">/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro</a> <a href="#fnref:457" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:458">Publius Vergilius Maro (1770). Georgics IV (line 159). p. 157. Archived from the original on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2016-09-24. In Vergilius Maro (1770) <a href="/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro" target="_blank">/wiki/Publius_Vergilius_Maro</a> <a href="#fnref:458" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:459">John Milton, John (1637). "Lycidas". The Milton Reading Room. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25. <a href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/lycidas/text.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/lycidas/text.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:459" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:466">Panofsky, Dora (June 1949). "Narcissus and Echo; Notes on Poussin's Birth of Bacchus in the Fogg Museum of Art". The Art Bulletin. 31 (2): 112–120. doi:10.2307/3047225. JSTOR 3047225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:466" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:468">Anonymous 1823. - Anonymous (1823). "Narcissus". Flora Domestica, Or, The Portable Flower-garden : with Directions for the Treatment of Plants in Pots and Illustrations From the Works of the Poets. London: Taylor and Hessey. pp. 264–269. Retrieved 2014-12-21. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N05KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=N05KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264</a> <a href="#fnref:468" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:469">Burbidge 1875. - Burbidge, Frederick William (1875). The Narcissus: Its History and Culture: With Coloured Plates and Descriptions of All Known Species and Principal Varieties. London: L. Reeve & Company. Retrieved 2014-09-28. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:469" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:470">Barr & Burbidge 1884. - Barr, Peter; Burbidge, F.W. (1884). Ye Narcissus Or Daffodyl Flowere, Containing Hys Historie and Culture, &C., With a Compleat Liste of All the Species and Varieties Known to Englyshe Amateurs. London: Barre & Sonne. ISBN 978-1104534271. Retrieved 2014-11-02. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dqxBAAAAIAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:470" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:471">Ellacombe 1884. - Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson (1884). The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare (2nd ed.). London: W Satchell and Co. Retrieved 2014-11-26. <a href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog</a> <a href="#fnref:471" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:472">Burbidge, Frederick William (1875a). "Poetry of the Narcissus". pp. 4–8. Retrieved 2014-10-01. In Burbidge (1875) <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=UxdBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4</a> <a href="#fnref:472" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:474">Ellacombe 1884, Daffofils, p. 74. - Ellacombe, Henry Nicholson (1884). The Plant-lore & Garden-craft of Shakespeare (2nd ed.). London: W Satchell and Co. Retrieved 2014-11-26. <a href="https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/plantloregarden01ellagoog</a> <a href="#fnref:474" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:483">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID 19264756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:483" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:485">"Wordsworth's Daffodils" (Skip any introductory screen). Wordsworth Trust. Archived from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2014-10-13. <a href="https://wordsworth.org.uk/daffodils.html" target="_blank">https://wordsworth.org.uk/daffodils.html</a> <a href="#fnref:485" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:488">Wordsworth 1853, p. 112, Issue 183, January, p. 112. - Wordsworth, Chistoper (January 1853). "Memoirs of William Wordsworth, Poet-Laureate, D.C.L." London Quarterly Review. Vol. 92. pp. 96–124. Retrieved 2014-12-24. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJTfAAAAMAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SJTfAAAAMAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:488" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:493">Gerhardt, Paul (1653). "404. Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud". In Crüger, Johann (ed.). Praxis Pietatis Melica. Das ist: Übung der Gottseligkeit in Christlichen und trostreichen Gesängen. Berlin: V. Runge. pp. 779–782. Retrieved 2014-10-12. <a href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0006/bsb00065813/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00065813&seite=399" target="_blank">http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0006/bsb00065813/images/index.html?fip=193.174.98.30&id=00065813&seite=399</a> <a href="#fnref:493" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:496">"Westfälischer Meister in Köln (tätig um 1415 – 1435): Der große Kalvarienberg, um 1415 – 1420. Eichenholz, 197 x 129 cm. Sammlung Ferdinand Franz Wallraf. WRM 0353". Sammlungen: Mittelalter - Rundgang, Raum 4. Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2014-11-24. <a href="http://www.wallraf.museum/uploads/tx_imagecycle/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353__c__Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.wallraf.museum/uploads/tx_imagecycle/WestfaelischerMeister_GrosserKalvarienberg_WRM_0353__c__Rheinisches_Bildarchiv-rba_c004444.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:496" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:497">Kandeler, R.; Ullrich, W. R. (6 January 2009). "Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art: FEBRUARY: Sea-daffodil and narcissus". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (2): 353–355. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp012. PMID 19264756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:497" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:499">Wiemann, Elsbeth. "Master of the Göttingen "Barfüsseraltar", also known as "Master of the Hildesheim Legend of Magdalen" active during the first quarter of the 15th century "Noli me tangere (Do Not Touch Me)"". Collection: Paintings and sculptures. Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2014-11-24. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512131437/http://www.staatsgalerie.de/malereiundplastik_e/altdeu_rundg.php?id=3" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150512131437/http://www.staatsgalerie.de/malereiundplastik_e/altdeu_rundg.php?id=3</a> <a href="#fnref:499" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:504">Todt, Donn L. (January 2012). "Relict Gold: The Long Journey of the Chinese Narcissus". Pacific Horticulture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2014-10-14. <a href="http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/relict-gold-the-long-journey-of-the-chinese-narcissus/" target="_blank">http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/relict-gold-the-long-journey-of-the-chinese-narcissus/</a> <a href="#fnref:504" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:509">Beuchert, Marianne (1995). Symbolik der Pflanzen, Von Akelei bis Zypresse. Mit 101 Aquarellen von Marie-Therese. Frankfurt am Main: Insel-Verl. ISBN 978-3-458-34694-4. <a href="978-3-458-34694-4" target="_blank">978-3-458-34694-4</a> <a href="#fnref:509" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:510">Hearn 2008, Zhao Mengjian, p. 70. - Hearn, Maxwell K. (2008). How to read Chinese paintings. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1588392817. Retrieved 2014-11-17. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC</a> <a href="#fnref:510" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:511">Hearn 2008, Zhao Mengjian, p. 70: "I pity the narcissus for not being the orchid, which at least had known the sober minister from Chu".. - Hearn, Maxwell K. (2008). How to read Chinese paintings. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1588392817. Retrieved 2014-11-17. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=SLpZy5ouhcgC</a> <a href="#fnref:511" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:512">Awaji 2006, Nada Kurokawa Narcissus Field. - "Awaji Yumebutai International Conference Center". Awaji Island, Japan. 2006. Archived from the original (Narcissus fields) on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2014-11-17. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103030605/http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150103030605/http://www.yumebutai.org/english/link/link.html</a> <a href="#fnref:512" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:513">Schimmel 1998, p. 71. - Schimmel, Annemarie (1998). Die Träume des Kalifen : Träume und ihre Deutung in der islamischen Kultur. München: Beck. ISBN 978-3406440564. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC</a> <a href="#fnref:513" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:514">Schimmel 1992, p. 165 - Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). Two-colored brocade : the imagery of Persian poetry. Univ Of North Carolina. ISBN 978-0807856208. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0</a> <a href="#fnref:514" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:515">Hayyim, Sulayman (1934–1936), "شهلا", in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim <a href="#fnref:515" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:516">Hayyim, Sulayman (1934–1936), "شهلا", in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim <a href="#fnref:516" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:517">Naravane, V. S. (1999), The Rose and the Nightingale: Explorations in Indian Culture; Nathani, S. (1992), Urdu for Pleasure for Ghazal Lovers. <a href="#fnref:517" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:518">Hanafi & Schnitzler, p. 75. <a href="#fnref:518" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:519">Schimmel 1992, p. 165 - Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). Two-colored brocade : the imagery of Persian poetry. Univ Of North Carolina. ISBN 978-0807856208. Retrieved 2014-10-15. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twocoloredbrocad00schi_0</a> <a href="#fnref:519" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:520">Meisami & Starkey 1998, p. 545. - Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic literature, vol. 2. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415185721. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC</a> <a href="#fnref:520" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:521">Meisami & Starkey 1998, p. 583. - Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic literature, vol. 2. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415185721. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC</a> <a href="#fnref:521" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:522">Meisami & Starkey 1998, p. 662. - Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic literature, vol. 2. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415185721. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=DbCFBX6b3eEC</a> <a href="#fnref:522" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:523">Schimmel 1998, p. 72. - Schimmel, Annemarie (1998). Die Träume des Kalifen : Träume und ihre Deutung in der islamischen Kultur. München: Beck. ISBN 978-3406440564. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=b_b2D4m6kLUC</a> <a href="#fnref:523" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:524">Krausch 2012, p. 379. - Krausch, Heinz D (2012). 'Kaiserkron und Päonien rot?': Entdeckung und Einführung unserer Gartenblumen. Munich: Dölling und Galitz Verlag G. ISBN 978-3862180226. Retrieved 2014-10-16. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVki2C3StvYC" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=rVki2C3StvYC</a> <a href="#fnref:524" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:525">"Hidulah kalian bunga dafodil (sejenis bunga)". SemakHadis (in Malay). Islamic Studies Department, Faculty of the Humanities at the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 2021-09-25. <a href="https://semakhadis.com/hidulah-kalian-bunga-narcissus-sejenis-bunga/" target="_blank">https://semakhadis.com/hidulah-kalian-bunga-narcissus-sejenis-bunga/</a> <a href="#fnref:525" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:526">علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?) <a href="https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525" target="_blank">https://www.pasokhgoo.ir/node/31525</a> <a href="#fnref:526" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:527">Kinser, Jeremy (14 November 2011). "Dustin Lance Black: Hoover Is the Dark Side of Milk". Advocate. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2011/11/14/dustin-lance-black-hoover-dark-side-milk" target="_blank">http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2011/11/14/dustin-lance-black-hoover-dark-side-milk</a> <a href="#fnref:527" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:528">Greydanus, Steven D. Greydanus (11 November 2011). "J. Edgar: Clint Eastwood directs Leonardo DiCaprio in a muddled biopic about the controversial FBI honcho". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/novemberweb-only/jedgar.html" target="_blank">http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/novemberweb-only/jedgar.html</a> <a href="#fnref:528" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:529">Baumgarten, Marjorie (11 November 2011). "J. Edgar, Directed by Clint Eastwood. Starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Naomi Watts, Armie Hammer, Judi Dench, Josh Lucas, Stephen Root, Dermot Mulroney (2011, R, 136 min.)". Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-11-11/j-edgar/" target="_blank">http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2011-11-11/j-edgar/</a> <a href="#fnref:529" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:530">Hornaday, Ann (9 November 2011). "Editorial Review: J. Edgar". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2017-09-05. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/j.-edgar,1211735.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/j.-edgar,1211735.html</a> <a href="#fnref:530" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:531">von Tunzelmann, Alex (2 February 2012). "J Edgar as a visionary vigilante? Don't believe this unreliable narrative: DiCaprio's Hoover is presented as the misguided hero of his anti-communist FBI empire but the film omits vital episodes such as the McCarthy witch-hunts". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/02/j-edgar-reel-history" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/feb/02/j-edgar-reel-history</a> <a href="#fnref:531" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:532">James, Susan Donaldson (16 November 2011). "J. Edgar Hoover: Gay or Just a Man Who Has Sex With Men?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/edgar-hoover-sex-men-homosexual/story?id=14948447" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/Health/edgar-hoover-sex-men-homosexual/story?id=14948447</a> <a href="#fnref:532" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:533">"Movie Scripts: J. Edgar (2012) Movie Script". Springfield! Springfield!. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-06-16. <a href="http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=j-edgar" target="_blank">http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=j-edgar</a> <a href="#fnref:533" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:534">"Narcissi Forecast". Montreux Riviera. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2014-10-02. <a href="http://www.narcisses.com/" target="_blank">http://www.narcisses.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:534" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:535">"Daffodil Days". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21. Retrieved 2014-09-21. <a href="http://www.cancer.org/involved/participate/daffodildays/index" target="_blank">http://www.cancer.org/involved/participate/daffodildays/index</a> <a href="#fnref:535" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:536">"Daffodil Day". Cancer Society (New Zealand). Archived from the original on 2014-10-26. Retrieved 2014-10-26. <a href="http://www.daffodilday.org.nz/" target="_blank">http://www.daffodilday.org.nz/</a> <a href="#fnref:536" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:537">"Daffodil Day". Cancer Council (Australia). Archived from the original on 2000-08-15. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="http://daffodilday.com.au/" target="_blank">http://daffodilday.com.au/</a> <a href="#fnref:537" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:538">"Daffodil Day". Irish Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25. <a href="http://www.cancer.ie/get-involved/fundraise/major-fundraising-drives/daffodil-day" target="_blank">http://www.cancer.ie/get-involved/fundraise/major-fundraising-drives/daffodil-day</a> <a href="#fnref:538" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:539">"The Great Daffodil Appeal". Marie Curie Cancer Care. Archived from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2014-11-25. <a href="http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/en-GB/fundraising-volunteering/great-daffodil-appeal/" target="_blank">http://www.mariecurie.org.uk/en-GB/fundraising-volunteering/great-daffodil-appeal/</a> <a href="#fnref:539" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:540">"What is Daffodil Month?". Canadian Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-10-20. <a href="http://www.cancer.ca/en/get-involved/events-and-participation/find-an-event-near-you/daffodil-month/?region=ns" target="_blank">http://www.cancer.ca/en/get-involved/events-and-participation/find-an-event-near-you/daffodil-month/?region=ns</a> <a href="#fnref:540" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Narcissus (plant) open-in-new

Narcissus (plant)