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Financial regulation
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In the <a href="/facts/Early_modern_period/hhpHM721">early modern period</a>, the Dutch were the pioneers in financial regulation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The first recorded ban (regulation) on <a href="/facts/Short_selling/QMDa54dz">short selling</a> was enacted by the Dutch authorities as early as 1610. </p> <h2 id="aims-of-regulation">Aims of regulation</h2> <p>The objectives of financial regulators are usually:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>market confidence – to maintain confidence in the financial system</li> <li>financial stability – contributing to the protection and enhancement of stability of the financial system</li> <li><a href="/facts/Consumer_protection/FYPsrrcc">consumer protection</a> – securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers.</li> <li>reduce financial crime</li> <li>regulate foreign participation</li></ul> <h2 id="structure-of-supervision">Structure of supervision</h2> <p>Acts empower organizations, government or non-government, to monitor activities and enforce actions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> There are various setups and combinations in place for the financial regulatory structure around the globe.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h3>Securities market regulation</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Securities_commission/SzSyACSu">Securities commission</a></p> <p>Exchange acts ensure that trading on the floor of exchanges is conducted in a proper manner. Most prominent the pricing process, execution and settlement of trades, direct and efficient trade monitoring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>Financial regulators ensure that listed companies and market participants comply with various regulations under the trading acts. The trading acts demands that listed companies publish regular financial reports, ad hoc notifications or directors' dealings. Whereas market participants are required to publish major shareholder notifications. The objective of monitoring compliance by listed companies with their disclosure requirements is to ensure that investors have access to essential and adequate information for making an informed assessment of listed companies and their securities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Asset management supervision or investment acts ensures the frictionless operation of those vehicles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Supervision of banks and financial services providers</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Bank_regulation/cbm96C0j">Bank regulation</a></p> <p>Banking acts lay down rules for banks which they have to observe when they are being established and when they are carrying on their business. These rules are designed to prevent unwelcome developments that might disrupt the smooth functioning of the banking system. Thus ensuring a strong and efficient banking system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="financial-regulatory-authorities">Financial regulatory authorities</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_financial_regulatory_authorities_by_jurisdiction/e3dLQA5S">List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction</a></p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bank_regulation/cbm96C0j">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Finance/fLh1GgN8">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Financial_economics/oraavYoW">Financial economics § Financial markets</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Financial_ethics/FtabwSTC">Financial ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Financial_regulation_in_India/7xauJMMU">Financial regulation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Financial_repression/FrIqkYcC">Financial repression</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Global_financial_system/cofaucx1">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Group_of_Thirty/BfAe2bup">Group of Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Insurance_law/7E3mq4Cd">Insurance law</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Organization_of_Securities_Commissions/ypJLo8bd">International Organization of Securities Commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Centre_for_Financial_Regulation/t0sj8zCV">International Centre for Financial Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LabEx_ReFi_-_European_Laboratory_on_Financial_Regulation/vRXFKbPA">LabEx ReFi - European Laboratory on Financial Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Macroprudential_regulation/U5z2u3Nd">Macroprudential regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microprudential_regulation/ro0PUU7B">Microprudential regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regulatory_capture/quzEChG3">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Regulatory_economics/b7VNHeYN">Regulatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Securities_commission/SzSyACSu">Securities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Commodity_market/2vH05eJ5">Commodity market § Regulation of commodity markets</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Virtual_currency_law_in_the_United_States/YuPzUG2p">Virtual currency law in the United States</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Labonte, Marc. (2017). <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44918.pdf"><i>Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of the U.S. Financial Regulatory Framework</i>.</a> Washington, D.C.: <a href="/facts/Congressional_Research_Service/5y05h11b">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205205237/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44918.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-05 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carmen_Reinhart/IsbaXHt0">Reinhart, Carmen</a>; <a href="/facts/Kenneth_Rogoff/ehXCh1Yj">Rogoff, Rogoff</a> (2009), <i>This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly</i>, Princeton U. Pr., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-691-15264-6</li> <li>Simpson, D., <a href="/facts/Geoff_Meeks/0XW0Ta2x">Meeks, G.</a>, Klumpes, P., & Andrews, P. (2000). <i>Some cost-benefit issues in financial regulation.</i> London: Financial Services Authority.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041102085717/http://www.law.uc.edu/CCL/">Securities Lawyer's Deskbook</a> from the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cincinnati_College_of_Law/MYIskw6T">University of Cincinnati College of Law</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/RES02408A.htm">Ana Carvajal, Jennifer Elliott: IMF Study Points to Gaps in Securities Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iosco.org/library/pubdocs/pdf/IOSCOPD82.pdf">IOSCO: Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation (PDF-Datei 67 Seiten)</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Joanna Benjamin 'Financial Law' Oxford University Press <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Clement, Piet; James, Harold; Van der Wee, Herman (eds.): Financial Innovation, Regulation and Crises in History. (Routledge, 2014. xiii + 176 pp. ISBN 9781848935044) <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" target="_blank">/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>UK FSA statutory objectives, 2016-04-20, archived from the original on 2017-07-07, retrieved 2012-08-21 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707113055/http://www.fsa.gov.uk/about/aims/statutory" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170707113055/http://www.fsa.gov.uk/about/aims/statutory</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>De Caria, Riccardo (2011-09-23), What is Financial Regulation Trying to Achieve?, Riccardo De Caria, SSRN 1994472 <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Luxembourg CSSF structure and organisation <a href="http://www.cssf.lu/nc/en/about-the-cssf/structure-organisation/" target="_blank">http://www.cssf.lu/nc/en/about-the-cssf/structure-organisation/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>German BAFin supervision organisation, archived from the original on 2012-08-04 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804111533/http://www.bafin.de/EN/Supervision/supervision_node.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120804111533/http://www.bafin.de/EN/Supervision/supervision_node.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Suisse finma stock exchange supervision <a href="http://www.finma.ch/e/finma/taetigkeiten/gb-maerkte/Pages/boersenaufsicht.aspx" target="_blank">http://www.finma.ch/e/finma/taetigkeiten/gb-maerkte/Pages/boersenaufsicht.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>German BAFin stock exchange supervision, archived from the original on 2012-07-22 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722072922/http://www.bafin.de/EN/Supervision/StockExchangesMarkets/stockexchangesmarkets_node.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120722072922/http://www.bafin.de/EN/Supervision/StockExchangesMarkets/stockexchangesmarkets_node.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Finland FSA supervion of listed companies, archived from the original on 2012-10-12, retrieved 2012-08-05 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012035011/http://www.finanssivalvonta.fi/en/Supervision/Market_supervision/Disclosure/Pages/Default.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121012035011/http://www.finanssivalvonta.fi/en/Supervision/Market_supervision/Disclosure/Pages/Default.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Saudi Arabia market supervision, archived from the original on 2013-05-18, retrieved 2012-08-05 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518194643/http://www.cma.org.sa/En/AboutCMA/CMA_Department/Pages/Market_Supervision.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130518194643/http://www.cma.org.sa/En/AboutCMA/CMA_Department/Pages/Market_Supervision.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Borsa Italiana listed stock supervision[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.borsaitaliana.it/azioni/documenti/informativa-societaria/informativasocietaria.en.htm" target="_blank">http://www.borsaitaliana.it/azioni/documenti/informativa-societaria/informativasocietaria.en.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>US SEC Division of Investment Management <a href="https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Reserve Bank of India, Department of Banking Supervision <a href="http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfBS.htm" target="_blank">http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutUsDisplay.aspx?pg=DeptOfBS.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Luxembourg CSSF Supervision of Banks, archived from the original on 2016-03-05, retrieved 2012-08-05 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033032/http://www.cssf.lu/en/about-the-cssf/structure-organisation/supervision-of-banks" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033032/http://www.cssf.lu/en/about-the-cssf/structure-organisation/supervision-of-banks</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>