Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
STELLA (programming language)
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>While working at the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology/Xk49vNA8">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the 1960s, <a href="/facts/Jay_Wright_Forrester/z3bSVDjz">Jay Wright Forrester</a> developed the earliest understanding of <a href="/facts/System_dynamics/EPI2wWsI">system dynamics</a> which he argued could only be understood using models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Dartmouth_College/JLk2nNaN">Dartmouth College</a> systems science professor <a href="/facts/Barry_Richmond/wjAY0xG8">Barry Richmond</a> founded High Performance Systems in 1984.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> With the financial support of <a href="/facts/Analog_Devices/xWFzrkre">Analog Devices, Inc.</a> and technical support from <a href="/facts/Apple_Computer/oTJYta3k">Apple Computer</a>, he developed STELLA (short for Structural Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation) at his company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> He presented the prototype for the <a href="/facts/Visual_programming_language/j0eyIPzU">visual programming language</a> in 1985 at the <a href="/facts/System_Dynamics_Society/lXe1lya3">System Dynamics Society</a>'s annual conference in a paper entitled "STELLA: Software for Bringing System Dynamics to the Other 98%".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Within that paper, Richmond mused on the study of system dynamics: "If this stuff really is so great, then why hasn't the field 'taken off'?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Steve Peterson, a colleague of Richmond's, reflected after his death in 2002 that Richmond held the belief that modeling was a tool everyone should be using and that that notion was reflected in Richmond's work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> He quoted a 1994 paper in which Richmond described STELLA as "quite unique, quite powerful, and quite broadly useful as a way of thinking and or learning. It's also capable of being quite transparent–leveraging the way we learn biology, manage our businesses, or run our personal lives".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="functionality-and-features">Functionality and features</h2> <p>STELLA's approach to modeling systems shares some similarities with a precursor, the <a href="/facts/DYNAMO_(programming_language)/hYgNofc2">DYNAMO</a> <a href="/facts/Simulation_language/2SqEKLCP">simulation language</a>. DYNAMO explicitly defined "stocks" (reservoirs) and "flows" (inputs and outputs) as key variables in a system, a vocabulary that STELLA shares.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Within STELLA, users are presented with a <a href="/facts/Graphical_user_interface/wBlQFWDP">graphical user interface</a> in which they may create graphical models of a system using four fundamentals: stocks, flows, converters, and connectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Relationships between converters (which convey transforming variables) and other elements may be drawn with converters. Users are able to input values for stocks, flows, and converters (including a variety of built-in functions).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> STELLA does not differentiate between external and intermediate variables within a system; all of them are represented with converters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>The software produces <a href="/facts/Finite_difference/aY1txFhj">finite difference</a> equations that describe the graphical model and allows users to select a <a href="/facts/Numerical_analysis/QT9cYa9z">numerical analysis</a> method to apply to the system, either the <a href="/facts/Euler_method/7yF5B4z9">Euler method</a> or various <a href="/facts/Runge%25E2%2580%2593Kutta_methods/YRjbyHpY">Runge–Kutta methods</a> (either second or fourth order).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Before running a model, users may also specify a time step and runtime for the simulation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> STELLA can output data in graphical or tabular forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>STELLA runs one window at a time, meaning that only one model can be run at any given moment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> The program's native file formats are denoted either by an .stm, .stmx, .itm, or .itmx <a href="/facts/Filename_extension/cJgfAym4">filename extension</a>. STELLA also uses the emerging XML-based standard for storing models, XMILE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In 2012, two researchers released StellaR, software which can translate STELLA models into the <a href="/facts/R_(programming_language)/LSrkr8K8">R</a> programming language.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <h3>Education</h3> <p>Because of its simplicity relative to more complex modeling languages, STELLA has been cited as a useful tool in educational settings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Richmond derisively viewed most education as "assimilating content" and proposed systems thinking as a remedy to this.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>In 1987, High Performance Systems released a guide to STELLA encouraging its use in academic settings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> and numerous textbooks have been published that teach modeling and systems thinking using the software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Sample exercises with STELLA include recreating the <a href="/facts/Daisyworld/FyqQkV9j">Daisyworld</a> model,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> simulating the <a href="/facts/History_of_Easter_Island/4XsgUNaD">Easter Island population crash</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and modeling the protagonist's motivation throughout <a href="/facts/William_Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Hamlet/fm6AnR17">Hamlet</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>A 2010 study of the efficacy of <a href="/facts/Project-based_learning/CDpnlvJS">project-based learning</a> upon a <a href="/facts/Drainage_basin/lzsx0XJS">watershed</a>-modeling project undertaken by 72 <a href="/facts/Middle_school/l1I61k1U">middle schoolers</a> found that the addition of a STELLA modeling component in the project improved overall comprehension of the material over traditional methods, especially among female students who outperformed their male counterparts with the addition of STELLA.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Academia and commerce</h3> <p>The software is also used in research settings. Among other projects, researchers have used STELLA to apply <a href="/facts/Hubbert_peak_theory/ml0R40Mj">Hubbert peak theory</a> to the <a href="/facts/Coal_in_China/hoQkghXX">Chinese coal supply</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> to model <a href="/facts/Atrazine/cPx70RaK">atrazine</a> dynamics within agricultural lands,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> and to simulate the interactions between marine macroinvertebrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p><p>isee systems<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> markets an identical software targeted at business consumers under the name iThink (previously STELLA for Business).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> iThink models have been applied to a variety of systems including manufacturing lines,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> hospital waste in developing nations,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> coordination between an emergency room and hospital beds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> and competition in the home video market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="reception">Reception</h2> <p>In a 1987 review of the program in <i><a href="/facts/BioScience/F6U0X5Jg">BioScience</a></i>, <a href="/facts/Robert_Costanza/xsJE0q4x">Robert Costanza</a> wrote that "STELLA is a solid program–well planned and executed–that breaks new ground."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> He praised its ease of use as beneficial both to beginners interested in learning how to build models and experts who could use it to test components of more complex models.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> A 1998 review of the program in the <i><a href="/facts/Bulletin_of_the_Ecological_Society_of_America/luLzqHlm">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</a></i> concurred that the program was easy to use, especially for beginning modelers, but noted its lack of model optimization tools and the ability to run only one window at a time as drawbacks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>Writing for <i><a href="/facts/Complexity_(journal)/MILUmhGg">Complexity</a></i> in 1997, Benedikt Hallgrímsson found the program's accompanying manual to be overzealous in its promotion of <a href="/facts/Systems_theory/C56Ck7DQ">systems theory</a> but cautioned that "the manual need not detract from what is otherwise a very well-thought-out and constructed program."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>A 1991 review of iThink in <i>Planning Review</i> noted that the software's strength was in its low cost (the program retailed at around $450 (US$1,039 in 2024 dollars <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a>) and the vast number of possibilities allowed by its open-ended form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_system_dynamics_software/m6aJuw1p">Comparison of system dynamics software</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Cited</h3> <ul><li>Bossel, H. (1994). <i>Modeling and Simulation</i>. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1">10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-56881-033-1.</li> <li>Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). <i>Modeling Dynamic Systems</i>. New York City: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-387-94850-8.</li> <li>Richmond, B.; Peterson, S.; Vescuso, P. (1987). <i>An Academic User's Guide to STELLA</i>. Lyme, NH: High Performance Systems.</li> <li>Richmond, B. (2013). <a href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosy00slis"><i>An Introduction to Systems Thinking, STELLA</i></a>. Lebanon, NH: isee systems. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-9704921-1-1.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.iseesystems.com/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Costanza, R. (February 1987). "Simulation Modeling on the Macintosh Using STELLA". BioScience. 37 (2): 129–132. doi:10.2307/1310367. JSTOR 1310367. S2CID 56217107. <a href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub" target="_blank">https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Carter, J. (October 1998). "Two Visual Programming Languages for Simulation Modeling: Stella 5.0 and Modelmaker 3.0". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 79 (4): 237–239. doi:10.2307/20168276. JSTOR 20168276. S2CID 62582639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Samzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". Planning Review. 19 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1108/eb054316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Doerr, H. M. (1996). "Stella ten years later: A review of the literature". International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning. 1 (2): 201–224. doi:10.1007/BF00571080. S2CID 19428296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"High Performance Systems, Inc. becomes isee systems" (PDF) (Press release). Lebanon, NH: isee systems. March 4, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022130939/http://www.iseesystems.com/community/pressreleases/20040304.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061022130939/http://www.iseesystems.com/community/pressreleases/20040304.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Peterson, S. (July 2003). Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Bossel 1994, p. 213. - Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. ISBN 978-1-56881-033-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Carter, J. (October 1998). "Two Visual Programming Languages for Simulation Modeling: Stella 5.0 and Modelmaker 3.0". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 79 (4): 237–239. doi:10.2307/20168276. JSTOR 20168276. S2CID 62582639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Peterson, S. (July 2003). Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Richmond et al. 1987, p. iv. - Richmond, B.; Peterson, S.; Vescuso, P. (1987). An Academic User's Guide to STELLA. Lyme, NH: High Performance Systems. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Richmond, B. (1985). STELLA: Software for Bringing System Dynamics to the Other 98% (PDF). The 3rd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Keystone, CO. pp. 706–718. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301004829/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/1985/proceed/richm706.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160301004829/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/1985/proceed/richm706.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Peterson, S. (July 2003). Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Peterson, S. (July 2003). Barry Richmond, System Dynamics and Public Policy (PDF). 21st System Dynamics Conference. New York City. pp. 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2013. Retrieved February 29, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130301012759/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2003/proceed/PAPERS/417.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bossel 1994, p. 213. - Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. ISBN 978-1-56881-033-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>de Souza, R.; Huynh, R.; Chandrashekar, M.; Thevenard, D. (October 1996). A comparison of modelling paradigms for manufacturing line. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1996. Beijing. pp. 1253–1258. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.1996.571288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Hannon & Ruth 1997, p. 13. - Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94850-8. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Bossel 1994, p. 216. - Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. ISBN 978-1-56881-033-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Taffe, W. J. (March 1991). Simulation and modelling with Stella: a general education course. 22nd SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. San Antonio, TX. pp. 87–91. doi:10.1145/107005.107021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Hannon & Ruth 1997, p. 14. - Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94850-8. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Bossel 1994, p. 219. - Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. ISBN 978-1-56881-033-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Carter, J. (October 1998). "Two Visual Programming Languages for Simulation Modeling: Stella 5.0 and Modelmaker 3.0". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 79 (4): 237–239. doi:10.2307/20168276. JSTOR 20168276. S2CID 62582639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"XMILE – An open standard for system dynamics models". isee systems. 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2018. <a href="https://blog.iseesystems.com/news-announcements/xmile-faq/" target="_blank">https://blog.iseesystems.com/news-announcements/xmile-faq/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Naimi, B.; Voinov, A. (December 2012). "StellaR: A software to translate Stella models into R open-source environment" (PDF). Environmental Modelling & Software. 38: 117–118. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.05.012. <a href="https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/7072708/stellaR.pdf" target="_blank">https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/7072708/stellaR.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Doerr, H. M. (1996). "Stella ten years later: A review of the literature". International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning. 1 (2): 201–224. doi:10.1007/BF00571080. S2CID 19428296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Richmond 2013, pp. 9–11. - Richmond, B. (2013). An Introduction to Systems Thinking, STELLA. Lebanon, NH: isee systems. ISBN 978-0-9704921-1-1. <a href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosy00slis" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/introductiontosy00slis</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Richmond et al. 1987, pp. 245–246. - Richmond, B.; Peterson, S.; Vescuso, P. (1987). An Academic User's Guide to STELLA. Lyme, NH: High Performance Systems. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Hannon & Ruth 1997, p. vi. - Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94850-8. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Bossel 1994, p. xv. - Bossel, H. (1994). Modeling and Simulation. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters. doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10822-1. ISBN 978-1-56881-033-1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-663-10822-1</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Hannon & Ruth 1997, p. 357. - Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94850-8. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Menking, K. (January 7, 2016). "Unit 2 Reading: Growth and Dynamics of Populations". InTeGrate. Carleton College. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012057/http://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/earth_modeling/student_materials/unit2_article1.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304012057/http://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/earth_modeling/student_materials/unit2_article1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Hopkins, P. L. (Winter 1992). "Simulating Hamlet in the classroom". System Dynamics Review. 8 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/sdr.4260080109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Eskrootchi, R.; Oskrochi, G. R. (January 2010). "A Study of the Efficacy of Project-based Learning Integrated with Computer-based Simulation – STELLA". Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 13 (1): 236–245. JSTOR jeductechsoci.13.1.236. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Tao, Z.; Li, M. (June 2007). "What is the limit of Chinese coal supplies—A STELLA model of Hubbert Peak". Energy Policy. 35 (6): 3145–3154. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.11.011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Ouyang, Y.; Zhang, J. E.; Lin, D.; Liu, G. D. (March 2010). "A STELLA model for the estimation of atrazine runoff, leaching, adsorption, and degradation from an agricultural land". Journal of Soils and Sediments. 10 (2): 263–271. Bibcode:2010JSoSe..10..263O. doi:10.1007/s11368-009-0107-8. S2CID 14407780. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Gertseva, V. V.; Schindler, J. E.; Gertsev, V. I.; Ponomarev, N. Y.; English, W. R. (August 2004). "A simulation model of the dynamics of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities". Ecological Modelling. 176 (1–2): 173–186. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.029. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>High Performance Systems changed its name to isee systems in 2004.[7] <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Samzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". Planning Review. 19 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1108/eb054316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Hannon & Ruth 1997, p. 6. - Hannon, B.; Ruth, M. (1997). Modeling Dynamic Systems. New York City: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-94850-8. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>de Souza, R.; Huynh, R.; Chandrashekar, M.; Thevenard, D. (October 1996). A comparison of modelling paradigms for manufacturing line. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1996. Beijing. pp. 1253–1258. doi:10.1109/ICSMC.1996.571288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Eleyan, D.; Al-Khatib, I. A.; Garfield, J. (October 2013). "System dynamics model for hospital waste characterization and generation in developing countries" (PDF). Waste Management & Research. 31 (10): 986–995. Bibcode:2013WMR....31..986E. doi:10.1177/0734242X13490981. PMID 23743573. S2CID 33919085. <a href="http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/3197/1/System%20dynamics%20model%20for%20hospital%20waste%20characterization%20and%20generation%20in%20developing%20countries.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/3197/1/System%20dynamics%20model%20for%20hospital%20waste%20characterization%20and%20generation%20in%20developing%20countries.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Spillan, John E.; Ziemnowicz, Christopher (February 2009). Using Systems Dynamics to Improve Coordination Between Hospital Units. Southeast Decision Sciences Institute Annual Conference. Charlestown, SC. Retrieved November 26, 2022. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365623311" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365623311</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Samzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". Planning Review. 19 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1108/eb054316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Costanza, R. (February 1987). "Simulation Modeling on the Macintosh Using STELLA". BioScience. 37 (2): 129–132. doi:10.2307/1310367. JSTOR 1310367. S2CID 56217107. <a href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub" target="_blank">https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Costanza, R. (February 1987). "Simulation Modeling on the Macintosh Using STELLA". BioScience. 37 (2): 129–132. doi:10.2307/1310367. JSTOR 1310367. S2CID 56217107. <a href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub" target="_blank">https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=iss_pub</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Carter, J. (October 1998). "Two Visual Programming Languages for Simulation Modeling: Stella 5.0 and Modelmaker 3.0". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 79 (4): 237–239. doi:10.2307/20168276. JSTOR 20168276. S2CID 62582639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Hallgrímsson, B. (July–August 1997). "Simulation Made Simple". Complexity. 2 (6): 38–40. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199707/08)2:6<38::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-D. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0526%28199707%2F08%292%3A6%3C38%3A%3AAID-CPLX8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-0526%28199707%2F08%292%3A6%3C38%3A%3AAID-CPLX8%3E3.0.CO%3B2-D</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" target="_blank">/wiki/John_J._McCusker</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Samzelius, J. E.; Miller, S. E. (1991). "ithink: Animated Strategic Models on Your Desktop Computer". Planning Review. 19 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1108/eb054316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>