Chemical symbol

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Earlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> and <a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> words. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, Pb is the symbol for <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> (plumbum in Latin); Hg is the symbol for <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> (hydrargyrum in Greek); and He is the symbol for <a href="/facts/Helium/yRul93TG">helium</a> (a <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> name) because helium was not known in <a href="/facts/Ancient_Roman/cGqIuxPd">ancient Roman</a> times. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for <a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">tungsten</a> (Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times.
A three-letter <a href="/facts/Systematic_element_name/vJt86yzX">temporary symbol</a> may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not yet synthesized) element. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for <a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">hassium</a> (element 108) which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on the digits of its atomic number. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used.

<h2 id="extension-of-the-symbol">Extension of the symbol</h2>

In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as <a href="/facts/Subscript_and_superscript/6tExBnkw">superscripts or subscripts</a> a particular <a href="/facts/Isotope/KD9B1y6o">isotope</a>, <a href="/facts/Ionization/W13Ceavd">ionization</a>, or <a href="/facts/Oxidation_state/W53W6s6V">oxidation state</a>, or other atomic detail.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a> A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.
Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:

<ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Nucleon/6fguU9Xk">nucleon</a> number (<a href="/facts/Mass_number/VyBbJ1oI">mass number</a>) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N). This number defines the specific isotope. Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate a <a href="/facts/Nuclear_isomer/L8DHcqnk">nuclear isomer</a> (e.g., <a href="/facts/Technetium-99m/HgIqtvrv">99mTc</a>). Alternately, the number here can represent a specific <a href="/facts/Quantum_state/7jbxd7Dx">spin state</a> (e.g., <a href="/facts/Singlet_oxygen/db0PsrYh">1O2</a>). These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context.</li>
<li>The proton number (<a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S">atomic number</a>) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd). The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction.</li>
<li>If necessary, a state of <a href="/facts/Ionization/W13Ceavd">ionization</a> or an <a href="/facts/Excited_state/czcLYNnr">excited state</a> may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca2+).</li>
<li>The number of atoms of an element in a <a href="/facts/Molecule/N9ljSfFq">molecule</a> or <a href="/facts/Chemical_compound/37FXqqtv">chemical compound</a> is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N2 or Fe2O3). If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified.</li>
<li>A <a href="/facts/Radical_(chemistry)/qFymuVoT">radical</a> is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl• for a neutral chlorine atom). This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons in <a href="/facts/Skeletal_structure/RFcmIenv">skeletal structures</a>.</li></ul>
Many <a href="/facts/Functional_group/GXkSPsjM">functional groups</a> also have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the <a href="/facts/Phenyl_group/Ql9Yx5uu">phenyl group</a>, and Me for the <a href="/facts/Methyl_group/fkM97EMD">methyl group</a>.
A list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its <a href="/facts/Definition/5SlGKKDJ">signification</a>. Also given is each element's <a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S">atomic number</a>, <a href="/facts/Atomic_weight/A3vbuz2n">atomic weight</a>, or the <a href="/facts/Atomic_mass/J1FJY9MV">atomic mass</a> of the most stable <a href="/facts/Isotope/KD9B1y6o">isotope</a>, group and period numbers on the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a>, and <a href="/facts/Etymology/18QG6y67">etymology</a> of the symbol.

<h2 id="symbols-for-chemical-elements">Symbols for chemical elements</h2>

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="4">List of chemical elements</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S">Z</a></th><th>Symbol</th><th>Name</th><th>Origin of name<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>H</td><td><a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">Hydrogen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a> elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming'</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>He</td><td><a href="/facts/Helium/yRul93TG">Helium</a></td><td>Greek hḗlios, 'sun'</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Li</td><td><a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">Lithium</a></td><td>Greek líthos, 'stone'</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Be</td><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">Beryllium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Beryl/Fl7q1Hl9">beryl</a>, a mineral (ultimately from the name of <a href="/facts/Belur%2c_Karnataka/9lnhHvfD">Belur</a> in southern India)</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>B</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">Boron</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Borax/IQrXRJ3N">borax</a>, a mineral (from <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a> bawraq)</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>C</td><td><a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">Carbon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> carbo, '<a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>N</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">Nitrogen</a></td><td>Greek nítron and -gen, meaning '<a href="/facts/Niter/vVeaDn51">niter</a>-forming'</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>O</td><td><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">Oxygen</a></td><td>Greek oxy- and -gen, meaning '<a href="/facts/Acid/FySU18n1">acid</a>-forming'</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>F</td><td><a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">Fluorine</a></td><td>Latin fluere, 'to flow'</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Ne</td><td><a href="/facts/Neon/5bF1FwGL">Neon</a></td><td>Greek néon, 'new'</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Na</td><td><a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">Sodium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> soda (the symbol Na is derived from <a href="/facts/Neo-Latin/mbBrTVEd">Neo-Latin</a> natrium, coined from German Natron, '<a href="/facts/Natron/1lm9rD1y">natron</a>')</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Mg</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Magnesium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesia_(regional_unit)/ohlIv1Db">Magnesia</a>, a district of Eastern <a href="/facts/Thessaly/G76Tml8X">Thessaly</a> in <a href="/facts/Greece/lqHw8bTB">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Al</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">Aluminium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium_oxide/wXM9P6pI">alumina</a>, from Latin alumen (gen. alumni), 'bitter salt, <a href="/facts/Alum/ULAn0XRB">alum</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Si</td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">Silicon</a></td><td>Latin silex, '<a href="/facts/Flint/7NLCTfBd">flint</a>' (originally silicium)</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>P</td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">Phosphorus</a></td><td>Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing'</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>S</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">Sulfur</a></td><td>Latin sulphur, 'brimstone'</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Cl</td><td><a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">Chlorine</a></td><td>Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow'</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Ar</td><td><a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">Argon</a></td><td>Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its <a href="/facts/Chemically_inert/oglbxzgk">inertness</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>K</td><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/5lcumVgo">Potassium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin potassa, '<a href="/facts/Potash/4e2vBL9L">potash</a>' (the symbol K is derived from Latin kalium)</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Ca</td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">Calcium</a></td><td>Latin calx, '<a href="/facts/Lime_(material)/uMcVXGBM">lime</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Sc</td><td><a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">Scandium</a></td><td>Latin Scandia, '<a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Ti</td><td><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">Titanium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Titan_(mythology)/f4I9rqnT">Titans</a>, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>V</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">Vanadium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/List_of_names_of_Freyja/M087RW40">Vanadis</a>, an <a href="/facts/Old_Norse/3dIvgsm5">Old Norse</a> name for the Scandinavian goddess <a href="/facts/Freyja/M087RW40">Freyja</a></td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Cr</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Chromium</a></td><td>Greek chróma, 'colour'</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Mn</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>corrupted from magnesia negra; see <a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Magnesium</a></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Fe</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">Iron</a></td><td>English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum)</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Co</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">Cobalt</a></td><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> Kobold, '<a href="/facts/Goblin/5z16X9mR">goblin</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Ni</td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Nickel</a></td><td>Nickel, a mischievous <a href="/facts/Sprite_(folklore)/gdLTc0lk">sprite</a> of German miner mythology</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Cu</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a></td><td>English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros '<a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Zn</td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zinc</a></td><td>Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest <a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a> sang, 'stone'</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>Ga</td><td><a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">Gallium</a></td><td>Latin <a href="/facts/Gallia/fSpNpRqy">Gallia</a>, 'France'</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>Ge</td><td><a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">Germanium</a></td><td>Latin <a href="/facts/Germania/ILqfavJM">Germania</a>, 'Germany'</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>As</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">Arsenic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a> arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a <a href="/facts/West_Asia/xXM15vIz">West Asian</a> <a href="/facts/Wanderword/vKIzSIym">wanderword</a> ultimately from <a href="/facts/Old_Iranian/JaJyqM4t">Old Iranian</a> *zarniya-ka, 'golden'</td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td>Se</td><td><a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">Selenium</a></td><td>Greek selḗnē, 'moon'</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Br</td><td><a href="/facts/Bromine/oLfj3C7D">Bromine</a></td><td>Greek brômos, 'stench'</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Kr</td><td><a href="/facts/Krypton/llkNlCke">Krypton</a></td><td>Greek kryptós, 'hidden'</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>Rb</td><td><a href="/facts/Rubidium/KDHSe2HM">Rubidium</a></td><td>Latin rubidus, 'deep red'</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Sr</td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">Strontium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Strontian/nf9CIPp2">Strontian</a>, a village in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Y</td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">Yttrium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterby/6CaEoUjc">Ytterby</a>, a village in Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Zr</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">Zirconium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Zircon/84APfbLt">zircon</a>, a mineral</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Nb</td><td><a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">Niobium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Niobe/3CmsQoMN">Niobe</a>, daughter of king <a href="/facts/Tantalus/dEVcNBCa">Tantalus</a> from Greek mythology</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Mo</td><td><a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">Molybdenum</a></td><td>Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a>', from mólybdos, 'lead'</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Tc</td><td><a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">Technetium</a></td><td>Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial'</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Ru</td><td><a href="/facts/Ruthenium/uzCm4ufn">Ruthenium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin <a href="/facts/Ruthenia/MmmqKMjC">Ruthenia</a>, '<a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Rh</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhodium/xmBd9aFG">Rhodium</a></td><td>Greek rhodóeis, '<a href="/facts/Rose_(colour)/ogRMPvnf">rose-coloured</a>', from rhódon, '<a href="/facts/Rose/00sLwePY">rose</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>46</td><td>Pd</td><td><a href="/facts/Palladium/P7y0ESWf">Palladium</a></td><td>the asteroid <a href="/facts/2_Pallas/onjUgYtA">Pallas</a>, considered a planet at the time</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Ag</td><td><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a></td><td>English word (The symbol derives from Latin argentum)</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Cd</td><td><a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">Cadmium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin cadmia, from King <a href="/facts/Kadmos/g75RkVLp">Kadmos</a></td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>In</td><td><a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">Indium</a></td><td>Latin indicum, '<a href="/facts/Indigo/0gteqpM1">indigo</a>' (colour found in its spectrum)</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Sn</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">Tin</a></td><td>English word (The symbol derives from Latin stannum)</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Sb</td><td><a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">Antimony</a></td><td>Latin antimonium, <a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">the origin of which</a> is uncertain: <a href="/facts/Folk_etymology/vgVL6xdX">folk etymologies</a> suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or <a href="/facts/Old_French/QcRpPdAc">Old French</a> anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word. (The symbol derives from Latin stibium '<a href="/facts/Stibnite/f1wo26vQ">stibnite</a>'.)</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>Te</td><td><a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">Tellurium</a></td><td>Latin tellus, 'the ground, earth'</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>I</td><td><a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">Iodine</a></td><td>French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet'</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Xe</td><td><a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">Xenon</a></td><td>Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange'</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Cs</td><td><a href="/facts/Caesium/dXKN1S5k">Caesium</a></td><td>Latin caesius, 'sky-blue'</td></tr><tr><td>56</td><td>Ba</td><td><a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">Barium</a></td><td>Greek barýs, 'heavy'</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>La</td><td><a href="/facts/Lanthanum/Uhmmy1sB">Lanthanum</a></td><td>Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden'</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Ce</td><td><a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">Cerium</a></td><td>the dwarf planet <a href="/facts/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)/yIVEMYtG">Ceres</a>, considered a planet at the time</td></tr><tr><td>59</td><td>Pr</td><td><a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">Praseodymium</a></td><td>Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin'</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>Nd</td><td><a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">Neodymium</a></td><td>Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin'</td></tr><tr><td>61</td><td>Pm</td><td><a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">Promethium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Prometheus/I5gmrJXn">Prometheus</a> of Greek mythology</td></tr><tr><td>62</td><td>Sm</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Samarium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Samarskite/q79Axajv">samarskite</a>, a mineral named after Colonel <a href="/facts/Vasili_Samarsky-Bykhovets/AYuKW2ot">Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>, Russian mine official</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Eu</td><td><a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">Europium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a></td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Gd</td><td><a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">Gadolinium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gadolinite/kahQI57c">gadolinite</a>, a mineral named after <a href="/facts/Johan_Gadolin/dMFU1Lna">Johan Gadolin</a>, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist</td></tr><tr><td>65</td><td>Tb</td><td><a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Terbium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterby/6CaEoUjc">Ytterby</a>, a village in Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Dy</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dysprosium</a></td><td>Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get'</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Ho</td><td><a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">Holmium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin Holmia, '<a href="/facts/Stockholm/sD74W4Pm">Stockholm</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Er</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Erbium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterby/6CaEoUjc">Ytterby</a>, a village in Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Tm</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Thulium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thule/p78Hc7Y1">Thule</a>, the ancient name for an unclear northern location</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Yb</td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">Ytterbium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ytterby/6CaEoUjc">Ytterby</a>, a village in Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Lu</td><td><a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">Lutetium</a></td><td>Latin <a href="/facts/Lutetia/9v6bUvxE">Lutetia</a>, '<a href="/facts/Paris/DrNHpwnA">Paris</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Hf</td><td><a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">Hafnium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin Hafnia, '<a href="/facts/Copenhagen/58Tl28IX">Copenhagen</a>' (from <a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a> havn)</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Ta</td><td><a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">Tantalum</a></td><td>King <a href="/facts/Tantalus/dEVcNBCa">Tantalus</a>, father of Niobe from Greek mythology</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>W</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">Tungsten</a></td><td>Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol is from wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral <a href="/facts/Wolframite/97Rag4Ef">wolframite</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Re</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">Rhenium</a></td><td>Latin Rhenus, '<a href="/facts/The_Rhine/MgJ88oaz">the Rhine</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Os</td><td><a href="/facts/Osmium/1TjXD69n">Osmium</a></td><td>Greek osmḗ, '<a href="/facts/Odour/WnCopMmH">smell</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Ir</td><td><a href="/facts/Iridium/cB4n6MbQ">Iridium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Iris_(mythology)/IhXsu877">Iris</a>, the Greek goddess of the rainbow</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Pt</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">Platinum</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a> platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver'</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Au</td><td><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a></td><td>English word (The symbol derives from Latin aurum)</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Hg</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">Mercury</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(mythology)/2omXHvrY">Mercury</a>, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (The symbol is from the element's Latin name hydrargyrum, derived from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-<a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">silver</a>')</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Tl</td><td><a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">Thallium</a></td><td>Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig'</td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Pb</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Lead</a></td><td>English word (The symbol derives from Latin plumbum)</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>Bi</td><td><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bismuth</a></td><td>German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Po</td><td><a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">Polonium</a></td><td>Latin Polonia, '<a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a>' (the home country of <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie/EGjeuJ14">Marie Curie</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>At</td><td><a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">Astatine</a></td><td>Greek ástatos, 'unstable'</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Rn</td><td><a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">Radon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a></td></tr><tr><td>87</td><td>Fr</td><td><a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">Francium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Ra</td><td><a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">Radium</a></td><td>French radium, from Latin radius, '<a href="/facts/Ray_(optics)/PgUEC7Sm">ray</a>'</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>Ac</td><td><a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">Actinium</a></td><td>Greek aktís, 'ray'</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Thorium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Thor/Ww3MSrq6">Thor</a>, the Scandinavian god of thunder</td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>Pa</td><td><a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">Protactinium</a></td><td>proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium</td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>U</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">Uranium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Uranus/x7YwT1ar">Uranus</a>, the seventh planet in the Solar System</td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Np</td><td><a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">Neptunium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Neptune/1eucwHIC">Neptune</a>, the eighth planet in the Solar System</td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>Pu</td><td><a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">Plutonium</a></td><td>the dwarf planet <a href="/facts/Pluto/egq7MBeR">Pluto</a>, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>Am</td><td><a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">Americium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/The_Americas/hEuUTL4K">The Americas</a>, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with <a href="/facts/Europium/dqmBm1vr">europium</a></td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td>Cm</td><td><a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">Curium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Pierre_Curie/Sbtlw2xj">Pierre Curie</a> and <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie/EGjeuJ14">Marie Curie</a>, French physicists and chemists</td></tr><tr><td>97</td><td>Bk</td><td><a href="/facts/Berkelium/ePryEYy3">Berkelium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Berkeley%2c_California/WBVjzd5l">Berkeley</a>, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a></td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Cf</td><td><a href="/facts/Californium/AJVjoVut">Californium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/State_of_California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>, where the element was first synthesised</td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Es</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Einsteinium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a>, German physicist</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>Fm</td><td><a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">Fermium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Enrico_Fermi/cmYcY15H">Enrico Fermi</a>, Italian physicist</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Md</td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Mendelevium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dmitri_Mendeleev/xdouRrx8">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed the <a href="/facts/Periodic_table/umdGIfUb">periodic table</a></td></tr><tr><td>102</td><td>No</td><td><a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">Nobelium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alfred_Nobel/D7zGMnJQ">Alfred Nobel</a>, Swedish chemist and engineer</td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td>Lr</td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">Lawrencium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ernest_O._Lawrence/SCFLr21y">Ernest O. Lawrence</a>, American physicist</td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>Rf</td><td><a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">Rutherfordium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ernest_Rutherford/hjjMEskl">Ernest Rutherford</a>, New Zealand chemist and physicist</td></tr><tr><td>105</td><td>Db</td><td><a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">Dubnium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dubna/mn37rc4l">Dubna</a>, Russia, where the <a href="/facts/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research/JrSF8sQQ">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> is located</td></tr><tr><td>106</td><td>Sg</td><td><a href="/facts/Seaborgium/ejs0Ap6P">Seaborgium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glenn_T._Seaborg/w1a3mume">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, American chemist</td></tr><tr><td>107</td><td>Bh</td><td><a href="/facts/Bohrium/epvp3GWM">Bohrium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Niels_Bohr/ydLPvQXT">Niels Bohr</a>, Danish physicist</td></tr><tr><td>108</td><td>Hs</td><td><a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">Hassium</a></td><td>Neo-Latin Hassia, '<a href="/facts/Hesse/kEmEjUK9">Hesse</a>' (a state in Germany)</td></tr><tr><td>109</td><td>Mt</td><td><a href="/facts/Meitnerium/pKaD3sRY">Meitnerium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lise_Meitner/BH51ypJ2">Lise Meitner</a>, Austrian physicist</td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td>Ds</td><td><a href="/facts/Darmstadtium/etmwTLmP">Darmstadtium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Darmstadt/UzVdfNVQ">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, where the element was first synthesised</td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td>Rg</td><td><a href="/facts/Roentgenium/LEhvJaJQ">Roentgenium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%25C3%25B6ntgen/xQ9DzpWm">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, German physicist</td></tr><tr><td>112</td><td>Cn</td><td><a href="/facts/Copernicium/EhgyBkg0">Copernicium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Nicolaus_Copernicus/RvzhHNQR">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, Polish astronomer</td></tr><tr><td>113</td><td>Nh</td><td><a href="/facts/Nihonium/sb09p5dv">Nihonium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a> Nihon, '<a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>' (where the element was first synthesised)</td></tr><tr><td>114</td><td>Fl</td><td><a href="/facts/Flerovium/Aa7uGMuG">Flerovium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions/JrSF8sQQ">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a>, part of <a href="/facts/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research/JrSF8sQQ">JINR</a>, where the element was synthesised; itself named after <a href="/facts/Georgy_Flyorov/qhcQHs2q">Georgy Flyorov</a>, Russian physicist</td></tr><tr><td>115</td><td>Mc</td><td><a href="/facts/Moscovium/QhSEr0H5">Moscovium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Moscow_Oblast/699h9DNN">Moscow Oblast</a>, Russia, where the element was first synthesised</td></tr><tr><td>116</td><td>Lv</td><td><a href="/facts/Livermorium/nQc1FE6E">Livermorium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory/WuXIbIKz">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/facts/Livermore%2c_California/PKRFAQXw">Livermore, California</a>, which collaborated with <a href="/facts/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research/JrSF8sQQ">JINR</a> on its synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>117</td><td>Ts</td><td><a href="/facts/Tennessine/eGCBDvEr">Tennessine</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tennessee/A3mLY9bu">Tennessee</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><td>118</td><td>Og</td><td><a href="/facts/Oganesson/zs5MQDjV">Oganesson</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yuri_Oganessian/69TJ9VyW">Yuri Oganessian</a>, Russian physicist</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="symbols-and-names-not-currently-used">Symbols and names not currently used</h2>

The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for <a href="/facts/Placeholder_name/zf6Whtye">placeholder names</a> and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

<table><tbody><tr><th>Symbol</th><th>Name</th><th>Atomicnumber</th><th>Notes</th><th>Why notused</th><th>Refs</th></tr><tr><td>A</td><td><a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">Argon</a></td><td>18</td><td>A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ab</td><td>Alabamine</td><td>85</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ad</td><td>Aldebaranium</td><td>70</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">ytterbium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ah</td><td><a href="/facts/Anglohelvetium/AlbHPBK5">Anglohelvetium</a></td><td>85</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ak</td><td>Alkalinium</td><td>87</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a></td></tr><tr><td>Am</td><td>Alabamine</td><td>85</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a>. The symbol Am is now used for <a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">americium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></td></tr><tr><td>An</td><td>Athenium</td><td>99</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">einsteinium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ao</td><td>Ausonium</td><td>93</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></td></tr><tr><td>At</td><td>Austriacum</td><td>84</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a>. The symbol At is now used for <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Az</td><td>Azote</td><td>7</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bo</td><td>Bohemium</td><td>93</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bo</td><td><a href="/facts/Boron/Pmwgd7Mf">Boron</a></td><td>5</td><td>Current symbol is B.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bv</td><td>Brevium</td><td>91</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a>-234.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bz</td><td><a href="/facts/Berzelium/3vR0QgoR">Berzelium</a></td><td>90</td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Baskerville/noyzDRAQ">Baskerville</a> wrongly believed berzelium was a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a></td></tr><tr><td>Cb</td><td>Columbium</td><td>41</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ch</td><td><a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Chromium</a></td><td>24</td><td>Current symbol is Cr.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cl</td><td>Columbium</td><td>41</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a>. The symbol Cl is now used for <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cm</td><td>Catium</td><td>87</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>. The symbol Cm is now used for <a href="/facts/Curium/LMyWXg8l">curium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cn</td><td><a href="/facts/Carolinium/3vR0QgoR">Carolinium</a></td><td>90</td><td><a href="/facts/Charles_Baskerville/noyzDRAQ">Baskerville</a> wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>. The symbol Cn is now used for <a href="/facts/Copernicium/EhgyBkg0">copernicium</a>.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></td></tr><tr><td>Cp</td><td>Cassiopeium</td><td>71</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Lutetium/URlmnYG8">lutetium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cp</td><td>Copernicium</td><td>112</td><td>Current symbol is Cn.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ct</td><td>Celtium</td><td>72</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ct</td><td>Centurium</td><td>100</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Fermium/Us3rnvG5">fermium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cy</td><td>Cyclonium</td><td>61</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td><a href="/facts/Didymium/qrefFWn8">Didymium</a></td><td>59/60</td><td>Mixture of the elements <a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">praseodymium</a> and <a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">neodymium</a>. <a href="/facts/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander/nlB4bhRp">Mosander</a> wrongly believed didymium to be an element.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></td></tr><tr><td>Da</td><td><a href="/facts/Davyum/jK9c4U6A">Davyum</a></td><td>43</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></td></tr><tr><td>Db</td><td>Dubhium</td><td>69</td><td><a href="/facts/Josef_Maria_Eder/BCrolFau">Eder</a> wrongly believed dubhium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">thulium</a>. The symbol Db is now used for <a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">dubnium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Db</td><td><a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">Dubnium</a></td><td>104</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">rutherfordium</a>. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td></tr><tr><td>Dc</td><td><a href="/facts/Decipium/IuvW0Tgb">Decipium</a></td><td>62</td><td><a href="/facts/Marc_Delafontaine/ffzDsuEV">Delafontaine</a> wrongly believed decipium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">samarium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dc</td><td>Dvicaesium</td><td>87</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>De</td><td>Denebium</td><td>69</td><td><a href="/facts/Josef_Maria_Eder/BCrolFau">Eder</a> wrongly believed denebium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">thulium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Di</td><td><a href="/facts/Didymium/qrefFWn8">Didymium</a></td><td>59/60</td><td>Mixture of the elements <a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">praseodymium</a> and <a href="/facts/Neodymium/GzDkTIoI">neodymium</a>. <a href="/facts/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander/nlB4bhRp">Mosander</a> wrongly believed didymium to be an element.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a></td></tr><tr><td>Do</td><td>Dor</td><td>85</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a> made by <a href="/facts/Horia_Hulubei/XMNRAuDT">Horia Hulubei</a> and <a href="/facts/Yvette_Cauchois/5aE0B0xY">Yvette Cauchois</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><td>Dn</td><td>Dubnadium</td><td>118</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Oganesson/zs5MQDjV">oganesson</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dp</td><td><a href="/facts/Decipium/IuvW0Tgb">Decipium</a></td><td>62</td><td><a href="/facts/Marc_Delafontaine/ffzDsuEV">Delafontaine</a> wrongly believed decipium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">samarium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ds</td><td><a href="/facts/Dysprosium/eMev6zGS">Dysprosium</a></td><td>66</td><td>Current symbol is Dy. The symbol Ds is now used for <a href="/facts/Darmstadtium/etmwTLmP">darmstadtium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dt</td><td>Dvitellurium</td><td>84</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td><a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">Einsteinium</a></td><td>99</td><td>Current symbol is Es.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td><a href="/facts/Erbium/XEJlgJcx">Erbium</a></td><td>68</td><td>Current symbol is Er.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ea</td><td>Ekaaluminium</td><td>31</td><td>Name given by <a href="/facts/Dmitri_Mendeleev/xdouRrx8">Mendeleev</a> to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eb</td><td>Ekaboron</td><td>21</td><td>Name given by <a href="/facts/Dmitri_Mendeleev/xdouRrx8">Mendeleev</a> to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Scandium/TJRt1chg">scandium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></td></tr><tr><td>Eb</td><td>Erebodium</td><td>42</td><td>Alexander Pringle wrongly believed erebodium to be a new element. Was likely <a href="/facts/Molybdenum/RX6vp2bF">molybdenum</a>.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a></td></tr><tr><td>El</td><td>Ekaaluminium</td><td>31</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a></td></tr><tr><td>Em</td><td>Ekamanganese</td><td>43</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a></td></tr><tr><td>Em</td><td>Emanation</td><td>86</td><td>Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn/VDlnr6cI">Friedrich Ernst Dorn</a> in 1900.In 1923, this element officially became <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a> (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>).</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a></td></tr><tr><td>Em</td><td>Emanium</td><td>89</td><td>Alternate name formerly proposed for <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Es</td><td>Ekasilicon</td><td>32</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to a then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a> closely matched the prediction.The symbol Es is now used for <a href="/facts/Einsteinium/RePoIVN9">einsteinium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a></td></tr><tr><td>Hs</td><td>Hesperium</td><td>94</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Plutonium/4bUw9zH3">plutonium</a>. The symbol Hs is now used for <a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">hassium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a></td></tr><tr><td>Et</td><td>Ekatantalum</td><td>91</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a> closely matched the prediction.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ex</td><td>Euxenium</td><td>72</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></td></tr><tr><td>Fa</td><td><a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">Francium</a></td><td>87</td><td>Current symbol is Fr.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fl</td><td>Florentium</td><td>61</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a>. The symbol Fl is now used for <a href="/facts/Flerovium/Aa7uGMuG">flerovium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fl</td><td><a href="/facts/Fluorine/YUV0Fb8m">Fluorine</a></td><td>9</td><td>Current symbol is F. The symbol Fl is now used for <a href="/facts/Flerovium/Aa7uGMuG">flerovium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fr</td><td>Florentium</td><td>61</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a>. The symbol Fr is now used for <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a></td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>Glucinium</td><td>4</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gh</td><td>Ghiorsium</td><td>118</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Oganesson/zs5MQDjV">oganesson</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gl</td><td>Glucinium</td><td>4</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ha</td><td>Hahnium</td><td>105</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">dubnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hn</td><td>Hahnium</td><td>108</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">hassium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a></td></tr><tr><td>Hv</td><td><a href="/facts/Helvetium/AlbHPBK5">Helvetium</a></td><td>85</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Astatine/AlbHPBK5">astatine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></td></tr><tr><td>Hy</td><td>Mercury</td><td>80</td><td>Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>Iridium</td><td>77</td><td>Current symbol is Ir. The symbol I is now used for <a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">iodine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ic</td><td>Incognitium</td><td>65</td><td><a href="/facts/Eug%25C3%25A8ne-Anatole_Demar%25C3%25A7ay/aAwPzpXL">Demarçay</a> wrongly believed incognitium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a> mixed with gadolinium.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></td></tr><tr><td>Il</td><td>Illinium</td><td>61</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></td></tr><tr><td>Il</td><td><a href="/facts/Ilmenium/qdBTFspg">Ilmenium</a></td><td>41/73</td><td>Mixture of the elements <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a> and <a href="/facts/Tantalum/VwaxMm33">tantalum</a>. R. Hermann wrongly believed ilmenium to be an element.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Io</td><td>Ionium</td><td>65</td><td><a href="/facts/Eug%25C3%25A8ne-Anatole_Demar%25C3%25A7ay/aAwPzpXL">Demarçay</a> wrongly believed ionium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>Jodium</td><td>53</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Iodine/JlfMecMf">iodine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jg</td><td>Jargonium</td><td>72</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a></td></tr><tr><td>Jl</td><td>Joliotium</td><td>105</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">dubnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a></td></tr><tr><td>Jp</td><td>Japonium</td><td>113</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Nihonium/sb09p5dv">nihonium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ka</td><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/5lcumVgo">Potassium</a></td><td>19</td><td>Current symbol is K.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ku</td><td>Kurchatovium</td><td>104</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">rutherfordium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a></td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td><a href="/facts/Lithium/7vXX6BWA">Lithium</a></td><td>3</td><td>Current symbol is Li.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lw</td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">Lawrencium</a></td><td>103</td><td>Current symbol is Lr.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>Muriaticum</td><td>17</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">chlorine</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ma</td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>25</td><td>Current symbol is Mn.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ma</td><td>Masurium</td><td>43</td><td>Disputed claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a></td></tr><tr><td>Md</td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Mendelevium</a></td><td>97</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Berkelium/ePryEYy3">berkelium</a>. The symbol and name were later used for element 101.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ml</td><td>Moldavium</td><td>87</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a> made by <a href="/facts/Horia_Hulubei/XMNRAuDT">Horia Hulubei</a> and <a href="/facts/Yvette_Cauchois/5aE0B0xY">Yvette Cauchois</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ms</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">Magnesium</a></td><td>12</td><td>Current symbol is Mg.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ms</td><td>Masrium</td><td>88</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ms</td><td>Masurium</td><td>43</td><td>Disputed claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ms</td><td>Mosandrium</td><td>65</td><td><a href="/facts/J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)/IzpKfFjf">Smith</a> wrongly believed mosandrium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">terbium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mv</td><td><a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">Mendelevium</a></td><td>101</td><td>Current symbol is Md.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ng</td><td>Norwegium</td><td>72</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>Norium</td><td>72</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Hafnium/rBNnlxDS">hafnium</a>. The symbol No is now used for <a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">nobelium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Np</td><td>Neptunium</td><td>91</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a>. The symbol and name were later used for element 93.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></td></tr><tr><td>Np</td><td>Nipponium</td><td>43</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Technetium/MGYWNI5d">technetium</a>. The symbol Np is now used for <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ns</td><td>Nielsbohrium</td><td>105</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">dubnium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ns</td><td>Nielsbohrium</td><td>107</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Bohrium/epvp3GWM">bohrium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a></td></tr><tr><td>Nt</td><td>Niton</td><td>86</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ny</td><td>Neoytterbium</td><td>70</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Ytterbium/3lerM9uf">ytterbium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P</td><td>Lead</td><td>82</td><td>Current symbol is Pb. The symbol P is now used for <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pa</td><td>Palladium</td><td>46</td><td>Current symbol is Pd. The symbol Pa is now used for <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pe</td><td><a href="/facts/Pelopium/S5wDtRBf">Pelopium</a></td><td>41</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Niobium/3zNI8AKp">niobium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ph</td><td>Phosphorus</td><td>15</td><td>Current symbol is P.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pl</td><td>Palladium</td><td>46</td><td>Current symbol is Pd.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pm</td><td>Polymnestum</td><td>33</td><td>Alexander Pringle wrongly believed polymnestum to be a new element. Was likely <a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a>. The symbol Pm is now used for <a href="/facts/Promethium/8xvCz9Rg">promethium</a>.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a></td></tr><tr><td>Po</td><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/5lcumVgo">Potassium</a></td><td>19</td><td>Current symbol is K. The symbol Po is now used for <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pp</td><td><a href="/facts/Philippium/C73kJVtp">Philippium</a></td><td>67</td><td><a href="/facts/Marc_Delafontaine/ffzDsuEV">Delafontaine</a> discovered a new element and named it philippium. <a href="/facts/Per_Teodor_Cleve/0KGIUxKW">Per Teodor Cleve</a> isolated it and renamed it <a href="/facts/Holmium/C73kJVtp">holmium</a>.</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a></td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>Rhodium</td><td>45</td><td>Current symbol is Rh. (The symbol is now sometimes used for an <a href="/facts/Alkyl_group/vmEk8X4v">alkyl group</a>.)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rd</td><td>Radium</td><td>88</td><td>Current symbol is Ra.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rf</td><td><a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">Rutherfordium</a></td><td>106</td><td>Proposed name for <a href="/facts/Seaborgium/ejs0Ap6P">seaborgium</a>. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a></td></tr><tr><td>Ro</td><td>Rhodium</td><td>45</td><td>Current symbol is Rh.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sa</td><td><a href="/facts/Samarium/09K3kl93">Samarium</a></td><td>62</td><td>Current symbol is Sm.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a></td></tr><tr><td>So</td><td><a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">Sodium</a></td><td>11</td><td>Current symbol is Na.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sq</td><td>Sequanium</td><td>93</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a> made by <a href="/facts/Horia_Hulubei/XMNRAuDT">Horia Hulubei</a> and <a href="/facts/Yvette_Cauchois/5aE0B0xY">Yvette Cauchois</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a></td></tr><tr><td>St</td><td><a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">Antimony</a></td><td>51</td><td>Current symbol is Sb.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>St</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">Tin</a></td><td>50</td><td>Current symbol is Sn.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tm</td><td>Trimanganese</td><td>75</td><td>Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, <a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">rhenium</a> closely matched the prediction. The symbol Tm is now used for <a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">thulium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tn</td><td><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">Tungsten</a></td><td>74</td><td>Current symbol is W.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tr</td><td><a href="/facts/Terbium/ICF3PMED">Terbium</a></td><td>65</td><td>Current symbol is Tb.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tu</td><td><a href="/facts/Thulium/G2905xhd">Thulium</a></td><td>69</td><td>Current symbol is Tm.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tu</td><td>Tungsten</td><td>74</td><td>Current symbol is W.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ur</td><td>Uralium</td><td>75</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">rhenium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ur</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">Uranium</a></td><td>92</td><td>Current symbol is U.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vc</td><td><a href="/facts/Victorium/8dhMRe7Y">Victorium</a></td><td>64</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Crookes/q8U8VVwR">Crookes</a> wrongly believed victorium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">gadolinium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vi</td><td><a href="/facts/Victorium/8dhMRe7Y">Victorium</a></td><td>64</td><td><a href="/facts/William_Crookes/q8U8VVwR">Crookes</a> wrongly believed victorium to be a new element. Was actually <a href="/facts/Gadolinium/eLYUeScu">gadolinium</a>.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vi</td><td>Virginium</td><td>87</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a></td></tr><tr><td>Vm</td><td>Virginium</td><td>87</td><td>Discredited claim to discovery of <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a></td></tr><tr><td>Va</td><td><a href="/facts/Vanadium/UvKkKTSm">Vanadium</a></td><td>23</td><td>Current symbol is V.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wo</td><td><a href="/facts/Wolfram_(chemical)/WYwbNDYX">Wolfram</a></td><td>74</td><td>Former name for <a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">tungsten</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X</td><td><a href="/facts/Xenon/9E3XR69R">Xenon</a></td><td>54</td><td>Current symbol is Xe. The symbol X is now used for any <a href="/facts/Halogen/YeFgWHeA">halogen</a>.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yt</td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">Yttrium</a></td><td>39</td><td>Current symbol is Y.</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Systematic chemical symbols</h3>
These symbols are based on <a href="/facts/Systematic_element_name/vJt86yzX">systematic element names</a>, which are now replaced by trivial (non-systematic) element names and symbols. Data is given in order of: <a href="/facts/Atomic_number/bgAr581S">atomic number</a>, systematic symbol, systematic name; trivial symbol, trivial name.

<ul><li>101: Unu, unnilunium; Md, <a href="/facts/Mendelevium/bEHBu18F">mendelevium</a>.</li>
<li>102: Unb, unnilbium; No, <a href="/facts/Nobelium/syRkloSw">nobelium</a>.</li>
<li>103: Unt, unniltrium; Lr, <a href="/facts/Lawrencium/HVw2LVlx">lawrencium</a>.</li>
<li>104: Unq, unnilquadium; Rf, <a href="/facts/Rutherfordium/44LSnv9p">rutherfordium</a>.</li>
<li>105: Unp, unnilpentium; Db, <a href="/facts/Dubnium/3CHC1lEt">dubnium</a>.</li>
<li>106: Unh, unnilhexium; Sg, <a href="/facts/Seaborgium/ejs0Ap6P">seaborgium</a>.</li>
<li>107: Uns, unnilseptium; Bh, <a href="/facts/Bohrium/epvp3GWM">bohrium</a>.</li>
<li>108: Uno, unniloctium; Hs, <a href="/facts/Hassium/t0bgGzwt">hassium</a>.</li>
<li>109: Une, unnilennium; Mt, <a href="/facts/Meitnerium/pKaD3sRY">meitnerium</a>.</li>
<li>110: Uun, ununnilium; Ds, <a href="/facts/Darmstadtium/etmwTLmP">darmstadtium</a>.</li>
<li>111: Uuu, unununium; Rg, <a href="/facts/Roentgenium/LEhvJaJQ">roentgenium</a>.</li>
<li>112: Uub, ununbium; Cn, <a href="/facts/Copernicium/EhgyBkg0">copernicium</a>.</li>
<li>113: Uut, ununtrium; Nh, <a href="/facts/Nihonium/sb09p5dv">nihonium</a>.</li>
<li>114: Uuq, ununquadium; Fl, <a href="/facts/Flerovium/Aa7uGMuG">flerovium</a>.</li>
<li>115: Uup, ununpentium; Mc, <a href="/facts/Moscovium/QhSEr0H5">moscovium</a>.</li>
<li>116: Uuh, ununhexium; Lv, <a href="/facts/Livermorium/nQc1FE6E">livermorium</a>.</li>
<li>117: Uus, ununseptium; Ts, <a href="/facts/Tennessine/eGCBDvEr">tennessine</a>.</li>
<li>118: Uuo, ununoctium; Og, <a href="/facts/Oganesson/zs5MQDjV">oganesson</a>.</li></ul>
When elements beyond oganesson (starting with <a href="/facts/Ununennium/WnpMG7CP">ununennium</a>, Uue, element 119), are discovered; their systematic name and symbol will presumably be superseded by a trivial name and symbol.

<h3>Alchemical symbols</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Alchemical_symbols/TIHkrNya">Alchemical symbols</a>
The <a href="/facts/Alchemical_symbols/TIHkrNya">following ideographic symbols</a> were used in <a href="/facts/Alchemy/CEx0U1Em">alchemy</a> to denote elements known since ancient times. Not included in this list are spurious elements, such as the <a href="/facts/Classical_element/LIzQ4aoX">classical elements</a> <a href="/facts/Fire_(classical_element)/Sc56D9x2">fire</a> and <a href="/facts/Water_(classical_element)/a0PtCLam">water</a> or <a href="/facts/Phlogiston/6PDveBmv">phlogiston</a>, and substances now known to be compounds. Many more symbols were in at least sporadic use: one early 17th-century alchemical manuscript lists 22 symbols for mercury alone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>
Planetary names and symbols for the metals – the seven planets and seven metals known since Classical times in Europe and the Mideast – was ubiquitous in alchemy. The association of what are anachronistically known as <a href="/facts/Planetary_metal/TIHkrNya">planetary metals</a> started breaking down with the discovery of antimony, bismuth and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.g. "Saturn" for lead and "Mars" for iron; compounds of tin, iron and silver continued to be called "jovial", "martial" and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars" and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to common names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such as lunar caustic (silver nitrate) and <a href="/facts/Saturnism/STwlKj7c">saturnism</a> (lead poisoning).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a>

Alchemical symbols for the modern elements<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Symbol</th><th>Element</th><th>Atomicnumber</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">Phosphorus</a></td><td>15</td><td>(discovered late)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜍</td><td><a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">Sulfur</a></td><td>16</td><td>used by Newton</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">Manganese</a></td><td>25</td><td>late; used by <a href="/facts/Torbern_Bergman/PssYPozl">Torbern Bergman</a> (1775)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♂</td><td><a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">Iron</a></td><td>26</td><td>classical planetary metal of Mars</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜶</td><td><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">Cobalt</a></td><td>27</td><td>late; used by Bergman</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">Nickel</a></td><td>28</td><td>late; used by Bergman (old positional variant of arsenic, previously used for regulus of sulfur)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">Zinc</a></td><td>30</td><td>late; used by Bergman</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♀</td><td><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">Copper</a></td><td>29</td><td>classical planetary metal of Venus</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜺</td><td><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">Arsenic</a></td><td>33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>☾</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">Silver</a></td><td rowspan="2">47</td><td>classical planetary metal of the Moon</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜛</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♃</td><td><a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">Tin</a></td><td>50</td><td>classical planetary metal of Jupiter</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♁</td><td><a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">Antimony</a></td><td>51</td><td>the newly discovered "eighth metal" was given the symbol for the Earth, which was recognized as a planet by that time</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">Platinum</a></td><td rowspan="2">78</td><td>late; used by Bergman et al.: a compound of ☉ gold and ☾ silver</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⛢</td><td>late; symbol invented for the newly discovered planet Uranus so that it could also be used for newly recognized platinum</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜚</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">Gold</a></td><td rowspan="2">79</td><td>classical variant</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>☉</td><td>medieval variant; planetary metal of the Sun</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>☿</td><td><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">Mercury</a></td><td>80</td><td>classical planetary metal of Mercury</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♄</td><td><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">Lead</a></td><td>82</td><td>classical planetary metal of Saturn</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♆</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">Bismuth</a></td><td rowspan="2">83</td><td>used by Newton</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>♉︎</td><td>used by Bergman</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Daltonian symbols</h3>

The following symbols were employed by <a href="/facts/John_Dalton/oS8grQR4">John Dalton</a> in the early 1800s as the periodic table of elements was being formulated. Not included in this list are substances now known to be compounds, such as certain <a href="/facts/Rare-earth_element/PQSUQumk">rare-earth</a> mineral blends. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius/HakSv3sP">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a>; its precursor can be seen in Dalton's circled letters for the metals, especially in his augmented table from 1810.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a>
A trace of Dalton's conventions also survives in <a href="/facts/Ball-and-stick_model/0FQhyys8">ball-and-stick models</a> of molecules, where balls for carbon are black and for oxygen red.

Daltonian symbols for the elements<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Symbol</th><th rowspan="2">Dalton's name</th><th rowspan="2">Modern name</th><th rowspan="2">Atomicnumber</th><th rowspan="2">Notes</th><th rowspan="2">Refs</th></tr><tr><th>img.</th><th>char.</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>☉</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hydrogen/BoYHjl0J">hydrogen</a></td><td>1</td><td>or ⊙</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>glucine</td><td><a href="/facts/Beryllium/dv295voP">beryllium</a></td><td>4</td><td>alchemical symbol for 'sugar'</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>●</td><td>carbone, <a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Carbon/ukrgQexo">carbon</a></td><td>6</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⦶</td><td>azote</td><td><a href="/facts/Nitrogen/Nf1QpGDz">nitrogen</a>/azote</td><td>7</td><td>alchemical symbol for <a href="/facts/Niter/vVeaDn51">niter</a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>○</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a></td><td>8</td><td>or ◯</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⦷</td><td>soda</td><td><a href="/facts/Sodium/eYuSPu2V">sodium</a></td><td>11</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⊛</td><td>magnesia</td><td><a href="/facts/Magnesium/XyIhd2FG">magnesium</a></td><td>12</td><td>alchemical symbol for magnesia</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>alumine</td><td><a href="/facts/Aluminium/7wmR8jYE">aluminium</a></td><td>13</td><td>(4 dots)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🟕</td><td><a href="/facts/Silex/Wnxoahx8">silex</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Silicon/cgWx0hdr">silicon</a></td><td>14</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a></td><td>15</td><td>(3 radii)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>🜨</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Sulphur/IK0amTfM">sulphur</a></td><td>16</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Potash/4e2vBL9L">potash</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Potassium/5lcumVgo">potassium</a></td><td>19</td><td>(3 vertical lines)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⦾</td><td><a href="/facts/Lime_(material)/uMcVXGBM">lime</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Calcium/hf252CC0">calcium</a></td><td>20</td><td>or ◎</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a></td><td>22</td><td>(enclosing circle) Tit⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a></td><td>25</td><td>(enclosing circle) Ma⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓘ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Iron/DkICCKIC">iron</a></td><td>26</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓝ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a></td><td>28</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a></td><td>27</td><td>(enclosing circle) Cob⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓒ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Copper/I8PEE8oX">copper</a></td><td>29</td><td>(black letter in red circle)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓩ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Zinc/80b1qgk3">zinc</a></td><td>30</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Arsenic/k1c4f44D">arsenic</a></td><td>33</td><td>(enclosing circle) Ar⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Strontian/nf9CIPp2">strontian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Strontium/ABaA5qQK">strontium</a></td><td>38</td><td>(4 ticks)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>⊕︀︀</td><td><a href="/facts/Yttria/A7VMIG2D">yttria</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Yttrium/BlX6rj99">yttrium</a></td><td>39</td><td>(plus does not touch circle)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>zircone</td><td><a href="/facts/Zirconium/y7gsoQFz">zirconium</a></td><td>40</td><td>(vertical zigzag)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓢ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Silver/xXe41BGg">silver</a></td><td>47</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓣ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tin/vxbbBgNz">tin</a></td><td>50</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Antimony/YsA7lVgT">antimony</a></td><td>51</td><td>(enclosing circle) An⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Barytes/G6frVDl5">barytes</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Barium/IkL09XHQ">barium</a></td><td>56</td><td>(6 ticks)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cerium/a7UjMBQ6">cerium</a></td><td>58</td><td>(enclosing circle) Ce⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tungsten/WYwbNDYX">tungsten</a></td><td>74</td><td>(enclosing circle) Tu⃝</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓟ</td><td>platina</td><td><a href="/facts/Platinum/qJC6lQf7">platinum</a></td><td>78</td><td>(black letter in red circle)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓖ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gold/1znknojp">gold</a></td><td>79</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a></td><td>80</td><td>(dotted inside perimeter)</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓛ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a></td><td>82</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓑ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a></td><td>83</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ⓤ</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a></td><td>92</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="symbols-for-named-isotopes">Symbols for named isotopes</h2>
The following is a <a href="/facts/Table_of_nuclides/wb9TQwN7">list of isotopes</a> which have been given unique symbols. This is not a list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form); such a list can instead be found in Template:Navbox element isotopes. The symbols for <a href="/facts/Isotopes_of_hydrogen/c3CAg2Pc">isotopes of hydrogen</a>, <a href="/facts/Deuterium/Bv4wfCkw">deuterium</a> (D) and <a href="/facts/Tritium/HWSa6EHy">tritium</a> (T), are still in use today, as is <a href="/facts/Thoron/QjlmESj0">thoron</a> (Tn) for radon-220 (though not <a href="/facts/Actinon/QjlmESj0">actinon</a>; An usually instead means a generic <a href="/facts/Actinide/kHC4lxJV">actinide</a>). <a href="/facts/Heavy_water/3dbSrTw5">Heavy water</a> and other <a href="/facts/Deuterated_solvent/cFNr1PG9">deuterated solvents</a> are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d6-benzene or C6D6 can be used instead of C6[2H6].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a>
The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer used in the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of <a href="/facts/Radiochemistry/vdL6AaCH">radiochemistry</a>, and several isotopes (namely those in the <a href="/facts/Decay_chain/JvTwPNBn">decay chains</a> of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>, <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>, and <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>) bear <a href="/facts/Placeholder_name/zf6Whtye">placeholder names</a> using the early naming system devised by <a href="/facts/Ernest_Rutherford/hjjMEskl">Ernest Rutherford</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a>

<table><tbody><tr><th>Symbol</th><th>Name</th><th>Atomicnumber</th><th>Origin of symbol</th></tr><tr><td>Ac</td><td><a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">Actinium</a></td><td>89</td><td>From Greek <a href="/facts/Ray_(optics)/PgUEC7Sm">aktinos</a>. Name restricted at one time to 227Ac, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.</td></tr><tr><td>AcA</td><td>Actinium A</td><td>84</td><td>From <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a> and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 215Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of actinium.</td></tr><tr><td>AcB</td><td>Actinium B</td><td>82</td><td>From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Pb, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> identified in the decay chain of actinium.</td></tr><tr><td>AcC</td><td>Actinium C</td><td>83</td><td>From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Bi, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> identified in the decay chain of actinium.</td></tr><tr><td>AcC′</td><td>Actinium C′</td><td>84</td><td>From actinium and C<a href="/facts/Prime_(symbol)/3p9EvU5X">′</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>AcC″</td><td>Actinium C″</td><td>81</td><td>From actinium and C<a href="/facts/Double_prime/3p9EvU5X">″</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 207Tl, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">thallium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>AcK</td><td>Actinium K</td><td>87</td><td>Name given at one time to 223Fr, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Francium/P3Rz4gDP">francium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>AcU</td><td>Actino-uranium</td><td>92</td><td>Name given at one time to 235U, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>AcX</td><td>Actinium X</td><td>88</td><td>Name given at one time to 223Ra, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>An</td><td><a href="/facts/Actinon/QjlmESj0">Actinon</a></td><td>86</td><td>From actinium and <a href="/facts/Emanation_(chemistry)/0V9arWKl">emanation</a>. Name given at one time to 219Rn, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td><a href="/facts/Deuterium/Bv4wfCkw">Deuterium</a></td><td>1</td><td>From the Greek <a href="/facts/2_(number)/u5WC44t9">deuteros</a>. Name given to 2H.</td></tr><tr><td>Io</td><td><a href="/facts/Ionium/lRb3opzg">Ionium</a></td><td>90</td><td>Name given to 230Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>MsTh1</td><td>Mesothorium 1</td><td>88</td><td>Name given at one time to 228Ra, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>MsTh2</td><td>Mesothorium 2</td><td>89</td><td>Name given at one time to 228Ac, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Pa</td><td><a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">Protactinium</a></td><td>91</td><td>From the Greek protos and <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>. Name restricted at one time to 231Pa, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a>. This named isotope later became the official name for <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">element 91</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Ra</td><td><a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">Radium</a></td><td>88</td><td>From the Latin <a href="/facts/Ray_(optics)/PgUEC7Sm">radius</a>. Name restricted at one time to 226Ra, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>. This named isotope later became the official name for <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">element 88</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaA</td><td><a href="/facts/Polonium-218/bIdUTjCm">Radium A</a></td><td>84</td><td>From <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a> and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 218Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaB</td><td>Radium B</td><td>82</td><td>From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Pb, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaC</td><td>Radium C</td><td>83</td><td>From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Bi, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaC′</td><td>Radium C′</td><td>84</td><td>From radium and C<a href="/facts/Prime_(symbol)/3p9EvU5X">′</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaC″</td><td>Radium C″</td><td>81</td><td>From radium and C<a href="/facts/Double_prime/3p9EvU5X">″</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Tl, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">thallium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaD</td><td>Radium D</td><td>82</td><td>From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Pb, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaE</td><td>Radium E</td><td>83</td><td>From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Bi, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaE″</td><td>Radium E″</td><td>81</td><td>From radium and E<a href="/facts/Double_prime/3p9EvU5X">″</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 206Tl, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">thallium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RaF</td><td><a href="/facts/Polonium-210/8DnmI5Lg">Radium F</a></td><td>84</td><td>From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of radium.</td></tr><tr><td>RdAc</td><td>Radioactinium</td><td>90</td><td>Name given at one time to 227Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>RdTh</td><td>Radiothorium</td><td>90</td><td>Name given at one time to 228Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Rn</td><td><a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">Radon</a></td><td>86</td><td>From radium and <a href="/facts/Emanation_(chemistry)/0V9arWKl">emanation</a>. Name restricted at one time to 222Rn, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a>. This named isotope later became the official name for <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">element 86</a> in 1923.</td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td><a href="/facts/Tritium/HWSa6EHy">Tritium</a></td><td>1</td><td>From the Greek <a href="/facts/3_(number)/6QzW9RkE">tritos</a>. Name given to 3H.</td></tr><tr><td>Th</td><td><a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">Thorium</a></td><td>90</td><td>After <a href="/facts/Thor/Ww3MSrq6">Thor</a>. Name restricted at one time to 232Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>. This named isotope later became the official name for <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">element 90</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThA</td><td>Thorium A</td><td>84</td><td>From <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 216Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThB</td><td>Thorium B</td><td>82</td><td>From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Pb, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Lead/EYljasJN">lead</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThC</td><td>Thorium C</td><td>83</td><td>From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Bi, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Bismuth/75FLjkoX">bismuth</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThC′</td><td>Thorium C′</td><td>84</td><td>From thorium and C<a href="/facts/Prime_(symbol)/3p9EvU5X">′</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Po, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Polonium/G4rzsyjP">polonium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThC″</td><td>Thorium C″</td><td>81</td><td>From thorium and C<a href="/facts/Double_prime/3p9EvU5X">″</a>. Placeholder name given at one time to 208Tl, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thallium/v35pGMJB">thallium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>ThX</td><td>Thorium X</td><td>88</td><td>Name given at one time to 224Ra, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radium/VWo5gkzn">radium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>Tn</td><td><a href="/facts/Thoron/QjlmESj0">Thoron</a></td><td>86</td><td>From thorium and <a href="/facts/Emanation_(chemistry)/0V9arWKl">emanation</a>. Name given to 220Rn, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Radon/0V9arWKl">radon</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>UI</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium-238/QhcHm6q8">Uranium I</a></td><td>92</td><td>Name given at one time to 238U, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>UII</td><td><a href="/facts/Uranium-234/nKrs059u">Uranium II</a></td><td>92</td><td>Name given at one time to 234U, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>UX1</td><td>Uranium X1</td><td>90</td><td>Name given at one time to 234Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> identified in the decay chain of <a href="/facts/Uranium/n2sGWBzU">uranium</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>UX2</td><td>Uranium X2</td><td>91</td><td>Name given at one time to 234mPa, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a> identified in the decay chain of uranium.</td></tr><tr><td>UY</td><td>Uranium Y</td><td>90</td><td>Name given at one time to 231Th, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Thorium/ysdWH470">thorium</a> identified in the decay chain of uranium.</td></tr><tr><td>UZ</td><td>Uranium Z</td><td>91</td><td>Name given at one time to 234Pa, an isotope of <a href="/facts/Protactinium/v87VqTPf">protactinium</a> identified in the decay chain of uranium.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="other-symbols">Other symbols</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Skeletal_formula/RFcmIenv">Skeletal formula § Pseudoelement symbols</a>
<ul><li>In <a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a>, each chemical element has a dedicated <a href="/facts/Chinese_character/5pn1PFvj">character</a>, usually created for the purpose (see <a href="/facts/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages/anoeHjFD">Chemical elements in East Asian languages</a>). However, in Chinese Latin symbols are also used, especially in formulas.</li></ul>
General:

<ul><li>A: A deprotonated <a href="/facts/Acid/FySU18n1">acid</a> or an <a href="/facts/Anion/wrbwhF3z">anion</a></li>
<li>An: any <a href="/facts/Actinide/kHC4lxJV">actinide</a></li>
<li>B: A <a href="/facts/Base_(chemistry)/M9wA7qeM">base</a>, often in the context of <a href="/facts/Lewis_acid%25E2%2580%2593base_theory/qlLqRvg2">Lewis acid–base theory</a> or <a href="/facts/Br%25C3%25B8nsted%25E2%2580%2593Lowry_acid%25E2%2580%2593base_theory/bqxQnJoX">Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory</a></li>
<li>E: any element or <a href="/facts/Electrophile/1AHFg1zm">electrophile</a></li>
<li>L: any <a href="/facts/Ligand/6etB3qeW">ligand</a></li>
<li>Ln: any <a href="/facts/Lanthanide/rt3XIRCl">lanthanide</a></li>
<li>M: any <a href="/facts/Metal/pqQVs8QU">metal</a></li>
<li>Mm: <a href="/facts/Mischmetal/kCm2tjJ8">mischmetal</a> (occasionally used)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a></li>
<li>Ng: any <a href="/facts/Noble_gas/j0yHMEAE">noble gas</a> (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the element <a href="/facts/Roentgenium/LEhvJaJQ">roentgenium</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Nu: any <a href="/facts/Nucleophile/xYccoaJQ">nucleophile</a></li>
<li>R: any unspecified radical (<a href="/facts/Moiety_(chemistry)/WxKqcJe1">moiety</a>) not important to the discussion</li>
<li>St: <a href="/facts/Steel/aN6qWo4H">steel</a> (occasionally used)</li>
<li>X: any <a href="/facts/Halogen/YeFgWHeA">halogen</a> (or sometimes <a href="/facts/Pseudohalogen/9DMN43ya">pseudohalogen</a>)</li></ul>

From organic chemistry:

<ul><li>Ac: <a href="/facts/Acetyl/rRmtXdn3">acetyl</a> – (also used for the element <a href="/facts/Actinium/GMQtJ4Gm">actinium</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Ad: 1-<a href="/facts/Adamantyl/tlvgCxYf">adamantyl</a></li>
<li>All: <a href="/facts/Allyl/CDxPwyvF">allyl</a></li>
<li>Am: amyl (<a href="/facts/Pentyl/dpbJQMdd">pentyl</a>) – (also used for the element <a href="/facts/Americium/rxL9Yc64">americium</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Ar: <a href="/facts/Aryl/M3z7QRXd">aryl</a> – (also used for the element <a href="/facts/Argon/QX6NRH6d">argon</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Bn: <a href="/facts/Benzyl/kHmqYwqH">benzyl</a></li>
<li>Bs: <a href="/facts/Brosyl/8EkwMKpY">brosyl</a> or (outdated) benzenesulfonyl</li>
<li>Bu: <a href="/facts/Butyl/fbTF0UkI">butyl</a> (i-, s-, or t- prefixes may be used to denote iso-, sec-, or tert- isomers, respectively)</li>
<li>Bz: <a href="/facts/Benzoyl/VNyxpSK0">benzoyl</a></li>
<li>Cp: <a href="/facts/Cyclopentadienyl/2cw59tjx">cyclopentadienyl</a></li>
<li>Cp*: <a href="/facts/Pentamethylcyclopentadiene/EubVXcaF">pentamethylcyclopentadienyl</a></li>
<li>Cy: <a href="/facts/Cyclohexyl/FDAW5j8v">cyclohexyl</a></li>
<li>Cyp: <a href="/facts/Cyclopentyl/co1ppLTk">cyclopentyl</a></li>
<li>Et: <a href="/facts/Ethyl_group/ydVhnBwD">ethyl</a></li>
<li>Me: <a href="/facts/Methyl/fkM97EMD">methyl</a></li>
<li>Mes: <a href="/facts/Mesitylene/4JCRbj1Y">mesityl</a> (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)</li>
<li>Ms: <a href="/facts/Mesyl/h0GRcGo6">mesyl</a> (methylsulfonyl)</li>
<li>Np: <a href="/facts/Neopentyl/8KHow6mz">neopentyl</a> – (also used for the element <a href="/facts/Neptunium/pwp7Yvds">neptunium</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Ns: <a href="/facts/Nosyl/UbpYXVvN">nosyl</a></li>
<li>Pent: <a href="/facts/Pentyl/dpbJQMdd">pentyl</a></li>
<li>Ph, <a href="/facts/Phi_(letter)/pUzerkKk">Φ</a>: <a href="/facts/Phenyl/Ql9Yx5uu">phenyl</a></li>
<li>Pr: <a href="/facts/Propyl/fl8SMScE">propyl</a> – (i- prefix may be used to denote isopropyl. Also used for the element <a href="/facts/Praseodymium/2lnRJ9dH">praseodymium</a>: see above)</li>
<li>R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an <a href="/facts/Alkyl/vmEk8X4v">alkyl</a> group</li>
<li>Tf: <a href="/facts/Triflyl/f4HFjf5K">triflyl</a> (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)</li>
<li>Tr, Trt: <a href="/facts/Trityl/35o8VWeP">trityl</a> (triphenylmethyl)</li>
<li>Ts, Tos: <a href="/facts/Tosyl/Q4qU62D1">tosyl</a> (para-toluenesulfonyl) – (Ts also used for the element <a href="/facts/Tennessine/eGCBDvEr">tennessine</a>: see above)</li>
<li>Vi: <a href="/facts/Vinyl_group/SyXSgVnw">vinyl</a></li></ul>

Exotic atoms:

<ul><li>Mu: <a href="/facts/Muonium/dnnS0EbC">muonium</a></li>
<li>Pn: <a href="/facts/Protonium/e2EnpFEJ">protonium</a></li>
<li>Ps: <a href="/facts/Positronium/F35JBo9C">positronium</a></li></ul>

<a href="/facts/Hazard_symbol/G04MUpru">Hazard pictographs</a> are another type of symbols used in chemistry.

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies/vBWIPQ9k">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_elements/8hWI5T7K">List of elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nuclear_notation/KD9B1y6o">Nuclear notation</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://elements.vanderkrogt.net/">Elementymology & Elements Multidict</a>, element name etymologies. Retrieved July 15, 2005.</li>
<li>Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, <a href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7508/7508x1107.html">Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107–1122, 2003</a>. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1–109 taken from this source.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305062433/http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-05 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a> (2005).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.webelements.com/">WebElements Periodic Table</a>. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 110–116 taken from this source.</li>
<li>Leighton, Robert B. Principles of Modern Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1959.</li>
<li>Scerri, E.R. "The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance". New York, Oxford University Press. 2007.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical symbols.

<ul><li><a href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/berzelius.html">Berzelius' List of Elements</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf">History of IUPAC Atomic Weight Values (1883 to 1997)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/governance/committees/nomenclature.html">Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204013636/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/governance/committees/nomenclature.html">Archived</a> 2020-12-04 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>, American Chemical Society</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">IUPAC Provisional Recommendations: IR-3: Elements and Groups of Elements (PDF) (Report). IUPAC. March 2004. <a href="http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/RB-prs310804/Chap3-3.04.pdf" target="_blank">http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/RB-prs310804/Chap3-3.04.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry". www.rsc.org. <a href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table" target="_blank">https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/" target="_blank">https://www.etymonline.com/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Holden, N. E. (12 March 2004). "History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers". National Nuclear Data Center. <a href="https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html" target="_blank">https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Biggs, Lindy; Knowlton, Stephen (3 February 2022). "Fred Allison". Encyclopedia of Alabama. <a href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1672" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1672</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Biggs, Lindy; Knowlton, Stephen (3 February 2022). "Fred Allison". Encyclopedia of Alabama. <a href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1672" target="_blank">http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1672</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Praseodymium Archived 2018-10-08 at the Wayback Machine on was.chemistryexplained.com. <a href="http://was.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Praseodymium.html" target="_blank">http://was.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Praseodymium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Praseodymium Archived 2018-10-08 at the Wayback Machine on was.chemistryexplained.com. <a href="http://was.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Praseodymium.html" target="_blank">http://was.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Praseodymium.html</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:88">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:89">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:90">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:91">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:92">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:93">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:94">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:95">Holden, N. E. (12 March 2004). "History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers". National Nuclear Data Center. <a href="https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html" target="_blank">https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:96">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:104">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:105">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:106">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:107">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:108">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:109">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:110">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:111">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:111" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:112">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:112" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:113">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:114">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:115">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:115" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:116">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:117">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:118">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:119">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:119" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:120">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:121">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:122">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:123">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:124">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:125">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:126">Rang, F. (1895). "The Period-Table". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. 72: 200–201. <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:127">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:127" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:128">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:128" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:129">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:129" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:130">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:130" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:131">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:132">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:133">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:133" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:134">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:134" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:135">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:135" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:136">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:136" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:137">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:137" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:138">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:139">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:140">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:141">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:141" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:142">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:142" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:143">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:143" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:144">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:144" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:145">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:146">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:147">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:148">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:148" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:149">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:149" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:150">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:150" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:151">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:152">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:153">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:154">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199383344. <a href="9780199383344" target="_blank">9780199383344</a> <a href="#fnref:154" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:155">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:155" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:156">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:156" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:157">Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official renaming of a placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:157" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:158">Temporary placeholder name. <a href="#fnref:158" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:159">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:159" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:160">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:160" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:161">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:161" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:162">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:162" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:163">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:163" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:164">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:164" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:165">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:165" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:166">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:166" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:167">Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant. <a href="#fnref:167" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:168">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:168" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:169">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:169" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:170">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:170" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:171">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:171" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:172">Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol. <a href="#fnref:172" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:173">Leal, João P. (2013). "The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements". Foundations of Science. 19 (2): 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y. S2CID 254511660. <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" target="_blank">/wiki/Foundations_of_Science</a> <a href="#fnref:173" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:174">Maurice Crosland (2004) Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry <a href="#fnref:174" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:175">Maurice Crosland (2004) Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry <a href="#fnref:175" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:176">Berzelius, Jöns Jakob. "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on Some Circumstances Relating to Them: Together with a Short and Easy Method of Expressing Them." Annals of Philosophy 2, Pp.443–454 (1813); 3, Pp.51–52, 93–106, 244–255, 353–364 (1814); (Subsequently republished in "A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900", eds. Leicester, Henry M. & Herbert S. Klickstein. 1952.) <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Philosophy" target="_blank">/wiki/Annals_of_Philosophy</a> <a href="#fnref:176" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:177">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:177" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:178">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:178" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:179">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:179" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:180">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:180" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:181">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:181" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:182">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:182" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:183">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:183" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:184">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:184" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:185">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:185" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:186">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:186" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:187">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:187" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:188">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:188" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:189">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:189" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:190">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:190" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:191">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:191" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:192">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:192" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:193">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:193" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:194">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:194" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:195">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:195" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:196">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:196" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:197">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:197" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:198">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:198" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:199">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:199" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:200">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:200" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:201">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:201" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:202">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:202" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:203">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:203" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:204">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:204" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:205">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:205" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:206">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:206" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:207">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:207" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:208">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:208" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:209">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:209" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:210">Dalton, John (1808). "III: On Chemical Synthesis - Section 1: Explanation of the Plates - Plate 4: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part I. Manchester: Printed by S. Russell for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 217–220. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:210" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:211">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:211" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:212">Dalton, John (1810). "V: Compounds of two Elements - Section 12: Earths - Explanation of Plates - Plate 5: Elements". A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II. Manchester: Printed by Russell & Allen for R. Bickerstaff, Strand, London. pp. 546–548. <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" target="_blank">/wiki/John_Dalton</a> <a href="#fnref:212" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:213">IUPAC. "Isotopically Modified Compounds". IUPAC. Retrieved 31 March 2015. <a href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/sectionH/" target="_blank">http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/sectionH/</a> <a href="#fnref:213" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:214">Morgan, G. T., ed. (1905). "Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1904". Journal of the Chemical Society. 1. Gurney & Jackson: 268. In view of the extraordinarily complex nature of the later changes occurring in Radium, Rutherford has proposed a new and convenient system of nomenclature. The first product of the change of the radium emanation is named radium A, the next radium B, and so on. <a href="#fnref:214" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:215">Jurczyk, M.; Rajewski, W.; Majchrzycki, W.; Wójcik, G. (1999-08-30). "Mechanically alloyed MmNi5-type materials for metal hydride electrodes". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 290 (1–2): 262–266. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00202-9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:215" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Chemical symbol open-in-new

Chemical symbol