Scimitar

<h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2>
The English term scimitar is attested from the mid-16th century and derives partly from the Middle French cimeterre (15th century) and partly the Italian scimitarra.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The ultimate source of these terms is possibly corruptions of the Persian <a href="/facts/Shamshir/cTl1rHbM">shamshir</a>, however this is still debated <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Scimitar became used to describe all curved blades, in contrast to the <a href="/facts/Spada_da_lato/NIXagys6">straight and double-edged</a> European swords of the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The term سَيْف saif in Arabic can refer to any Middle Eastern (or North African, South Asian) sword, straight or curved. Saif cognates with the ancient Greek <a href="/facts/Xiphos/H19tKey8">xiphos</a>, which may have been borrowed from a <a href="/facts/Semitic_languages/WCYrz4Qm">Semitic</a> language, as both saif and xiphos go back to an old (<a href="/facts/Bronze_Age/c09qWcTt">Bronze Age</a>) <a href="/facts/Wanderwort/vKIzSIym">wanderwort</a> of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Mediterranean/RLpwLJyM">Eastern Mediterranean</a> of unknown ultimate origin. <a href="/facts/Richard_Francis_Burton/VtHDnaGT">Richard F. Burton</a> derives both words from the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Egyptian_language/mSqys6jC">Egyptian</a> sfet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="history-of-use">History of use</h2>

The earliest evidence of scimitars is from the 9th century among soldiers in <a href="/facts/Khurasan/YjgsyBbe">Khurasan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> They were used in horse warfare because of their relatively light weight when compared to larger swords and their curved design, good for slashing opponents while riding on a horse. <a href="/facts/Turko-Mongol_sabers/yCInS1s0">Nomadic horsemen</a> learned from experience that a curved edge is better for cutting strikes because the arc of the blade matches that of the sweep of the rider's arm as they slash the target while galloping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Turks, Mongols, <a href="/facts/Rajputs/wJbTbSPL">Rajputs</a> and <a href="/facts/Sikh/V7yh2L8b">Sikhs</a> used scimitars in warfare, among many other peoples.
The scimitar was widespread throughout the <a href="/facts/Middle_East/8CD6pLWv">Middle East</a> from at least the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_period/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman period</a> until the age of smokeless powder firearms relegated swords to dress and ceremonial function. The Egyptian <a href="/facts/Khopesh/syN4hGVu">khopesh</a>, brought to Egypt by the <a href="/facts/Hyksos/ovB4Sp5J">Hyksos</a>, resembled scimitars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> The khopesh is sometimes considered a scimitar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> <a href="/facts/Arab_sword/vVTUC1BG">Early swords</a> in Islamic lands were typically straight and double-edged, following the tradition of the weapons used by the Islamic prophet <a href="/facts/Muhammad/5VcA7XrT">Muhammad</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Though the famous double-edged sword, <a href="/facts/Zulfiqar/5tGEfVgT">Zulfiqar</a> wielded by <a href="/facts/Ali/YwM7b73C">Ali</a> was of a curved design, the curved design was probably introduced into central Islamic lands by <a href="/facts/Turkic_peoples/ocd7rpI3">Turkic</a> warriors from central Asia who were employed as royal body-guards in the 9th century<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> and an <a href="/facts/Abbasid_Caliphate/mPeLAbXt">Abbasid era</a> blade has been discovered from <a href="/facts/Greater_Khorasan/YjgsyBbe">Khurasan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> These Turkic warriors sported an <a href="/facts/Turko-Mongol_sabers/yCInS1s0">early type of sabre</a> which had been used in central Asia since the 7th century, but failed to gain wider appeal initially in Islamic lands. There is a single surviving <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk</a> saber from approximately the year 1200, which may indicate that under that empire curved blades saw some popularity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> Following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century the curved swords favored by the Turkic cavalry, formed lasting impacts across much of the Middle East. The adoption of these swords was incremental, starting not long after Mongol conquest, and lasting well into the 15th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> During Islamization of the Turks, the <a href="/facts/Kilij/xH32Jo2V">kilij</a> became more and more popular in the Islamic armies. When the <a href="/facts/Seljuk_Empire/PIdMSP62">Seljuk Empire</a> invaded Persia and became the first Turkic Muslim political power in Western Asia, kilij became the dominant sword form.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The Iranian shamshir was created during the Turkic Seljuk Empire period of Iran.

<h2 id="symbolism">Symbolism</h2>

The sword (or saif) is an important symbol in <a href="/facts/Arab_culture/fn8Jkj2w">Arab cultures</a>, and is used as a <a href="/facts/Metaphor/xwsLaqJI">metaphor</a> in many phrases in the Arabic language. The word occurs also in various symbolic and status titles in Arabic (and adopted in other languages) used in Islamic states, notably:

<ul><li>In the Yemenite independent imamate:
<ul><li>Saif al-Haqq, meaning "Sword of Truth".</li>
<li>Saif al-Islam "Sword of submission to Allah" or "Sword of Islam", was a subsidiary title borne (after their name and patronym) by male members of the al-<a href="/facts/Qasimi/BU4QljAA">Qasimi</a> dynasty (whose primary title, before the name, was <a href="/facts/Amir/UHNde808">Amir</a>), especially sons of the ruling Imam.</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Sayf_al-Dawla_(disambiguation)/K7SW1n78">Sayf al-Dawla</a> and variations mean "Sword of the State".</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Saifullah_(disambiguation)/Gm2W9ERH">Saif Ullah Al-masloul</a> the "drawn sword of God" was conferred by Muhammad, uniquely, to the recent convert and military commander <a href="/facts/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid/gDbnKRhG">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>.</li>
<li>Saif ul-Mulk "sword of the realm" was an honorary title awarded by the Mughal Padshahs of Hind (India), e.g. as one of the personal titles (including Nawab bahadur, one rank above his dynasty's) conferred in 1658 by the Mughal emperor <a href="/facts/Aurangzeb/HfsMWhuA">Aurangzeb</a> to <a href="/facts/Nawab/6knDNzfN">Nawab</a> Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur, a high <a href="/facts/Mansabdar/oolj0mmM">mansabdar</a>, whose <a href="/facts/Jagir/z2fzupb4">jagir</a> of <a href="/facts/Malerkotla/4kdKXXLA">Malerkotla</a> was by <a href="/facts/Science_of_hadith/2sb5HFc7">sanad</a> raised to Imperial riyasat, thus becoming an independent ruler.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Zulfiqar/5tGEfVgT">Saif ul-Ali</a>, "Sword of Ali", referring to arguably most famous sword in Islamic history, belonging to both Muhammad, and later, Ali, Zulfikar, and with which Ali slew a Makkan foot soldier, cleaving both his helmet and head, at the Battle of Uhud, and with which he (Ali) slew Amr, a ferocious and devastating Makkan soldier at the Battle of the Trench at Madinah.</li></ul>
Saif and Saif al Din "Sword of the religion" are also common masculine (and male) <a href="/facts/Islamic_name/c4QE8Xyt">Islamic names</a>.
In Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy, Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg argue that the scimitar has been appropriated by Western culture and <a href="/facts/Cinema_of_the_United_States/1HpkUBfd">Hollywood</a> to symbolize Arab Muslims in a negative light. Even though Muslims used straight-edge swords for the first two centuries of the <a href="/facts/Crusades/mblv9nwI">Crusades</a>, European Christians may have more closely tied the <a href="/facts/Christian_cross/Vo1lEvfP">Christian cross</a>-like shape of the swords to their cause. The authors commented that American cartoonists use the scimitar to symbolize "Muslim barbarity", despite the irony in scimitars being worn with some American military uniforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>

<h2 id="in-european-art">In European art</h2>
In Shakespeare's works, the scimitar was a symbol for the East and the <a href="/facts/Islamic_world/n9vVGogr">Islamic world</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
Scimitars were used in 19th century orientalist depictions of Middle Eastern men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> In the 20th century, they were often used to indicate that a character was Middle Eastern and occupying a villain role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="in-media">In media</h2>
<ul><li>Scimitars were used by <a href="/facts/Calormen/B91d1bzc">Calormene</a> warriors and royalty in <a href="/facts/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia/o4waLfS2">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>, such as <a href="/facts/The_Horse_and_His_Boy/35X1BBhw">The Horse and His Boy</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Last_Battle/58x20wnG">The Last Battle</a>.</li>
<li>In the 1975 film <a href="/facts/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail/X0PxP2HA">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a>, a character says: "If I went 'round, sayin' I was an emperor, just because some moistened bint had lobbed a scimitar at me, they'd put me away!" This is in satirical reference to the legend of <a href="/facts/King_Arthur/JDyRQ8gx">King Arthur</a> and the <a href="/facts/Lady_of_the_Lake/D5pdw0YQ">Lady of the Lake</a>.</li>
<li>A scimitar was used by <a href="/facts/Morgan_Freeman/3lRKa6Nj">Morgan Freeman</a> when playing Azeem Edin Bashir Al-Bakir, the <a href="/facts/Moorish/VBylj2uj">Moorish</a> ally to the <a href="/facts/Robin_Hood/IvyKArGI">title character</a> of <a href="/facts/Robin_Hood%3a_Prince_of_Thieves/1kcNtJ0s">Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</a>.</li>
<li>Scimitars were weapons used by <a href="/facts/Aladdin_(Disney_character)/RsEWrj7D">Aladdin</a> in the <a href="/facts/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)/DcWv90LM">1992 film</a>.</li>
<li>Scimitars are used extensively in the <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed/rymvqwvl">Assassin's Creed</a> video game series, particularly in <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_(video_game)/VI6EoPAa">the first game</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_II/QMpKvJIv">Assassin's Creed II</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_Brotherhood/390KrwxX">Assassin's Creed Brotherhood</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed%3a_Revelations/BSm1Mbw2">Assassin's Creed: Revelations</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_III%3a_Liberation/FfqWfvMn">Assassin's Creed III: Liberation</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_IV%3a_Black_Flag/AjMp5Pns">Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_Rogue/N61SXF4J">Assassin's Creed Rogue</a>, <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_Unity/YL35P5Y6">Assassin's Creed Unity</a> and <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_Mirage/5gnG0vAY">Assassin's Creed Mirage</a>.</li>
<li>Scimitars are a popular weapon in the <a href="/facts/RuneScape/uyGdtr2G">RuneScape</a> franchise.</li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h3>Citations</h3>

<h3>Bibliography</h3>
<ul><li>Dean, Rebecca (31 March 2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2jBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP76">Warfare & Weaponry in Dynastic Egypt</a>. Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4738-6205-0.</li>
<li>Holmio, Armas K. E. (19 June 2001). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm4L4aHcqDQC&pg=PA64">History of the Finns in Michigan</a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8143-4000-4.</li>
<li>Lindsay, James E. (2005). <a href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64">Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World</a>. <a href="/facts/Greenwood_Publishing_Group/PhJVxymB">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-313-32270-9.</li>
<li>Massafra, Angela (2011). <a href="https://www.academia.edu/download/37453816/BAAL_15.pdf">"Some curved ceremonial weapons of the II millennium B.C. in the National Museum of Beirut"</a> (PDF). Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises. 15: 339–350.[dead link]</li>
<li>Page, Thomas (1746). <a href="https://sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Page/Page.html">The Use of the Broad Sword. In which is Shown, the True Method of Fighting with that Weapon, as it is Now in Use Among the Highlanders</a>. M. Chase.</li>
<li>Price, F.G.H. (1885). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izMxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59">Notes upon some Ancient Egyptian Implements</a>. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.</li>
<li>Savolainen, Matti; Mehtonen, P.M. (22 April 2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjIHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT281">Gothic Topographies: Language, Nation Building and 'Race'</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-12603-4.</li>
<li>Wastl-Walter, Doris (1 April 2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXXeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53">The Routledge Research Companion to Border Studies</a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-04398-0.</li></ul>

Look up scimitar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scimitars.

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"Scimitar". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scimitar" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Scimitar</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Gordon, D. H. (1958). "14. Scimitars, Sabres and Falchions". Man. 58: 22–27. doi:10.2307/2795551. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2795551. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2795551" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2795551</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Grancsay, Stephen V. (1935). "An Indian Scimitar". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 30 (7): 141–142. doi:10.2307/3254984. ISSN 0026-1521. JSTOR 3254984. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3254984" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/3254984</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Föll, Helmut. "Sword Types - Iron, Steel and Swords". Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University. Retrieved 2021-08-02. <a href="https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_1/basics/b1_1_3.html" target="_blank">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_1/basics/b1_1_3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Föll, Helmut. "Sword Types - Iron, Steel and Swords". Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University. Retrieved 2021-08-02. <a href="https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_1/basics/b1_1_3.html" target="_blank">https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/iss/kap_1/basics/b1_1_3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Sayadi, Omer (2020-03-16). "The scimitar". MENA symbolism. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-30. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019132408/https://menasymbolism.com/2020/03/16/the-scimitar/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211019132408/https://menasymbolism.com/2020/03/16/the-scimitar/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Nicolle, D. (2007). Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades. Hambledon Continuum. p. 175. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"scimitar, n. meanings, etymology and more". Oxford English Dictionary. 1 Sep 2023. Retrieved 14 Nov 2024. <a href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/scimitar_n?tl=true" target="_blank">https://www.oed.com/dictionary/scimitar_n?tl=true</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1884). The Book of the Sword. Chatto and Windus. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-598-44331-1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) <a href="978-0-598-44331-1" target="_blank">978-0-598-44331-1</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Cannon, Garland Hampton; Kaye, Alan S. (2001). The Persian Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 128. ISBN 978-3-447-04503-2. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29. <a href="978-3-447-04503-2" target="_blank">978-3-447-04503-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">This is apparent in Thomas Page's The Use of the Broad Sword (1746). "The Sword was of enormous length and breadth, heavy and unweildy, design'd only for right down chopping by the Force of a strong Arm; till Time and Experience discovering the Disadvantages, by Degrees contracted its Length and lighten'd its Weight in to the more handy Form of the Scymitar; which was first invented by the Eastern Nations, and has continued to be their principal Weapon to this Day:...."
"The Saracens, Turks and Persians, made use of but three different Throws with the Scymitar, and one of those, only on Horseback; the other two on Foot."[10] <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Richard Francis Burton (1987). The Book Of The Sword. London, England: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-25434-0. <a href="978-0-486-25434-0" target="_blank">978-0-486-25434-0</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Lindsay 2005, p. 64. - Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32270-9. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Military sabers of the Qing dynasty | Mandarin Mansion". mandarinmansion.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2019-09-28. <a href="https://www.mandarinmansion.com/article/military-sabers-qing-dynasty" target="_blank">https://www.mandarinmansion.com/article/military-sabers-qing-dynasty</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Dean 2017, p. 76. - Dean, Rebecca (31 March 2017). Warfare & Weaponry in Dynastic Egypt. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-4738-6205-0. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2jBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP76" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=r2jBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP76</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Gordon, D. H. (1958). "14. Scimitars, Sabres and Falchions". Man. 58: 22–27. doi:10.2307/2795551. ISSN 0025-1496. JSTOR 2795551. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2021-07-29. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2795551" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2795551</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Price 1885, p. 59. - Price, F.G.H. (1885). Notes upon some Ancient Egyptian Implements. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izMxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=izMxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Alexander, David (2001). "SWORDS AND SABERS DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD". Gladius. XXI: 193–220. doi:10.3989/gladius.2001.86. S2CID 161188853. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Alexander, David (2001). "SWORDS AND SABERS DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD". Gladius. XXI: 193–220. doi:10.3989/gladius.2001.86. S2CID 161188853. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Alexander, David (2001). "SWORDS AND SABERS DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD". Gladius. XXI: 193–220. doi:10.3989/gladius.2001.86. S2CID 161188853. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fgladius.2001.86</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Lindsay 2005, p. 64. - Lindsay, James E. (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32270-9. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie00lind/page/64</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Haase, Clause-Peter; et al. (1993). Oriental Splendour: Islamic Art from German Pvt. Collections. Hamburg : Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe. ISBN 3861085070.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) <a href="3861085070" target="_blank">3861085070</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Military sabers of the Qing dynasty | Mandarin Mansion". mandarinmansion.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2019-09-28. <a href="https://www.mandarinmansion.com/article/military-sabers-qing-dynasty" target="_blank">https://www.mandarinmansion.com/article/military-sabers-qing-dynasty</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Network, Warfare History (2018-03-24). "Scimitar: How One Sword Dominated Warfare for Centuries". The National Interest. Retrieved 2021-08-01. <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/scimitar-how-one-sword-dominated-warfare-centuries-25033" target="_blank">https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/scimitar-how-one-sword-dominated-warfare-centuries-25033</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Gottschalk, Peter (2008). Islamophobia : making Muslims the enemy. Gabriel Greenberg. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-7425-5286-9. OCLC 87130031. <a href="978-0-7425-5286-9" target="_blank">978-0-7425-5286-9</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Niayesh, Ladan (2009-12-13). "Of Pearls and Scimitars: The Shakespearean Bazaar of Oriental Props". Actes des congrès de la Société française Shakespeare (27): 83–98. doi:10.4000/shakespeare.1507. ISSN 2271-6424. <a href="http://journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/1507" target="_blank">http://journals.openedition.org/shakespeare/1507</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Sensoy, Özlem (15 December 2016). "Angry Muslim Man: Neo-orientalism and the Pop Culture Curriculum". Critical Education. 7 (16). doi:10.14288/ce.v7i16.186189. <a href="https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/criticaled/article/view/186189" target="_blank">https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/criticaled/article/view/186189</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Sensoy, Özlem (15 December 2016). "Angry Muslim Man: Neo-orientalism and the Pop Culture Curriculum". Critical Education. 7 (16). doi:10.14288/ce.v7i16.186189. <a href="https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/criticaled/article/view/186189" target="_blank">https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/criticaled/article/view/186189</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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