Space station

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_space_stations/RFXjndqU">List of space stations</a>
<h3>Early concepts</h3>
The first mention of anything resembling a space station occurred in <a href="/facts/Edward_Everett_Hale/CvNe68HK">Edward Everett Hale</a>'s 1868 "<a href="/facts/The_Brick_Moon/BUb7d95Q">The Brick Moon</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> The first to give serious, scientifically grounded consideration to space stations were <a href="/facts/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky/s2n3Nb6A">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> and <a href="/facts/Hermann_Oberth/RAhkGvKn">Hermann Oberth</a> about two decades apart in the early 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

In 1929, <a href="/facts/Herman_Poto%25C4%258Dnik/RB0rAPq6">Herman Potočnik</a>'s The Problem of Space Travel was published, the first to envision a "rotating wheel" space station to create <a href="/facts/Artificial_gravity/yyzveD81">artificial gravity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Conceptualized during the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a>, the "<a href="/facts/Sun_gun/2eLQMC2v">sun gun</a>" was a theoretical <a href="/facts/Orbital_weapon/UtrVNtxU">orbital weapon</a> orbiting Earth at a height of 8,200 kilometres (5,100 mi). No further research was ever conducted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> In 1951, <a href="/facts/Wernher_von_Braun/pzhbJTCj">Wernher von Braun</a> published a concept for a <a href="/facts/Rotating_wheel_space_station/aVlYRocn">rotating wheel space station</a> in <a href="/facts/Collier%2527s_Weekly/l7nyQk3W">Collier's Weekly</a>, referencing Potočnik's idea. However, development of a rotating station was never begun in the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>

<h3>First advances and precursors</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Space_rendezvous/8KlcQyyf">Space rendezvous § First docking</a>
The first human flew to space and concluded the first orbit on April 12, 1961, with <a href="/facts/Vostok_1/447q95TW">Vostok 1</a>.
The <a href="/facts/Apollo_program/IC1Ek1Ao">Apollo program</a> had in <a href="/facts/Apollo_spacecraft_feasibility_study/DH8mgHvX">its early planning</a> instead of a <a href="/facts/Lunar_landing/RMXHoEpg">lunar landing</a> a crewed <a href="/facts/Lunar_orbit/486BxvD6">lunar orbital</a> flight and an orbital laboratory station in orbit of Earth, at times called Project Olympus, as two different possible program goals, until the <a href="/facts/Kennedy_administration/0S5jXbV2">Kennedy administration</a> sped ahead and made the Apollo program focus on what was originally planned to come after it, the lunar landing. The Project Olympus space station, or orbiting laboratory of the Apollo program, was proposed as an in-space unfolded structure with the <a href="/facts/Apollo_command_and_service_module/rfoTgzFx">Apollo command and service module</a> docking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> While never realized, the Apollo command and service module would perform <a href="/facts/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft/zUWc9rvu">docking maneuvers</a> and eventually become a lunar orbiting module which was used for station-like purposes.
But before that the <a href="/facts/Gemini_program/7PYE3AV4">Gemini program</a> paved the way and achieved the first <a href="/facts/Space_rendezvous/8KlcQyyf">space rendezvous</a> (undocked) with <a href="/facts/Gemini_6/xUUYGdMc">Gemini 6</a> and <a href="/facts/Gemini_7/5h26vRrV">Gemini 7</a> in 1965. Subsequently in 1966 <a href="/facts/Neil_Armstrong/3aoQV60l">Neil Armstrong</a> performed on <a href="/facts/Gemini_8/QpFvQkHJ">Gemini 8</a> the first ever space docking, while in 1967 <a href="/facts/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188/9Dn4IBE3">Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188</a> were the first spacecrafts that docked automatically.

In January 1969, <a href="/facts/Soyuz_4/FQShNvXu">Soyuz 4</a> and <a href="/facts/Soyuz_5/2545srTq">Soyuz 5</a> performed the first docked, but not internal, crew transfer, and in March, <a href="/facts/Apollo_9/L2UtJfyL">Apollo 9</a> performed the first ever internal transfer of astronauts between two docked spaceships.

<h3>Salyut, Almaz and Skylab</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Salyut/2hcw9vX2">Salyut</a>, <a href="/facts/Almaz/8or0Wf9F">Almaz</a>, and <a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a>

In 1971, the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> developed and launched the world's first space station, <a href="/facts/Salyut_1/pXPfv3ud">Salyut 1</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The <a href="/facts/Almaz/8or0Wf9F">Almaz</a> and <a href="/facts/Salyut_Program/2hcw9vX2">Salyut series</a> were eventually joined by <a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a>, <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tiangong-1/YoX6HLeX">Tiangong-1</a> and <a href="/facts/Tiangong-2/P9ShXP1d">Tiangong-2</a>. The hardware developed during the initial Soviet efforts remains in use, with evolved variants comprising a considerable part of the ISS, orbiting today. Each crew member stays aboard the station for weeks or months but rarely more than a year.
Early stations were monolithic designs that were constructed and launched in one piece, generally containing all their supplies and experimental equipment. A crew would then be launched to join the station and perform research. After the supplies had been consumed, the station was abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
The first space station was <a href="/facts/Salyut_1/pXPfv3ud">Salyut 1</a>, which was launched by the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet Union</a> on April 19, 1971. The early Soviet stations were all designated "Salyut", but among these, there were two distinct types: civilian and military. The military stations, <a href="/facts/Salyut_2/0sxIRWrL">Salyut 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Salyut_3/05Vz2VLT">Salyut 3</a>, and <a href="/facts/Salyut_5/LSs5WtIF">Salyut 5</a>, were also known as <a href="/facts/Almaz/8or0Wf9F">Almaz</a> stations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a>
The civilian stations <a href="/facts/Salyut_6/YrcP29l7">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/facts/Salyut_7/oV391tMR">Salyut 7</a> were built with two docking ports, which allowed a second crew to visit, bringing a new spacecraft with them; the <a href="/facts/Soyuz_7K-T/WqSBrfrf">Soyuz ferry</a> could spend 90 days in space, at which point it needed to be replaced by a fresh Soyuz spacecraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> This allowed for a crew to man the station continually. The American <a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a> (1973–1979) was also equipped with two docking ports, like second-generation stations, but the extra port was never used. The presence of a second port on the new stations allowed <a href="/facts/Progress_spacecraft/l9GvvKLs">Progress</a> supply vehicles to be docked to the station, meaning that fresh supplies could be brought to aid long-duration missions. This concept was expanded on Salyut 7, which "hard docked" with a <a href="/facts/TKS_spacecraft/qSvJBWA0">TKS tug</a> shortly before it was abandoned; this served as a proof of concept for the use of modular space stations. The later Salyuts may reasonably be seen as a transition between the two groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h3>Mir</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a>

Unlike previous stations, the Soviet space station <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a> had a <a href="/facts/Modular_design/uRrYMyqp">modular design</a>; a core unit was launched, and additional modules, generally with a specific role, were later added. This method allows for greater flexibility in operation, as well as removing the need for a single immensely powerful <a href="/facts/Launch_vehicle/g1GCGFJB">launch vehicle</a>. Modular stations are also designed from the outset to have their supplies provided by logistical support craft, which allows for a longer lifetime at the cost of requiring regular support launches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h3>International Space Station</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>

The ISS is divided into two main sections, the <a href="/facts/Russian_Orbital_Segment/Tafa3c7w">Russian Orbital Segment</a> (ROS) and the <a href="/facts/US_Orbital_Segment/BPpI8MnC">US Orbital Segment</a> (USOS). The first module of the ISS, <a href="/facts/Zarya_(ISS_module)/54ph8f5A">Zarya</a>, was launched in 1998.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>
The Russian Orbital Segment's "second-generation" modules were able to launch on <a href="/facts/Proton_(rocket)/susmVN0U">Proton</a>, fly to the correct orbit, and dock themselves without human intervention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> Connections are automatically made for power, data, gases, and propellants. The Russian autonomous approach allows the assembly of space stations prior to the launch of crew.
The Russian "second-generation" modules are able to be reconfigured to suit changing needs. As of 2009, <a href="/facts/RKK_Energia/fThW3H3L">RKK Energia</a> was considering the removal and reuse of some modules of the ROS on the <a href="/facts/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex/pHa213Fv">Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex</a> after the end of mission is reached for the ISS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> However, in September 2017, the head of Roscosmos said that the technical feasibility of separating the station to form OPSEK had been studied, and there were now no plans to separate the Russian segment from the ISS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
In contrast, the main US modules launched on the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> and were attached to the ISS by crews during <a href="/facts/Extra-vehicular_activity/udj91j1E">EVAs</a>. Connections for electrical power, data, propulsion, and cooling fluids are also made at this time, resulting in an integrated block of modules that is not designed for disassembly and must be deorbited as one mass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
<a href="/facts/Axiom_Station/maYHrSL8">Axiom Station</a> is a planned commercial space station that will begin as a single module docked to the ISS. <a href="/facts/Axiom_Space/q517gYl4">Axiom Space</a> gained NASA approval for the venture in January 2020. The first module, the Payload Power Transfer Module (PPTM), is expected to be launched to the ISS no earlier than 2027.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> PPTM will remain at the ISS until the launch of Axiom's Habitat One (Hab-1) module about one year later, after which it will detach from the ISS to join with Hab-1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>

<h3>Tiangong program</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tiangong_space_station/vh9UQKNa">Tiangong space station</a> and <a href="/facts/Tiangong_program/hSQcgPpX">Tiangong program</a>

China's first space laboratory, <a href="/facts/Tiangong-1/YoX6HLeX">Tiangong-1</a> was launched in September 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> The uncrewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_8/92pkbsEk">Shenzhou 8</a> then successfully performed an automatic rendezvous and docking in November 2011. The crewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_9/UbfyDzbv">Shenzhou 9</a> then docked with Tiangong-1 in June 2012, followed by the crewed <a href="/facts/Shenzhou_10/4RlEqGG9">Shenzhou 10</a> in 2013.
According to the <a href="/facts/China_Manned_Space_Engineering_Office/dQ3bBUbf">China Manned Space Engineering Office</a>, Tiangong-1 reentered over the South <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific Ocean</a>, northwest of <a href="/facts/Tahiti/uymjlbIb">Tahiti</a>, on 2 April 2018 at 00:15 UTC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a>
A second space laboratory <a href="/facts/Tiangong-2/P9ShXP1d">Tiangong-2</a> was launched in September 2016, while a plan for <a href="/facts/Tiangong-3/6a3BWv6Q">Tiangong-3</a> was merged with Tiangong-2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> The station made a controlled reentry on 19 July 2019 and burned up over the South Pacific Ocean.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a>
The <a href="/facts/Tiangong_Space_Station/vh9UQKNa">Tiangong Space Station</a> (<a href="/facts/Simplified_Chinese_characters/UcAD6xXs">Chinese</a>: 天宫; <a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">pinyin</a>: Tiāngōng; lit. 'Heavenly Palace'), the first module of which was launched on 29 April 2021,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> is in low Earth orbit, 340 to 450 kilometres above the Earth at an orbital inclination of 42° to 43°. The core module was extended in 2022 with two laboratory modules, bringing the total station capacity to six crew members. The station was completed on 5 November 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h3>Planned projects</h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/List_of_space_stations/RFXjndqU">List of space stations § Planned and proposed</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_space_stations&action=edit">edit</a>]
These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available. 

<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Name</th><th scope="col">Entity</th><th scope="col">Program</th><th scope="col">Crew size</th><th scope="col">Launch date</th><th>Planned Pressurized Volume</th><th scope="col">Remarks</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Haven-1/Lh3sScYy">Haven-1</a></th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Vast_(company)/X1Uc3exx">Vast</a></td><td>Private</td><td> 4</td><td>May 2026<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td><td>80 m3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></td><td>"Scheduled to be the world's first commercial space station, Haven-1 and subsequent human spaceflight missions will accelerate access to space exploration"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Large_Integrated_Flexible_Environment/If7Aj5VE">LIFE</a> Pathfinder</th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Space/xudLvSNd">Sierra Space</a></td><td>Private</td><td>TBD</td><td>2026</td><td>285 m3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td><td>"Before offering LIFE for Orbital Reef, though, the company is proposing to launch a standalone “pathfinder” version of LIFE as soon as the end of 2026".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">StarMax</th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> Gravitics</td><td>Private</td><td>TBD</td><td>2026<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a></td><td>400 m3(14,126 cu ft)</td><td>"The StarMax module provides up to 400 cubic meters of usable habitable volume - nearly half the volume of the International Space Station in one module."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Axiom_Station/maYHrSL8">Axiom Station</a></th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Axiom_Space/q517gYl4">Axiom Space</a></td><td>Private</td><td>TBD</td><td>2027<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td><td>~666.8 m3(~23,548 cu ft)</td><td>Private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"> <a href="/facts/Lunar_Gateway/XExxjawm">Lunar Gateway</a></th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a> <a href="/facts/European_Space_Agency/L8YRNV0C">ESA</a><a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc"></a> <a href="/facts/Canadian_Space_Agency/zL2njRvS">CSA</a><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT"></a> <a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">JAXA</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Artemis_program/QHBrKFI8">Artemis</a></td><td>4</td><td>2027<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a></td><td>≥125 m3 (4,400 cu ft)</td><td>Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>'s <a href="/facts/Artemis_program/QHBrKFI8">Artemis program</a> and follow-on <a href="/facts/Human_mission_to_Mars/zIwMBMPD">human mission to Mars</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Orbital_Reef/YUxSa0B4">Orbital Reef</a></th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Blue_Origin/CxFvEmDr">Blue Origin</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Sierra_Space/xudLvSNd">Sierra Space</a></td><td>Private</td><td> 10</td><td>2027<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a></td><td>830 m3(29,000 cu ft)</td><td>"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station/rUp02p3m">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn"></a> <a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a></td><td>Russia's next generation space station.</td><td>TBD</td><td>2027<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td><td></td><td>With Russia leaving the ISS programme sometime after 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station/t3f0xv7a">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></th><td><a href="/facts/India/1kKHcnxM"></a> <a href="/facts/ISRO/CdAoFQTL">ISRO</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme/1dmrx2L8">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></td><td>3</td><td>~2028<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td><td></td><td>ISRO chairman <a href="/facts/K._Sivan/ETFPeApp">K. Sivan</a> announced in 2019 that India will not join the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, but will instead build a space station of its own.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> of 52 Tonne Mass <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a> It is intended to be completed 5–7 years after the conclusion of the <a href="/facts/Gaganyaan/RURHEapJ">Gaganyaan</a> program.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Starlab_(space_station)/l2oTABEY">Starlab</a></th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/NanoRacks/ao3fsGch">NanoRacks</a> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Voyager_Technologies/BpkzQQsa">Voyager Space</a> <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM"></a> <a href="/facts/Airbus_Defence_and_Space/nwu5qPRe">Airbus</a> <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc"></a><a href="/facts/MDA_(company)/f0kV7rVF">MDA Space</a> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT"></a><a href="/facts/Mitsubishi_Corporation/2ckD671A">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></td><td>Private</td><td> 4</td><td>2028<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td><td>~450 m3(~15892 cu ft)</td><td>"Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world."While originally <a href="/facts/Lockheed_Martin/URp9BQpA">Lockheed Martin</a> was included in the project, as of 2024, it appears their primary role has been filled by <a href="/facts/Airbus/PSLf3cM8">Airbus</a>, to provide the main habitat for the station.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> As of 2024, they are no longer listed as a partner on Starlab's website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Haven-2</th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Vast_(company)/X1Uc3exx">Vast</a></td><td>Private</td><td>12</td><td>2028</td><td>1160 m3<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a></td><td>A planned successor to Haven-1. Vast CEO Max Hoat expressed hope that the first module of Haven-2 will be launched in 2028 if the station will be approved during the second phase of NASA's <a href="/facts/Commercial_LEO_Destinations_program/NHTSIYoM">Commercial LEO Destinations program</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Lunar_Orbital_Station/5Q1LNVQg">Lunar Orbital Station</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn"></a> <a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a></td><td></td><td>TBD</td><td>after 2030<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Artificial Gravity Station</th><td><a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5"></a> <a href="/facts/Vast_(company)/X1Uc3exx">Vast</a></td><td>Private</td><td>40</td><td>2035</td><td>1400 m3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/facts/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)/Bu83cYwK">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT"></a> <a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">JAXA</a>|<a href="/facts/Mitsui_%2526_Co./PKaoqgKe">Mitsui & Co.</a></td><td>TBA</td><td>TBD</td><td>TBD</td><td></td><td>Japan's spaceflight agency, <a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">JAXA</a>, announced in July 2024 that has contracted Mitsui & Co. to develop a concept for a new space station module for eventual flight and docking to an American private space station as yet to be determined as of the initial announcement. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="architecture">Architecture</h2>
Two types of space stations have been flown: monolithic and modular. Monolithic stations consist of a single vehicle and are launched by one rocket. Modular stations consist of two or more separate vehicles that are launched independently and docked on orbit. Modular stations are currently preferred due to lower costs and greater flexibility.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>
A space station is a complex vehicle that must incorporate many interrelated subsystems, including structure, electrical power, thermal control, <a href="/facts/Attitude_dynamics_and_control/hE6aMu26">attitude determination and control</a>, orbital navigation and propulsion, automation and robotics, computing and communications, environmental and life support, crew facilities, and crew and cargo transportation. Stations must serve a useful role, which drives the capabilities required.

<h3>Orbit and purpose</h3>
<h3>Materials</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station/uXRu2nYJ">Manufacturing of the International Space Station</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module/xatbEMD5">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module</a>
Space stations are made from durable materials that have to weather <a href="/facts/Space_radiation/9AVaba1l">space radiation</a>, internal pressure, <a href="/facts/Micrometeoroids/VSkmQYv1">micrometeoroids</a>, thermal effects of the sun and cold temperatures for long periods of time. They are typically made from <a href="/facts/Stainless_steel/IDdo8bEx">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/facts/Titanium/53ArnDoy">titanium</a> and high-quality <a href="/facts/Aluminum_alloys/1EzR3Y4t">aluminum alloys</a>, with layers of insulation such as <a href="/facts/Kevlar/cFyJP7p0">Kevlar</a> as a ballistics shield protection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a>
The International Space Station (ISS) has a single inflatable module, the <a href="/facts/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module/xatbEMD5">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module</a>, which was installed in April 2016 after being delivered to the ISS on the <a href="/facts/SpaceX_CRS-8/LtQDnp00">SpaceX CRS-8</a> resupply mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a> This module, based on NASA research in the 1990s, weighs 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) and was transported while compressed before being attached to the ISS by the space station arm and inflated to provide a 16 cubic metres (21 cu yd) volume. Whilst it was initially designed for a 2 year lifetime it was still attached and being used for storage in August 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>

<h3>Construction</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Salyut_1/pXPfv3ud">Salyut 1</a> – first space station, launched in 1971</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a> – launched in a single launch in May 1973</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a> – first modular space station assembled in orbit</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station/bUUAwcXt">International Space Station</a> – modular space station assembled in orbit</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tiangong_space_station/vh9UQKNa">Tiangong space station</a> – Chinese space station</li></ul>
<h3>Habitability</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body/fjXCjCXH">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a>
The space station environment presents a variety of challenges to human habitability, including short-term problems such as the limited supplies of air, water, and food and the need to manage <a href="/facts/Waste_heat/nGBH1Vc8">waste heat</a>, and long-term ones such as <a href="/facts/Weightlessness/GrhveURG">weightlessness</a> and relatively high levels of <a href="/facts/Ionizing_radiation/vw0d9GaT">ionizing radiation</a>. These conditions can create long-term health problems for space-station inhabitants, including <a href="/facts/Muscle_atrophy/WgJ9jhKw">muscle atrophy</a>, <a href="/facts/Spaceflight_osteopenia/ftwCV4DS">bone deterioration</a>, <a href="/facts/Space_adaptation_syndrome/xacCfrJI">balance disorders</a>, <a href="/facts/Visual_impairment_due_to_intracranial_pressure/2SGh1wyI">eyesight disorders</a>, and elevated risk of <a href="/facts/Cancer/PVW6n1D0">cancer</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a>
Future <a href="/facts/Space_habitat/ImmzlNSq">space habitats</a> may attempt to address these issues, and could be designed for occupation beyond the weeks or months that current missions typically last. Possible solutions include the creation of <a href="/facts/Artificial_gravity/yyzveD81">artificial gravity</a> by a <a href="/facts/Rotating_wheel_space_station/aVlYRocn">rotating structure</a>, the inclusion of <a href="/facts/Radiation_shielding/5LaNNgXe">radiation shielding</a>, and the development of on-site agricultural ecosystems. Some designs might even accommodate large numbers of people, becoming essentially "cities in space" where people would reside semi-permanently.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>
Molds that develop aboard space stations can produce acids that degrade metal, glass, and rubber. Despite an expanding array of molecular approaches for detecting microorganisms, rapid and robust means of assessing the differential viability of the microbial cells, as a function of phylogenetic lineage, remain elusive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a>

<h3>Power</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft/js1dxpcr">Solar panels on spacecraft</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Electrical_system_of_the_International_Space_Station/GphrTwsU">Electrical system of the International Space Station</a> and <a href="/facts/Roll_Out_Solar_Array/HnlVScTR">Roll Out Solar Array</a>
Like uncrewed spacecraft close to the Sun, space stations in the inner <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a> generally rely on <a href="/facts/Solar_panels/gufbEu8n">solar panels</a> to obtain power.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a>

<h3>Life support</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Environmental_Control_and_Life_Support_System/noqF51sS">Environmental Control and Life Support System</a> and <a href="/facts/Vika_oxygen_generator/hWMPuJFj">Vika oxygen generator</a>
Space station air and water is brought up in spacecraft from Earth before being recycled. Supplemental <a href="/facts/Oxygen/acyn6o8r">oxygen</a> can be supplied by a <a href="/facts/Chemical_oxygen_generator/ju0UdtSs">solid fuel oxygen generator</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a>

<h3>Communications</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System/u01Poe4x">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</a>, <a href="/facts/Lira_(ISS)/7kNSfjPU">Lira (ISS)</a>, and <a href="/facts/Amateur_Radio_on_the_International_Space_Station/QdsMn5Xj">Amateur Radio on the International Space Station</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Interplanetary_Internet/dXbo6f07">Interplanetary Internet</a>, <a href="/facts/InterPlaNet/D2ojCMeF">InterPlaNet</a>, and <a href="/facts/Optical_Payload_for_Lasercomm_Science/y34VsDVu">Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science</a>
<h3>Military</h3>
The last military-use space station was the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> <a href="/facts/Salyut_5/LSs5WtIF">Salyut 5</a>, which was launched under the <a href="/facts/Almaz/8or0Wf9F">Almaz</a> program and orbited between 1976 and 1977.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a>

<h2 id="occupation">Occupation</h2>
Space stations have harboured so far the only long-duration direct human presence in space. After the first station, <a href="/facts/Salyut_1/pXPfv3ud">Salyut 1</a> (1971), and its tragic <a href="/facts/Soyuz_11/H4bPPqX9">Soyuz 11</a> crew, space stations have been operated consecutively since <a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a> (1973–1974), having allowed a progression of long-duration direct human presence in space. Long-duration resident crews have been joined by visiting crews since 1977 (<a href="/facts/Salyut_6/YrcP29l7">Salyut 6</a>), and stations have been occupied by consecutive crews since 1987 with the <a href="/facts/Salyut_program/2hcw9vX2">Salyut</a> successor <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a>. Uninterrupted occupation of stations has been achieved since the operational transition from the Mir to the <a href="/facts/ISS/VNPUBz9m">ISS</a>, with its first occupation in 2000. The ISS has hosted the highest number of people in orbit at the same time, reaching 13 for the first time during the eleven day docking of <a href="/facts/STS-127/ssqLUylg">STS-127</a> in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>
The <a href="/facts/List_of_spaceflight_records/DcpuM4QD">duration record for a single spaceflight</a> is 437.75 days, set by <a href="/facts/Valeri_Polyakov/lw2MNoFj">Valeri Polyakov</a> aboard Mir from 1994 to 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> As of 2021, four cosmonauts have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.

<h2 id="operations">Operations</h2>
<h3>Resupply and crew vehicles</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_crewed_spacecraft/5KdUINyn">List of crewed spacecraft</a> and <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_space_station_cargo_vehicles/yHPfFzaM">Comparison of space station cargo vehicles</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Commercial_Resupply_Services/TahzTN1Y">Commercial Resupply Services</a>
Many spacecraft are used to dock with the space stations. Soyuz flight <a href="/facts/Soyuz_T-15/GpXofSnS">T-15</a> in March to July 1986 was the first and as of 2016, only spacecraft to visit two different space stations, <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a> and <a href="/facts/Salyut_7/oV391tMR">Salyut 7</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a>

<h4>International Space Station</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station/RqktExYd">List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station</a> and <a href="/facts/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station/XKHgRXEI">Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station</a>
The <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> has been supported by many different spacecraft.

<ul><li>Future
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation/e1HRGsMP">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a> <a href="/facts/Dream_Chaser/vfXrKLh7">Dream Chaser</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/HTV-X/TM52QWys">New Space-Station Resupply Vehicle (HTV-X)</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a> <a href="/facts/Orel_(spacecraft)/cHEJBfcS">Orel</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Current
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Northrop_Grumman/M6keKE1A">Northrop Grumman</a> <a href="/facts/Cygnus_(spacecraft)/8jFp6gs7">Cygnus</a> (2013–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a> <a href="/facts/Progress_(spacecraft)/l9GvvKLs">Progress (multiple variants)</a> (2000–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Energia_(corporation)/fThW3H3L">Energia</a> <a href="/facts/Soyuz_(spacecraft)/meooRg7U">Soyuz (multiple variants)</a> (2001–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/SpaceX_Dragon_2/Wy8kUegK">SpaceX Dragon 2</a> (2020–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Retired
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle/sHdKC0wv">Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)</a> (2008–2015)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle/TM52QWys">H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)</a> (2009–2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> (1998–2011)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/SpaceX_Dragon_1/oduVLMWr">SpaceX Dragon 1</a> (2012–2020)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<h4>Tiangong space station</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Tiangong_space_station/vh9UQKNa">Tiangong space station</a>
The <a href="/facts/Tiangong_space_station/vh9UQKNa">Tiangong space station</a> is supported by the following spacecraft:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)/h5sA5L6L">Shenzhou</a> (2021–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Tianzhou_(spacecraft)/pvVdl6tw">Tianzhou</a> (2021–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a></li></ul>
<h4>Tiangong program</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Tiangong_program/hSQcgPpX">Tiangong program</a>
The <a href="/facts/Tiangong_program/hSQcgPpX">Tiangong program</a> relied on the following spacecraft.

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Shenzhou_program/wYVuXopK">Shenzhou program</a> (2011–2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a></li></ul>
<h4>Mir</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir/ALQk99UR">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir/KT5yN8L4">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a>
The <a href="/facts/Mir/pILadPoB">Mir</a> space station was in orbit from 1986 to 2001 and was supported and visited by the following spacecraft:

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Roscosmos/GzWfae7U">Roscosmos</a> <a href="/facts/Progress_(spacecraft)/l9GvvKLs">Progress (multiple variants)</a> (1986–2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a> – An additional Progress spacecraft was used in 2001 to deorbit Mir.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Energia_(corporation)/fThW3H3L">Energia</a> <a href="/facts/Soyuz_(spacecraft)/meooRg7U">Soyuz (multiple variants)</a> (1986–2000)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> (1995–1998)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a></li></ul>
<h4>Skylab</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Skylab/h7v9LWKE">Skylab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Apollo_command_and_service_module/rfoTgzFx">Apollo command and service module</a> (1973–1974)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a></li></ul>
<h4>Salyut programme</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Salyut_programme/2hcw9vX2">Salyut programme</a>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Energia_(corporation)/fThW3H3L">Energia</a> <a href="/facts/Soyuz_(spacecraft)/meooRg7U">Soyuz (multiple variants)</a> (1971–1986)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a></li></ul>
<h3>Docking and berthing</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft/zUWc9rvu">Docking and berthing of spacecraft</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/International_Docking_System_Standard/ldfsgw74">International Docking System Standard</a> and <a href="/facts/Chinese_Docking_Mechanism/SSTquUHL">Chinese Docking Mechanism</a>
<h3>Maintenance</h3>
<h3>Research</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station/mR1Bz6Dm">Scientific research on the International Space Station</a>
Research conducted on the Mir included the first long term space based ESA research project EUROMIR 95 which lasted 179 days and included 35 scientific experiments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a>
During the first 20 years of operation of the International Space Station, there were around 3,000 scientific experiments in the areas of biology and biotech, technology development, educational activities, human research, physical science, and Earth and space science.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a>

<h4>Materials research</h4>
Space stations provide a useful platform to test the performance, stability, and survivability of materials in space. This research follows on from previous experiments such as the <a href="/facts/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility/2kUvKfo7">Long Duration Exposure Facility</a>, a free flying experimental platform which flew from April 1984 until January 1990.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload/DgDhI0VK">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a> (1996–1997)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Materials_International_Space_Station_Experiment/Dplmbf6a">Materials International Space Station Experiment</a> (2001–present)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a></li></ul>
<h4>Human research</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body/fjXCjCXH">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> and <a href="/facts/Bioastronautics/won6sAYb">Bioastronautics</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/ISS_year-long_mission/Gec67onm">ISS year-long mission</a>
<h4>Botany</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Astrobotany/njWTWN2X">Astrobotany</a>
<h3>Space tourism</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Space_tourism/fMK9CcnM">Orbital space tourism</a>
On the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, guests sometimes pay $50 million to spend the week living as an <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>. Later, <a href="/facts/Space_tourism/fMK9CcnM">space tourism</a> is slated to expand once launch costs are lowered sufficiently. By the end of the 2020s, <a href="/facts/Space_hotel/fMK9CcnM">space hotels</a> may become relatively common.

<h2 id="finance">Finance</h2>
As it currently costs on average $10,000 to $25,000 per kilogram to launch anything into orbit, space stations remain the exclusive province of government space agencies, which are primarily funded by <a href="/facts/Taxation/8cXNkA00">taxation</a>. In the case of the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a>, <a href="/facts/Space_tourism/fMK9CcnM">space tourism</a> makes up a small portion of money to run it.

<h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2>
<h3>Technology spinoffs</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/NASA_spinoff_technologies/5Qb4JoLH">NASA spinoff technologies</a>
<h3>International cooperation and economy</h3>
<h3>Cultural impact</h3>
This section is an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction/WIgD9Kop">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction&action=edit">edit</a>]

The concepts of space stations and <a href="/facts/Space_habitat/ImmzlNSq">space habitats</a> feature in <a href="/facts/Science_fiction/d9hE2Lwt">science fiction</a>. The difference between the two is that habitats are larger and more complex structures intended as permanent homes for substantial populations (though <a href="/facts/Generation_ship/9cqVJ75r">generation ships</a> also fit this description, they are usually not considered space habitats as they are heading for a destination<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a>), but the line between the two is fuzzy with significant overlap and the term space station is sometimes used for both concepts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a> The first such artificial satellite in fiction was <a href="/facts/Edward_Everett_Hale/CvNe68HK">Edward Everett Hale</a>'s "<a href="/facts/The_Brick_Moon/BUb7d95Q">The Brick Moon</a>" in 1869,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a> a sphere of bricks 61 meters across accidentally launched into orbit around the Earth with people still onboard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a>
<h3>Space settlement</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Space_settlement/ImmzlNSq">Space settlement</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Moonbase/PRvH0tGl">Moonbase</a> and <a href="/facts/Mars_habitat/4hDuuvnf">Mars habitat</a>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Apollo%25E2%2580%2593Soyuz/PzMemSeQ">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Spacelab/R4FDfaCW">Spacelab</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Shuttle%25E2%2580%2593Mir_program/oU65ty8U">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_space_stations/RFXjndqU">List of space stations</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2>

<ul><li>Chladek, Jay (2017). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ">Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations</a>. <a href="/facts/University_of_Nebraska_Press/pUx1cI4q">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8032-2292-2.</li>
<li>Haeuplik-Meusburger: Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-7091-0666-2.</li>
<li>Ivanovich, Grujica S. (July 7, 2008). <a href="https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020">Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy</a>. Praxis. p. <a href="https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444">426</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-387-73585-6.</li>
<li>Neri Vela, Rodolfo (1990). Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application. Paris: European Space Agency SP-1137. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-92-9092-124-0.</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort=">Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712">ISS</a> – on <a href="/facts/TASS/4hpJncJU">Russian News Agency TASS</a>, Official <a href="/facts/Infographic/yGbFkPUp">Infographic</a> (in English)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxQVu6Nd_3Q">The star named ISS</a> – on Roscosmos TV (in Russian)</li>
<li><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true">"Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"</a>, <a href="/facts/Popular_Science/dE4EBW22">Popular Science</a>, October 1951, pp. 120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth</li></ul>
<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Baker, David (2015). <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945783975">International Space Station : 1998-2011 (all stages) : an insight into the history, development, collaboration, production and role of the permanently manned earth-orbiting complex</a>. Sparkford, Yeovil, Somerset: <a href="/facts/Haynes_Manual/Xlma0Ik6">Haynes Manual</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-85733-839-6. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945783975">945783975</a>.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

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</ol>

Space station open-in-new

Space station