Build Back Better Plan

<h2 id="general-history-of-the-term-and-plan">General history of the term and plan</h2>
The term first appeared and was used in the report “Rebuilding a Better Aceh and Nias: Preliminary Stocktaking of the Reconstruction Effort Six Months After the Earthquake and Tsunami” published by the <a href="/facts/World_Bank/hIH9uUb2">World Bank</a> in May 2005, and prepared in collaboration with the Bureau of Reconstruction and Rehabilitation for Aceh and Nias (BRR) and the international donor community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> The initial preliminary report was revised and published in October 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> Special United Nations Tsunami Envoy, President <a href="/facts/Bill_Clinton/x5mwYkVh">Bill Clinton</a>, who visited Aceh during June 2005, was briefed by The World Bank, BRR and donors and included the term in his brief to the <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council/fQ1sdMSs">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> in July 2005.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> Clinton also released a special report in December 2006 entitled "Lessons Learned from Tsunami Recovery:Key Propositions for Building Back Better".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The term was subsequently used as a conceptual term by various leaders, at the backdrop of other natural disasters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Following this, the term was used more specifically in a report by the <a href="/facts/World_Economic_Forum/91KlC7Cb">World Economic Forum</a> on natural disasters on the 28th of April, 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> In was mentioned again in a comprehensive report by the WEF in October 2015,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> and once more in WEF articles from 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> and 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> An overarching plan called 'Build Back Better', with outlines similar to Biden's eventual plan, was first published by the World Economic Forum in April 2020, and then again several times throughout May and July of the same year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The plan involved major social, economic and political reforms, at the backdrop of the Pandemic. The wording 'Build Back Better' and an associated plan, first appeared in American politics during Biden's presidential campaign, in July 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> After having been introduced by President Biden, the term 'Build Back Better' became synonymous with his presidency's agendas.
In the years which followed Biden's introduction of his plan, other politicians across the world have also come to adopt various aspects of it, or call for its implementation. Some countries, such as Japan, have used the term to signify a 'disaster preparedness and resilience plan'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> In 2023, Israeli politician <a href="/facts/Tamar_Zandberg/jlT7sPx2">Tamar Zandberg</a> proposed that Israel should work by the environment and medical outlines of the plan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a>

<h2 id="historical-background-of-bidens-plan">Historical background of Biden's plan</h2>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States/ctje6mVM">Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a> and <a href="/facts/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment/BhysfVgl">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment</a>
The <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States/GxNQUR2v">COVID-19 pandemic</a> caused substantial job losses in the U.S., with a May 2020 estimate finding that it had resulted in the greatest unemployment crisis since the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a> During <a href="/facts/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/7Dlz31my">his presidency</a>, <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> floated using low interest rates to <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump/qFqBqNdk">spend on infrastructure</a>, including roads, bridges, and tunnels, but specifically excluding the initiatives of the <a href="/facts/Green_New_Deal/9j4E6cBm">Green New Deal</a> supported by some of the members in the <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democratic Party</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a>

<h2 id="vision">Vision</h2>

Shortly before his <a href="/facts/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden/Nms0sFxk">inauguration</a> as the 46th <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">president of the United States</a>, Biden laid out the following goals for his "Build Back Better" agenda:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a>

<ol><li>"Build a Modern Infrastructure": The United States has consistently under-invested in the development of workers and millions of positions in rising industries, such as construction and healthcare, have not been fulfilled. President Biden's Build Back Better Plan would invest in training initiatives to help the millions of American workers to create high-quality employment in expanding fields through high-quality career and technical education paths and registered apprenticeships.</li>
<li>"Position the U.S. Auto Industry to Win the 21st Century with technology invented in America"</li>
<li>"Achieve a Carbon Pollution-Free Power Sector by 2035"</li>
<li>"Make Dramatic Investments in Energy Efficiency in Buildings, including Completing 4 Million Retrofits and Building 1.5 Million New Affordable Homes": Schools were faced with an estimated shortage of 100,000 teachers before the pandemic, which undermined the education of children.  President Biden's Build Back Better Plan will address the lack of teachers and enhance the education of teachers, including providing teacher residencies and by developing programs that provide greater results and generate more POC teachers. During the course of the school year, it would extend free school food to another 9.3 million students and assist families buy food in the summer. The plan includes investing in modernizing school infrastructure to ensure school buildings are up to date, energy efficient, robust, and have technology and laboratory equipment to educate children for the future.</li>
<li>"Pursue a Historic Investment in Clean Energy Innovation"</li>
<li>"Advance Sustainable Agriculture and Conservation"</li>
<li>"Secure Environmental Justice and Equitable Economy Opportunity"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a></li></ol>
<h2 id="american-rescue-plan">American Rescue Plan</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021/ll95sBKv">American Rescue Plan Act of 2021</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment/BhysfVgl">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment § Investments and other economic measures</a>
The first part of the plan resulted in a $1.9 trillion <a href="/facts/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic/o29jT5o3">COVID-19 relief</a> package, known as the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. It was signed into law on March 11 using the procedure of <a href="/facts/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)/WCGU9pbI">reconciliation</a>, allowing it to go into effect with unanimous Democratic support in the Senate and no Republican votes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>

<h2 id="american-jobs-plan">American Jobs Plan</h2>
<h3>Original proposal</h3>

On March 31, 2021,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Biden unveiled details of his $2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan (which, when combined with the American Families Plan, amounted to $4 trillion in infrastructure spending),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a> which he pitched as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's economy".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> The plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster <a href="/facts/Labor_union/PjeN2WKu">labor unions</a>, expand labor protections, and <a href="/facts/Climate_change_mitigation/GgkoeWMk">address climate change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a>

<h4>Physical infrastructure</h4>
The plan called for $621 billion of spending on transportation infrastructure. That included $115 billion towards <a href="/facts/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System/1qQo9GBm">highways</a> and roads, $80 billion to improve <a href="/facts/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States/TlQk8n85">American railways</a>, $85 billion to modernize <a href="/facts/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States/BuN0r7KE">public transportation</a>, $25 billion for airports, $174 billion to incentivize adoption of <a href="/facts/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_the_United_States/zCASgClL">electric vehicles</a> (including $15 billion for the construction of 500,000 electric vehicle <a href="/facts/Charging_station/bHd9YaDH">charging stations</a> by 2030), and $17 billion for inland waterways, coastal ports, land ports of entry and ferries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> It also called for electrifying at least 20% of the country's yellow school bus fleet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> In March 2024, the Washington Post published an article called, "Biden’s $7.5 billion investment in EV charging has only produced 7 stations in two years."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
The plan called for $100 billion in funding for <a href="/facts/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States/fk80TQrs">American energy infrastructure</a>, aiming to transition the country to 100% carbon-free electricity production by 2035. It intended to establish a "Grid Deployment Authority" within the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Energy/PRp6Cz8g">Department of Energy</a> to support the construction of <a href="/facts/Electric_power_transmission/I9w3lRmM">high-voltage transmission lines</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h4>Infrastructure "at home"</h4>
The plan included $213 billion for building and retrofitting more than 2 million homes and $40 billion to improve <a href="/facts/Public_housing_in_the_United_States/JFcUBEj7">public housing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> It also sought to end <a href="/facts/Exclusionary_zoning/auHcprlt">exclusionary zoning</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> The plan included $111 billion for modernizing drinking water, wastewater, and storm water systems. $45 billion of that was intended to replace 100% of the country's lead water piping.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> The plan aimed to deliver universal high-speed <a href="/facts/Broadband/nEn3A95N">broadband</a> coverage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>
The AJP proposed a $16 billion investment in plugging "<a href="/facts/Orphan_wells/qVH51f8S">orphan wells</a>", abandoned wells that continually release <a href="/facts/Methane_emissions/IrclnYfB">methane emissions</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> The plan contained $100 billion to construct and upgrade <a href="/facts/Public_school_funding_in_the_United_States/oxu6teYe">public schools</a>, $25 billion to upgrade childcare facilities, and $12 billion to spend on <a href="/facts/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States/hExCp9rV">community colleges</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> The AJP also contained a proposal for a Civilian Climate Corps modeled loosely after the <a href="/facts/Civilian_Conservation_Corps/LUEsSoEn">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC) created during the <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> It proposed that $10 billion be allocated for the program, which the White House stated would create somewhere between 10,000 and 20,000 jobs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> In contrast, during its nine years in operation, around three million people participated in the original CCC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a>

<h4>Research and development</h4>
The plan would have spent $180 billion on research and development, including substantial expenditures in <a href="/facts/Clean_energy/EnD6dsKV">clean energy</a> and basic climate research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a> It would also have spent $50 billion on <a href="/facts/Semiconductor/zFf3mGTE">semiconductor</a> technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a> The plan set aside $300 billion for manufacturing expenditures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a>

<h4>"Care economy"</h4>
The plan included $400 billion to expand access to home- or community-based care for seniors and people with disabilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a>

<h4>PRO Act</h4>
The passage of the proposed <a href="/facts/Protecting_the_Right_to_Organize_Act/h60RUVlU">Protecting the Right to Organize Act</a> (PRO Act) was included as part of the proposal.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a> The legislation would bolster unions by overriding state <a href="/facts/Right-to-work_law/qN95HWNm">right-to-work laws</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> and safeguarding union elections.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a>

<h4>Funding</h4>
The funding was planned to come from raising the <a href="/facts/Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States/UND8Sb3c">corporate tax</a> rate as a part of a proposed "Made in America Tax Plan".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a> This would have partially reversed the <a href="/facts/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017/hBUADVhJ">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a>. The corporate tax rate would have been raised from 21% to 28%, bringing it closer to the pre-2017 rate of 35%. The plan aimed to raise over $2 trillion by 2036,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a> with other methods including ending subsidies for <a href="/facts/Fossil_fuel/BPgxAqB7">fossil fuel</a> companies, increasing the <a href="/facts/Global_minimum_tax/N7bsvIQH">global minimum tax</a> from roughly 13% to 21%, and <a href="/facts/Deficit_spending/o6RX0vdh">deficit spending</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a>
Also planned was an increase of the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) from 10.5% to 21%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a> GILTI taxes target intangible assets like <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a>, <a href="/facts/Copyright/7GHEWEx9">copyright</a>, and <a href="/facts/Trademark/B23H8IS0">trademarks</a> that can sometimes be used by companies for tax avoidance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a> This tax was created in 2017 to discourage U.S.-based companies from shifting profits to corporate <a href="/facts/Tax_haven/sBJngUjB">tax havens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a>

<h3>Bipartisan bill</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act/T64dfk69">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>
On July 28, Senate negotiators announced that a $1.2 trillion agreement for physical infrastructure had been reached.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a> According to <a href="/facts/NPR.org/BohIW9Xg">NPR.org</a>, this included:

<ul><li>$110 billion for roads, bridges and other major projects;</li>
<li>$11 billion in transportation safety programs;</li>
<li>$39 billion in transit modernization and improved accessibility;</li>
<li>$66 billion in rail;</li>
<li>$7.5 billion to build a national network of electric vehicle chargers;</li>
<li>$73 billion in power infrastructure and clean energy transmission and</li>
<li>$65 billion for broadband development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a></li></ul>
The bill also made the <a href="/facts/Minority_Business_Development_Agency/IQsPaj2j">Minority Business Development Agency</a> a permanent agency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> On August 10, The Senate voted 69–31 to advance the bill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> On November 5, the House of Representatives passed it, 228–206.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> Biden signed the legislation into law on November 15.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

<h3>Reception</h3>
The <a href="/facts/Center_for_American_Progress/mdFwk1kI">Center for American Progress</a> (CAP), a <a href="/facts/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States/HGn9XCda">liberal</a> <a href="/facts/Think_tank/xl9t8HmC">think tank</a>, lauded the original AJP for its focus on <a href="/facts/Climate_justice/vFleWHhU">climate justice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a> The program also received support from <a href="/facts/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States/FHruckNo">organized labor</a>, with <a href="/facts/AFL%25E2%2580%2593CIO/t8AFyWMH">AFL–CIO</a> president <a href="/facts/Richard_Trumka/3jHqN9sX">Richard Trumka</a> praising the plan for its inclusion of the PRO Act.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> Senator <a href="/facts/Bernie_Sanders/MjDFDSVY">Bernie Sanders</a> spoke favorably of the plan while arguing that the White House should go even further.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a>
<a href="/facts/Conservatism_in_the_United_States/ye90yMMJ">Political conservatives</a> dismissed the original legislation as costly and challenged the inclusion of policy areas not traditionally considered "infrastructure".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a> Republican Senator <a href="/facts/Ted_Cruz/uysDJvQq">Ted Cruz</a> criticized the plan, arguing that it would lead to job losses and served as a "Green New Deal-lite masquerading as an infrastructure plan".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> Republican House minority leader <a href="/facts/Kevin_McCarthy/RFuJ3PfL">Kevin McCarthy</a> called the plan "[m]ajor expansions of government agencies and even more inflation that will lead to higher costs for all Americans."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a>

<h2 id="american-families-plan">American Families Plan</h2>
In April 2021, the Biden administration announced details of the American Families Plan (AFP).

<h3>Original proposal</h3>
<h4>"Care Economy"</h4>
The third part of the original Build Back Better agenda, the American Families Plan, set aside $1 trillion in new spending and $800 billion in <a href="/facts/Tax_credit/2rxdqwL2">tax credits</a> (both over ten years).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> This included:

<ul><li>$200 billion in spending on <a href="/facts/Childcare/ILBlaVb0">childcare</a>, ensuring that no family has to pay more than 7% of their income on <a href="/facts/Childcare/ILBlaVb0">childcare</a>,</li>
<li>~$200 billion to make <a href="/facts/Pre-kindergarten/UsWfKo8r">pre-kindergarten</a> universally available for free,</li>
<li>>$200 billion towards government-subsidized <a href="/facts/Family_leave/DIns43dB">paid family</a> and <a href="/facts/Medical_leave/rAFpbYAk">medical leave</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a></li>
<li>~$300 billion towards making <a href="/facts/Community_college/arNdYj7b">community college</a> free for all Americans, and</li>
<li>~$200 billion on health insurance subsidies available through the <a href="/facts/Affordable_Care_Act/5RW8EDo8">Affordable Care Act</a> <a href="/facts/Health_insurance_marketplace/75SrEn8B">healthcare exchanges</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a></li></ul>
It would have extended the boost to the <a href="/facts/Child_tax_credit_(United_States)/HGqspYxx">child tax credit</a> made in the American Rescue Plan, which effectively turned the credit into a <a href="/facts/Child_benefit/m9CoEE7G">child allowance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> It would also revoke a federal restriction on people with felony drug convictions from obtaining food benefits through the <a href="/facts/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program/Wz21NjAe">Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program</a> (SNAP).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a>

<h4>Funding</h4>
The bill was to have been at least partially funded by a number of tax hikes on high-income Americans and investors,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a> including restoring the top <a href="/facts/Tax_rate/wTAfRQsE">marginal income tax rate</a> to its pre-2017 level of 39.6% and nearly doubling the <a href="/facts/Capital_gains/MKH4Yx0W">capital gains</a> tax for people earning more than $1 million, as well as eliminating a provision in the tax code that reduces capital gains on some inherited assets, like vacation homes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a> It would also have raised revenue by boosting the <a href="/facts/Internal_Revenue_Service/GBdRoslU">Internal Revenue Service</a>'s budget by $80 billion (over ten years), which the White House estimated could raise over $700 billion in revenue that otherwise would have been lost to <a href="/facts/Tax_evasion/4DSQPEhX">tax evasion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> It would also have required banks to report total account outflows and inflows to the IRS to help detect tax evasion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>

<h3>Reconciliation bill</h3>
<h4>Build Back Better Act</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Build_Back_Better_Act/mK0MKSzb">Build Back Better Act</a>

A $3.5 trillion reconciliation bill that included measures related to climate change, family aid, and expansions to <a href="/facts/Medicare_(United_States)/vLKMBktB">Medicare</a> was rolled out, but failed to win the support of Republicans or Democratic senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a> On October 28, 2021, the White House released a new $1.75 trillion framework, and the House of Representatives passed the bill on November 19, 2021, but it still struggled to win Democratic Senator Joe Manchin's support for using the reconciliation process.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> After it ultimately failed to match his envisioned cost, Manchin rejected the bill, dooming its passage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a>

<h4>Inflation Reduction Act</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022/8Cdfo0tk">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022</a>
In July 2022, revived negotiations between Manchin and Senate Majority Leader <a href="/facts/Chuck_Schumer/GsrvwB2w">Chuck Schumer</a> yielded a deal on a slimmed-down and reworked version of the original bill, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. This bill would raise $737 billion in revenue while spending $437 billion. The remaining $300 billion would go toward <a href="/facts/Deficit_reduction/jJN2aNkJ">deficit reduction</a>. The bill's main goals include reducing current and future inflation, reforming <a href="/facts/Corporate_tax/H558GUjI">corporate taxing</a>, lowering prescription drug prices for consumers, extending health insurance subsidies through the <a href="/facts/Affordable_Care_Act/5RW8EDo8">Affordable Care Act</a>, and curbing <a href="/facts/Greenhouse_gas_emissions/Cu9nXPHE">greenhouse gas emissions</a> while boosting domestic energy production.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a>
The Senate passed the Inflation Reduction Act on August 7, 2022, on a 51–50 vote, with a <a href="/facts/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States/ByfKt9t5">tie-breaking vote</a> from Vice President <a href="/facts/Kamala_Harris/hqeaVyFQ">Kamala Harris</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> returning the amended bill to the House. On August 12, the House passed the bill on a 220–207 vote,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a> and President Biden signed it into law on August 16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>United States portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/European_Green_Deal/Rl4omaD2">European Green Deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Next_Generation_EU/h8FBEplh">Next Generation EU</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Square_Deal/DqDKMd4a">Square Deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/The_New_Freedom/vdk7KAAN">The New Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Fair_Deal/tqA3VGgV">Fair Deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/New_Frontier/x707rlV5">New Frontier</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Great_Society/w1zMdUsq">Great Society</a></li></ul>

Footnotes

Citations

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikiquote has quotations related to Build Back Better Plan.

<ul><li><a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/build-back-better/">The Build Back Better Framework</a> at whitehouse.gov</li>
<li><a href="https://joebiden.com/build-back-better/">Build Back Better: Joe Biden's Jobs and Economic Recovery Plan For Working Families</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801064822/https://joebiden.com/build-back-better/">Archived</a> August 1, 2020, at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"The Build Back Better Framework". The White House. Retrieved November 14, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/build-back-better/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/build-back-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Fact Sheet: The American Jobs Plan". The White House. March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">"Fact Sheet: The American Families Plan". The White House. April 28, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/28/fact-sheet-the-american-families-plan/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/28/fact-sheet-the-american-families-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Yarmuth, John A. (March 11, 2021). "H.R.1319 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): American Rescue Plan Act of 2021". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill Passes, What Happens Next". Investopedia. Retrieved November 14, 2021. <a href="https://www.investopedia.com/here-s-what-s-in-the-usd1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-passed-by-the-senate-5196817" target="_blank">https://www.investopedia.com/here-s-what-s-in-the-usd1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-passed-by-the-senate-5196817</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Seipel, Arnie; Hernandez, Joe (December 19, 2021). "Joe Manchin says he won't support President Biden's Build Back Better plan". NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2025. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"How Democrats plan to overhaul taxes, climate spending, and health care before the midterms". Vox. July 27, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022. <a href="https://www.vox.com/23281547/build-back-better-joe-manchin-inflation-reduction-act" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/23281547/build-back-better-joe-manchin-inflation-reduction-act</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"Rebuilding a Better Aceh and Nias" (PDF). The World Bank. <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/295181468285599568/pdf/328930Replacement0aceh16months.pdf" target="_blank">https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/295181468285599568/pdf/328930Replacement0aceh16months.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"Brief for the Coordination Forum Aceh and Nias (CFAN)" (PDF). Rebuilding a Better Aceh and Nias Stocktaking of the Reconstruction Effort. October 2005. <a href="https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Rebuilding%20a%20Better%20Aceh%20and%20Nias%20-%20Stocktaking%20of%20the%20Reconstruction%20Effort.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Rebuilding%20a%20Better%20Aceh%20and%20Nias%20-%20Stocktaking%20of%20the%20Reconstruction%20Effort.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"TSUNAMI SPECIAL ENVOY BILL CLINTON TELLS ECOSOC MOST CHALLENGING DAYS LAY AHEAD IN RECOVERY, DISASTER PREVENTION, APPLYING LESSONS LEARNED | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". press.un.org. <a href="https://press.un.org/en/2005/ecosoc6166.doc.htm" target="_blank">https://press.un.org/en/2005/ecosoc6166.doc.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">J. Clinton, William (December 2006). "A Report by the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery" (PDF). Propositions for Building Back Better. <a href="https://www.preventionweb.net/files/2054_VL108301.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.preventionweb.net/files/2054_VL108301.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">"'Build back better'". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. October 27, 2010. <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2010/haiti-mit-event-1027" target="_blank">https://news.mit.edu/2010/haiti-mit-event-1027</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">www3.weforum.org http://web.archive.org/web/20250206165311/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_VisionManagingNaturalDisaster_Proposal_2011.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2025. Retrieved February 22, 2025. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20250206165311/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_VisionManagingNaturalDisaster_Proposal_2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20250206165311/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_VisionManagingNaturalDisaster_Proposal_2011.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">www3.weforum.org http://web.archive.org/web/20240905200629/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC15_Building_Resilience_in_Nepal_report_1510.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2025. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240905200629/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC15_Building_Resilience_in_Nepal_report_1510.pdf" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20240905200629/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC15_Building_Resilience_in_Nepal_report_1510.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"How Ebola has affected education in Sierra Leone". <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/how-ebola-has-affected-education-in-sierra-leone/?lb=b6518b7da38fe94be1a3642a6e0dedfa" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/how-ebola-has-affected-education-in-sierra-leone/?lb=b6518b7da38fe94be1a3642a6e0dedfa</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"World Economic Forum". <a href="https://www.weforum.org/publications/strategies-for-the-new-economy-skills-as-the-currency-of-the-labour-market/" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/publications/strategies-for-the-new-economy-skills-as-the-currency-of-the-labour-market/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-COVID-19 World". Foro Económico Mundial (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2025. <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240717014134/https://es.weforum.org/publications/post-covid-19-challenges-and-opportunities/" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20240717014134/https://es.weforum.org/publications/post-covid-19-challenges-and-opportunities/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"COVID-19: How to build back better with climate action". <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/how-to-build-back-better-after-covid-19/" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/how-to-build-back-better-after-covid-19/</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"An Action Plan for the Media, Entertainment and Culture Industry" (PDF). World Economic Forum. July 2020. <a href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Building_Back_Better_2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Building_Back_Better_2020.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">"To build back better, we will have to reinvent capitalism". <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/to-build-back-better-we-must-reinvent-capitalism-heres-how/" target="_blank">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/to-build-back-better-we-must-reinvent-capitalism-heres-how/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Khalid, Asma (July 9, 2020). "Biden Counters Trump's 'America First' With 'Build Back Better' Economic Plan". NPR. Retrieved February 22, 2025. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889347429/biden-counters-trumps-america-first-with-build-back-better-economic-plan" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889347429/biden-counters-trumps-america-first-with-build-back-better-economic-plan</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Kanani, Aalok (July 14, 2020). "Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website We're Going To Build Back Better and Create a Clean Energy Future -". Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website. <a href="https://joebiden.com/2020/07/14/were-going-to-build-back-better-and-create-a-clean-energy-future/" target="_blank">https://joebiden.com/2020/07/14/were-going-to-build-back-better-and-create-a-clean-energy-future/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Lavelle, Marianne (July 15, 2020). "Biden's $2 Trillion Climate Plan Promotes Union Jobs, Electric Cars and Carbon-Free Power". <a href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15072020/joe-biden-climate-plan-coronavirus-build-back-better/" target="_blank">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15072020/joe-biden-climate-plan-coronavirus-build-back-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Biden takes on Trump in speech outlining vision for economy recovery". ABC News. <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-unveils-1st-portion-build-back-economic-plan/story?id=71681986" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-unveils-1st-portion-build-back-economic-plan/story?id=71681986</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Goldmacher, Shane; Tankersley, Jim (July 9, 2020). "In 'Buy American' Speech, Biden Challenges Trump on the Economy". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/politics/biden-buy-american.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/us/politics/biden-buy-american.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Potutan, Gerald (2019). "Planning for Disaster Resilience in Japan: Integration of 'Build Back Better'". Indian Journal of Public Administration. 65 (3): 611–626. doi:10.1177/0019556119844560. S2CID 197881186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"הזדמנות ל"ניו דיל" משלנו, לעתיד טוב יותר". הארץ – via Haaretz. <a href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/opinions/2023-12-25/ty-article-opinion/.premium/0000018c-9ca6-d1f1-adbf-9efe97150000" target="_blank">https://www.haaretz.co.il/opinions/2023-12-25/ty-article-opinion/.premium/0000018c-9ca6-d1f1-adbf-9efe97150000</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Soucheray, Stephanie (May 8, 2020). "US job losses due to COVID-19 highest since Great Depression". CIDRAP. Retrieved June 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/05/us-job-losses-due-covid-19-highest-great-depression" target="_blank">https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/05/us-job-losses-due-covid-19-highest-great-depression</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Niquette, Mark (March 31, 2020). "Trump Urges $2 Trillion for Infrastructure to Bolster Economy". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/trump-calls-for-2-trillion-infrastructure-bill-to-create-jobs" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/trump-calls-for-2-trillion-infrastructure-bill-to-create-jobs</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">"Biden Plan for Economic Recovery Includes Infrastructure". For Construction Pros. January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2021. <a href="https://www.forconstructionpros.com/infrastructure/news/21232282/biden-plan-for-economic-recovery-includes-infrastructure" target="_blank">https://www.forconstructionpros.com/infrastructure/news/21232282/biden-plan-for-economic-recovery-includes-infrastructure</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"The Build Back Better Agenda". The White House. February 22, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/build-back-better/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/build-back-better/</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Yarmuth, John A. (March 11, 2021). "H.R.1319 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): American Rescue Plan Act of 2021". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319" target="_blank">https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1319</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Segers, Grace (March 12, 2021). "Biden signs $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law". CBS News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-signs-covid-relief-bill-american-rescue-plan-into-law/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-signs-covid-relief-bill-american-rescue-plan-into-law/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Wasson, Erik (February 2, 2021). "Senate Democrats Move to Put Biden Stimulus Plan on Fast Track". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 22, 2021. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-02/senate-democrats-move-to-put-biden-stimulus-plan-on-fast-track" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-02/senate-democrats-move-to-put-biden-stimulus-plan-on-fast-track</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Siegel, Rachel (March 31, 2021). "What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (May 24, 2021). "'Time to move on': Infrastructure talks near collapse". Politico. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Stein, Jeff; Eilperin, Juliet; Laris, Michael; Romm, Tony (April 1, 2021). "White House unveils $2 trillion infrastructure and climate plan, setting up giant battle over size and cost of government". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Davidson, Kate; Omeokwe, Amara (April 3, 2021). "Biden's Infrastructure Package Is Designed to Boost Unions". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Nilsen, Ella (March 31, 2021). "Joe Biden's $2 trillion infrastructure and jobs plan, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Siegel, Rachel (March 31, 2021). "What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Siegel, Rachel (March 31, 2021). "What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Biden’s $7.5 billion investment in EV charging has only produced 7 stations in two years, Washington Post, March 29, 2024 <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/03/28/ev-charging-stations-slow-rollout/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/03/28/ev-charging-stations-slow-rollout/</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">"Fact Sheet: The American Jobs Plan". The White House. March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Siegel, Rachel (March 31, 2021). "What's in Biden's $2 trillion jobs and infrastructure plan?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Nilsen, Ella (March 31, 2021). "Joe Biden's $2 trillion infrastructure and jobs plan, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. <a href="https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained" target="_blank">https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">"Fact Sheet: The American Jobs Plan". The White House. March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/31/fact-sheet-the-american-jobs-plan/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:96">Bolton, Alexander (October 5, 2021). "Manchin opens door to deal in range of $1.9T to $2.2T". The Hill. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021. <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/575377-manchin-opens-door-to-deal-in-range-of-19t-to-22t" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/575377-manchin-opens-door-to-deal-in-range-of-19t-to-22t</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:97">"President Biden Announces the Build Back Better Framework". The White House. October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2021. <a href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/28/president-biden-announces-the-build-back-better-framework/" target="_blank">https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/28/president-biden-announces-the-build-back-better-framework/</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:98">Seipel, Arnie; Hernandez, Joe (December 19, 2021). "Joe Manchin says he won't support President Biden's Build Back Better plan". NPR. Retrieved February 15, 2025. <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/2021/12/19/1065636709/joe-manchin-says-he-cannot-support-bidens-build-back-better-plan</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:99">"Manchin's latest shocker: A $700B deal". Politico. July 27, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2022. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/manchin-schumer-senate-deal-energy-taxes-00048325" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/27/manchin-schumer-senate-deal-energy-taxes-00048325</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:100">"Summary: The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022" (PDF). Senate Democratic Leadership. August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.Estimates from the United States Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation or Congressional Budget Office, depending on the number.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) <a href="https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_one_page_summary.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.democrats.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/inflation_reduction_act_one_page_summary.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:101">"Senate passes Democrats' sweeping climate, health and tax bill, delivering win for Biden". www.cbsnews.com. August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inflation-reduction-act-senate-pass-climate-healthcare-tax-bill/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inflation-reduction-act-senate-pass-climate-healthcare-tax-bill/</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:102">"House passes Inflation Reduction Act, sending climate and health bill to Biden". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 12, 2022. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2022/08/12/inflation-reduction-act-house-vote/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2022/08/12/inflation-reduction-act-house-vote/</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:103">Maegan Vazquez (August 16, 2022). "Biden signs Inflation Reduction Act into law". CNN. Retrieved August 16, 2022. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/16/politics/biden-inflation-reduction-act-signing/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/16/politics/biden-inflation-reduction-act-signing/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

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Build Back Better Plan