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Centroleninae
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<h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>Centroleninae are defined based on molecular and morphological characteristics, none of which are obvious to a naked eye. However, in several species a fighting behaviour that might be <a href="/facts/Synapomorphy/t21GWRl1">synapomorphy</a> has been observed: males dangle by their feet and grapple venter-to-venter; amplexus-like or wrestling on leaves fighting of <a href="/facts/Hyalinobatrachinae/cofn9D8U">Hyalinobatrachinae</a> is hypothesized to be primitive behaviour. Their <a href="/facts/Sister_taxon/pNNuVex4">sister taxon</a> is ambiguous, it is either genus <i><a href="/facts/Ikakogi/IElSu0AQ">Ikakogi</a></i> or subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="genera">Genera</h2> <p>There are nine genera:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Centrolene/y09HQHr3">Centrolene</a></i> Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (29 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Chimerella/kmBleFak">Chimerella</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (2 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Cochranella/r6L0ylI7">Cochranella</a></i> Taylor, 1951 (9 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Espadarana/Ip2M2xgU">Espadarana</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (5 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Nymphargus/YGQaQNqQ">Nymphargus</a></i> Cisneros-Heredia and McDiarmid, 2007 (38 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Rulyrana/2VedsB18">Rulyrana</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (6 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sachatamia/1EDmlNfr">Sachatamia</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (5 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Teratohyla/fmggL1Fb">Teratohyla</a></i> Taylor, 1951 (5 sp.)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Vitreorana/PpgDwIpr">Vitreorana</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (10 sp.)</li></ul> <p>Several species have uncertain generic placement and are placed in Centroleninae <i><a href="/facts/Incertae_Sedis/kWyo2wYR">Incertae Sedis</a></i>, awaiting for more information:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_acanthidiocephalum/JXoQoa2Y">"Centrolene" acanthidiocephalum</a></i> (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_azulae/2es1cJaC">"Centrolene" azulae</a></i> (Flores and McDiarmid, 1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_guanacarum/MXCS7U91">"Centrolene" guanacarum</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_medemi/hDmc1Qoo">"Centrolene" medemi</a></i> (Cochran and Goin, 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_petrophilum/NoKFnvVX">"Centrolene" petrophilum</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_quindianum/g3KRv9IW">"Centrolene" quindianum</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Centrolene%2522_robledoi/MxJ9gEaX">"Centrolene" robledoi</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_duidaeana/UqxrWJ5t">"Cochranella" duidaeana</a></i> (Ayarzagüena, 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_euhystrix/znPE45Rs">"Cochranella" euhystrix</a></i> (Cadle and McDiarmid, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_geijskesi/EHXGMd36">"Cochranella" geijskesi</a></i> (Goin, 1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_megista/2bMXq07o">"Cochranella" megista</a></i> (Rivero, 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_ramirezi/m4uY6WEl">"Cochranella" ramirezi</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_riveroi/PjJuejlc">"Cochranella" riveroi</a></i> (Ayarzagüena, 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/%2522Cochranella%2522_xanthocheridia/yWoIuwMs">"Cochranella" xanthocheridia</a></i> Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1995</li></ul> <p>The AmphibiaWeb includes <i><a href="/facts/Ikakogi/IElSu0AQ">Ikakogi</a></i> Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 in this subfamily,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> whereas it is not included in any subfamily in the Amphibian Species of the World.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Centroleninae</i>. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Centroleninae Taylor, 1951". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae" target="_blank">http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=208050" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=208050</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Centroleninae Taylor, 1951". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae" target="_blank">http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Guayasamin, J. M.; Castroviejo-Fisher, S.; Trueb, L.; Ayarzagüena, J.; Rada, M.; Vilà, C. (2009). "Phylogenetic systematics of glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni". Zootaxa. 2100: 1–97. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2100.1.1. hdl:1808/13694. <a href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2009/zt02100.html" target="_blank">http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2009/zt02100.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Centroleninae Taylor, 1951". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae" target="_blank">http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Centroleninae Taylor, 1951". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae" target="_blank">http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae/Centroleninae</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Centrolenidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Centrolenidae.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Centrolenidae.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <a href="http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae" target="_blank">http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Centrolenidae</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>