MKB Fakel

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
<p>MKB Fakel was founded in 1953 under the designation OKB-2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> to facilitate development of guided surface-to-air missiles in response to a growing threat of US air attack on the Soviet Union and its allies. MKB Fakel developed missiles which were used in Soviet surface-to-air defense systems <a href="/facts/S-75_Dvina/juuLfWNB">S-75</a>, <a href="/facts/9K33_Osa/ksJEG3Mx">9K33 Osa</a>, <a href="/facts/S-125/1aqonkv7">S-125</a>, <a href="/facts/S-200_Angara%2fVega%2fDubna/NxapnTmG">S-200</a>, <a href="/facts/S-300_(missile)/Xu3E0f6M">S-300</a>, and many other systems.
</p><p>In July 1958 the corporation was awarded an <a href="/facts/Order_of_Lenin/sbotsKuu">Order of Lenin</a> for successful development of guided missiles for the <a href="/facts/S-75_Dvina/juuLfWNB">S-75</a> defense system.
</p><p>Missiles developed by MKB Fakel were the first in the world surface-to-air guided missiles successfully employed in military action. On May 1, 1960, American high altitude <a href="/facts/Reconnaissance_aircraft/qL3ScS18">reconnaissance aircraft</a> <a href="/facts/Lockheed_U-2/teouQIET">Lockheed U-2</a> was <a href="/facts/1960_U-2_incident/7NEdcuAc">shot down near Sverdlovsk</a> by Fakel's 11D missile (<a href="/facts/S-75_Dvina/juuLfWNB">S-75</a>) while flying over Soviet territory. Overall, missiles developed by MKB "Fakel" were employed in more than 30 countries, including Cuba, China, Vietnam and destroyed more than 2,500 of enemy aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a>
</p><p>In April 1981 it was awarded an <a href="/facts/Order_of_the_October_Revolution/fk44omgY">Order of the October Revolution</a> for successful development of guided missiles for the <a href="/facts/S-300_(missile)/Xu3E0f6M">S-300</a> defense system.
</p><p>In 2002 the company joined the <a href="/facts/Almaz-Antey/m0pQp1H2">Almaz-Antey</a> holding.
</p><p>In 2025, MKB Fakel developed a new anti-drone missile designed to counter small, low-flying aerial threats such as unmanned aerial vehicles (<a href="/facts/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle/qt87T19t">UAVs</a>). The system was unveiled as part of Russia's broader efforts to enhance air defence capabilities against emerging drone-based warfare.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a>
</p>
<h2 id="production">Production</h2>
<p>The bureau has designed the following tactical and strategic surface-to-air missiles, as well as <a href="/facts/Exoatmospheric/7vTtk7qC">exoatmospheric</a> <a href="/facts/Anti-ballistic_missile/FsgNKeP4">anti-ballistic missile</a> interceptors:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/V-750/juuLfWNB">V-750</a> series missiles (for <a href="/facts/S-75_Dvina/juuLfWNB">SA-2 / S-75</a>) systems),</li>
<li>5V24 (<a href="/facts/V-600/If1MCn7M">V-600</a>), 5V27 (V-601) missiles (for <a href="/facts/S-125/1aqonkv7">SA-3 / S-125</a> systems),</li>
<li>5V21, 5V28, 5V28V missiles (for <a href="/facts/S-200_(missile)/NxapnTmG">SA-5 / S-200</a> systems),</li>
<li>5V55K, 5V55R, 5V55R / 5V55KD, 5V55U, 48N6, <a href="/facts/48N6E2/J0GUgjWd">48N6E2</a> missiles (for <a href="/facts/S-300P/Xu3E0f6M">SA-10 and SA-20 / S-300P</a>-series systems),</li>
<li>40N6 (for the <a href="/facts/S-400/J0GUgjWd">SA-21 / S-400</a> system),</li>
<li>9M96 series (for the SA-21 / S-400 and the <a href="/facts/Vityaz_missile_system/nRtN5Q7c">S-350</a> systems),</li>
<li><a href="/facts/9M33/ksJEG3Mx">9M33</a>, 9M33M1, 9M33M2, 9M33M3, 9A33BM3 missiles (for <a href="/facts/9K33_Osa/ksJEG3Mx">SA-8 / 9K33 Osa</a> system),</li>
<li>9M330, 9M331, 9M332, 9M338 missiles (for the <a href="/facts/Tor_missile_system/upl9zkYl">SA-15 / 9K330 Tor</a>-series systems),</li>
<li><a href="/facts/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system/Hx3B86VF">51T6</a> (SH-11) Gorgon missile (for the <a href="/facts/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system/Hx3B86VF">A-135</a> ABM-system).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul>
<h2 id="management">Management</h2>
<p>Since its foundation on November 20, 1953 and for 38 years, the Fakel ICD has been led by an outstanding engineer, scientist, academician, founder of the school of anti-aircraft rocket engineering <a href="/facts/Pyotr_Grushin/vUcp9NM7">Pyotr Dmitrievich Grushin</a>. Later, the company was headed by Vladimir Grigoryevich Svetlov, Gennady Viktorovich Kozhin, Sergey Borisovich Levochkin. At the moment, the General director of JSC MKB Fakel is Viktor Valentinovich Doronin.
</p>
<h2 id="awards">Awards</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Order_of_Lenin/sbotsKuu">Order of Lenin</a> (1958)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Order_of_the_October_Revolution/fk44omgY">Order of the October Revolution</a> (1981)</li>
<li>11 Fakel employees were awarded the <a href="/facts/Lenin_Prize/Yf40Ltcf">Lenin Prize</a> and 13 – <a href="/facts/USSR_State_Prize/9fu2Ewjt">USSR State Prize</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://npofakel.ru/">Official website</a> (in Russian)</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Research and design establishments". www2.warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2016. <a href="https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/vpk/history/part2/list.xls" target="_blank">https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/vpk/history/part2/list.xls</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"Они создали С300, (Russian)". Валентин РУДЕНКО, "Красная звезда". <a href="http://weapon-site.chat.ru/other/s/shi_create_s-300.htm" target="_blank">http://weapon-site.chat.ru/other/s/shi_create_s-300.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"Fakel's Missiles, (Russian)". <a href="http://pvo.guns.ru/book/fakel/index.htm" target="_blank">http://pvo.guns.ru/book/fakel/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"Technology: Russia's Answer to Countering Small Aerial Threats with New Anti-Drone Missile". Army Recognition. 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2025-05-17. <a href="https://www.armyrecognition.com/focus-analysis-conflicts/army/defence-security-industry-technology/technology-russias-answer-to-countering-small-aerial-threats-with-new-anti-drone-missile" target="_blank">https://www.armyrecognition.com/focus-analysis-conflicts/army/defence-security-industry-technology/technology-russias-answer-to-countering-small-aerial-threats-with-new-anti-drone-missile</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:5"><p>"Главная сyuyтраница". npofakel.ru. Retrieved 2016-01-15. <a href="http://npofakel.ru/" target="_blank">http://npofakel.ru/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:6"><p>"A-135". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041020144004/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/a135.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041020144004/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/a135.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

MKB Fakel open-in-new

MKB Fakel