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Graph500
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<h2 id="benchmark">Benchmark</h2> <p>The benchmark used in Graph500 stresses the communication subsystem of the system, instead of counting double precision floating-point.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> It is based on a breadth-first search in a large undirected graph (a model of <a href="/facts/Kronecker_graph/lNArtyJ0">Kronecker graph</a> with average degree of 16). There are three computation kernels in the benchmark: the first kernel is to generate the graph and compress it into sparse structures CSR or CSC (Compressed Sparse Row/Column); the second kernel does a parallel BFS search of some random vertices (64 search iterations per run); the third kernel runs a single-source shortest paths (SSSP) computation. Six possible sizes (Scales) of graph are defined: toy (226 vertices; 17 GB of RAM), mini (229; 137 GB), small (232; 1.1 TB), medium (236; 17.6 TB), large (239; 140 TB), and huge (242; 1.1 PB of RAM).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>The reference implementation of the benchmark contains several versions:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>serial high-level in <a href="/facts/GNU_Octave/vVVq5evM">GNU Octave</a></li> <li>serial low-level in C</li> <li>parallel C version with usage of <a href="/facts/OpenMP/69IpI80o">OpenMP</a></li> <li>two versions for <a href="/facts/Cray_XMT/pHBHLhC9">Cray-XMT</a></li> <li>basic <a href="/facts/Message_Passing_Interface/BEuBgDpm">MPI</a> version (with MPI-1 functions)</li> <li>optimized MPI version (with <a href="/facts/Message_Passing_Interface/BEuBgDpm">MPI-2</a> one-sided communications)</li></ul> <p>The implementation strategy that have won the championship on the Japanese K computer is described in.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="top-10-ranking">Top 10 ranking</h2> <p>According to June 2024 release of the list, for the BFS results section, Fugaku ranks highest, but in the SSSP results section Wuhan Supercomputer ranks highest, then Pengcheng Cloudbrain-II, then Fugaku; table shows for BFS results:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Rank</th><th>Country</th><th>Site</th><th>Machine (architecture)</th><th>Number of nodes</th><th>Number of cores</th><th>Problem scale</th><th><a href="/facts/Traversed_edges_per_second/TfLUj5eu">GTEPS</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/RIKEN/dbVUF6zN">RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fugaku_(supercomputer)/jmuyc2sW">Supercomputer Fugaku</a> (<a href="/facts/Fujitsu_A64FX/k5K0NoAt">Fujitsu A64FX</a>)</td><td>152064</td><td>7299072</td><td>42</td><td>166029</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Wuhan/AGKKmphL">Wuhan</a></td><td>Kunpeng 920+Tesla A100</td><td>252</td><td>6999552</td><td>41</td><td>115357.6</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">USA</a></td><td>Frontier</td><td>HPE Cray EX235a</td><td>9248</td><td>8730112</td><td>40</td><td>29654.6</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>Pengcheng Lab</td><td>Pengcheng Cloudbrain-II (Kunpeng 920+Ascend 910)</td><td>488</td><td>93696</td><td>40</td><td>25242.9</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">USA</a></td><td>DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory</td><td>HPE Cray EX - Intel Exascale Compute Blade</td><td>4096</td><td>25591808</td><td>40</td><td>24250.2</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Supercomputing_Center_in_Wuxi/0aoxX8F7">National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sunway_TaihuLight/7TLEatpK">Sunway TaihuLight</a> (Sunway MPP)</td><td>40768</td><td>10599680</td><td>40</td><td>23755.7</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Spain (Barcelona), has a new supercomputer MareNostrum 5 ACC, ranked 8th. </p> <h3>2022</h3> <p>According to November 2022 release of the list:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Rank</th><th>Country</th><th>Site</th><th>Machine (architecture)</th><th>Number of nodes</th><th>Number of cores</th><th>Problem scale</th><th><a href="/facts/Traversed_edges_per_second/TfLUj5eu">GTEPS</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/RIKEN/dbVUF6zN">RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fugaku_(supercomputer)/jmuyc2sW">Supercomputer Fugaku</a> (<a href="/facts/Fujitsu_A64FX/k5K0NoAt">Fujitsu A64FX</a>)</td><td>158976</td><td>7630848</td><td>41</td><td>102955</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>Pengcheng Lab</td><td>Pengcheng Cloudbrain-II (Kunpeng 920+Ascend 910)</td><td>488</td><td>93696</td><td>40</td><td>25242.9</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td><a href="/facts/National_Supercomputing_Center_in_Wuxi/0aoxX8F7">National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sunway_TaihuLight/7TLEatpK">Sunway TaihuLight</a> (Sunway MPP)</td><td>40768</td><td>10599680</td><td>40</td><td>23755.7</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Tokyo/Td0xnQDF">Information Technology Center, University of Tokyo</a></td><td>Wisteria/BDEC-01 (PRIMEHPC FX1000)</td><td>7680</td><td>368640</td><td>37</td><td>16118</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a></td><td>TOKI-SORA (PRIMEHPC FX1000)</td><td>5760</td><td>276480</td><td>36</td><td>10813</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td> <a href="/facts/European_Union/6GYcR8qM">EU</a></td><td><a href="/facts/CSC_%25E2%2580%2593_IT_Center_for_Science/EQRQQmVT">EuroHPC/CSC</a></td><td><a href="/facts/LUMI/xGc05vVr">LUMI-C</a> (<a href="/facts/Cray/coAlupuy">HPE Cray EX</a>)</td><td>1492</td><td>190976</td><td>38</td><td>8467.71</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">US</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory/Elq84HKF">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Summit_(supercomputer)/BmKWTpEk">OLCF Summit</a> (<a href="/facts/POWER9/1xMKJHsX">IBM POWER9</a>)</td><td>2048</td><td>86016</td><td>40</td><td>7665.7</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Leibniz_Rechenzentrum/vQPKGtAr">Leibniz Rechenzentrum</a></td><td><a href="/facts/SuperMUC-NG/s3wcAGSg">SuperMUC-NG</a> (ThinkSystem SD530 Xeon Platinum 8174 24C 3.1GHz <a href="/facts/Omni-Path/uqL5Ct3r">Intel Omni-Path</a>)</td><td>4096</td><td>196608</td><td>39</td><td>6279.47</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Zuse_Institute_Berlin/3ovWAS4b">Zuse Institute Berlin</a></td><td>Lise (<a href="/facts/Omni-Path/uqL5Ct3r">Intel Omni-Path</a>)</td><td>1270</td><td>121920</td><td>38</td><td>5423.94</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a></td><td>National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System</td><td>DepGraph Supernode (DepGraph (+GPU Tesla A100))</td><td>1</td><td>128</td><td>33</td><td>4623.379</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2020</h3> <p>Arm-based <a href="/facts/Fugaku_(supercomputer)/jmuyc2sW">Fugaku</a> took the top spot of the list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>2016</h3> <p>According to June 2016 release of the list:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Rank</th><th scope="col">Site</th><th scope="col">Machine (architecture)</th><th scope="col">Number of nodes</th><th scope="col">Number of cores</th><th scope="col">Problem scale</th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Traversed_edges_per_second/TfLUj5eu">GTEPS</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">1</th><td><a href="/facts/Riken/dbVUF6zN">Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science</a></td><td><a href="/facts/K_computer/x1lBCwTT">K computer</a> (<a href="/facts/Fujitsu/6e5gvNSa">Fujitsu</a> custom)</td><td>82944</td><td>663552</td><td>40</td><td>38621.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">2</th><td><a href="/facts/National_Supercomputing_Center_in_Wuxi/0aoxX8F7">National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sunway_TaihuLight/7TLEatpK">Sunway TaihuLight</a> (NRCPC - Sunway MPP)</td><td>40768</td><td>10599680</td><td>40</td><td>23755.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">3</th><td><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory/WuXIbIKz">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM_Sequoia/ToKXt78K">IBM Sequoia</a> (<a href="/facts/Blue_Gene%2fQ/y4EvbyS4">Blue Gene/Q</a>)</td><td>98304</td><td>1572864</td><td>41</td><td>23751</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">4</th><td><a href="/facts/Argonne_National_Laboratory/EAoR1Rnm">Argonne National Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM_Mira/5Ew11aIk">IBM Mira</a> (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>49152</td><td>786432</td><td>40</td><td>14982</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">5</th><td><a href="/facts/Forschungszentrum_J%25C3%25BClich/72Kc5S0N">Forschungszentrum Jülich</a></td><td>JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>16384</td><td>262144</td><td>38</td><td>5848</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">6</th><td><a href="/facts/CINECA/ybYc9msY">CINECA</a></td><td>Fermi (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>8192</td><td>131072</td><td>37</td><td>2567</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">7</th><td><a href="/facts/Changsha/35jaRSAN">Changsha</a>, China</td><td><a href="/facts/Tianhe-2/SwTCG6Hp">Tianhe-2</a> (<a href="/facts/NUDT/zKVDyrYQ">NUDT</a> custom)</td><td>8192</td><td>196608</td><td>36</td><td>2061.48</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">8</th><td>CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI</td><td>Turing (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">8</th><td>Science and Technology Facilities Council – Daresbury Laboratory</td><td>Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">8</th><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Edinburgh/L69HscH9">University of Edinburgh</a></td><td>DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">8</th><td>EDF R&D</td><td>Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><th scope="col">8</th><td><a href="/facts/Victorian_Life_Sciences_Computation_Initiative/3EEXn9tL">Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative</a></td><td>Avoca (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2014</h3> <p>According to June 2014 release of the list:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Rank</th><th>Site</th><th>Machine (architecture)</th><th>Number of nodes</th><th>Number of cores</th><th>Problem scale</th><th><a href="/facts/Traversed_edges_per_second/TfLUj5eu">GTEPS</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/RIKEN/dbVUF6zN">RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science</a></td><td><a href="/facts/K_computer/x1lBCwTT">K computer</a> (<a href="/facts/Fujitsu/6e5gvNSa">Fujitsu</a> custom)</td><td>65536</td><td>524288</td><td>40</td><td>17977.1</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory/WuXIbIKz">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM_Sequoia/ToKXt78K">IBM Sequoia</a> (<a href="/facts/Blue_Gene%2fQ/y4EvbyS4">Blue Gene/Q</a>)</td><td>65536</td><td>1048576</td><td>40</td><td>16599</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Argonne_National_Laboratory/EAoR1Rnm">Argonne National Laboratory</a></td><td><a href="/facts/IBM_Mira/5Ew11aIk">IBM Mira</a> (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>49152</td><td>786432</td><td>40</td><td>14328</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Forschungszentrum_J%25C3%25BClich/72Kc5S0N">Forschungszentrum Jülich</a></td><td>JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>16384</td><td>262144</td><td>38</td><td>5848</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/CINECA/ybYc9msY">CINECA</a></td><td>Fermi (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>8192</td><td>131072</td><td>37</td><td>2567</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Changsha%2c_China/35jaRSAN">Changsha, China</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tianhe-2/SwTCG6Hp">Tianhe-2</a> (<a href="/facts/NUDT/zKVDyrYQ">NUDT</a> custom)</td><td>8192</td><td>196608</td><td>36</td><td>2061.48</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI</td><td>Turing (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Science and Technology Facilities Council - Daresbury Laboratory</td><td>Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/University_of_Edinburgh/L69HscH9">University of Edinburgh</a></td><td>DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>EDF R&D</td><td>Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Victorian_Life_Sciences_Computation_Initiative/3EEXn9tL">Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative</a></td><td>Avoca (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>2013</h3> <p>According to June 2013 release of the list:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Rank</th><th>Site</th><th>Machine (architecture)</th><th>Number of nodes</th><th>Number of cores</th><th>Problem scale</th><th><a href="/facts/Traversed_edges_per_second/TfLUj5eu">GTEPS</a></th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</td><td>IBM Sequoia (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>65536</td><td>1048576</td><td>40</td><td>15363</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Argonne National Laboratory</td><td>IBM Mira (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>49152</td><td>786432</td><td>40</td><td>14328</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Forschungszentrum Jülich</td><td>JUQUEEN (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>16384</td><td>262144</td><td>38</td><td>5848</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science</td><td>K computer (Fujitsu custom)</td><td>65536</td><td>524288</td><td>40</td><td>5524.12</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>CINECA</td><td>Fermi (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>8192</td><td>131072</td><td>37</td><td>2567</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Changsha, China</td><td>Tianhe-2 (NUDT custom)</td><td>8192</td><td>196608</td><td>36</td><td>2061.48</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI</td><td>Turing (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Science and Technology Facilities Council - Daresbury Laboratory</td><td>Blue Joule (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>University of Edinburgh</td><td>DIRAC (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>EDF R&D</td><td>Zumbrota (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative</td><td>Avoca (Blue Gene/Q)</td><td>4096</td><td>65536</td><td>36</td><td>1427</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/TOP500/rz8zbyss">TOP500</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Green500/7V9TFXld">Green500</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HPCG_benchmark/JcuYKs14">HPCG benchmark</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://graph500.org">Official website</a> </li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045351/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014">June 2014 Graph 500</a></li> <li><a href="https://cug.org/5-publications/proceedings_attendee_lists/CUG10CD/pages/1-program/final_program/CUG10_Proceedings/pages/authors/11-15Wednesday/14C-Murphy-paper.pdf">Introducing the Graph 500</a>, paper by <a href="/facts/Sandia_National_Laboratories/LYsKDj45">Sandia</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>The Exascale Report (March 15, 2012). "The Case for the Graph 500 – Really Fast or Really Productive? Pick One". Inside HPC. <a href="http://insidehpc.com/2012/03/15/the-case-for-the-graph-500-really-fast-or-really-productive-pick-one/" target="_blank">http://insidehpc.com/2012/03/15/the-case-for-the-graph-500-really-fast-or-really-productive-pick-one/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"June 2014 | Graph 500". Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045351/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140628045351/http://www.graph500.org/results_jun_2014</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Ueno, Koji; Suzumura, Toyotaro; Maruyama, Naoya; Fujisawa, Katsuki; Matsuoka, Satoshi (2016). "Extreme scale breadth-first search on supercomputers". 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). pp. 1040–1047. doi:10.1109/BigData.2016.7840705. ISBN 978-1-4673-9005-7. S2CID 8680200. <a href="978-1-4673-9005-7" target="_blank">978-1-4673-9005-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>The Exascale Report (March 15, 2012). "The Case for the Graph 500 – Really Fast or Really Productive? Pick One". Inside HPC. <a href="http://insidehpc.com/2012/03/15/the-case-for-the-graph-500-really-fast-or-really-productive-pick-one/" target="_blank">http://insidehpc.com/2012/03/15/the-case-for-the-graph-500-really-fast-or-really-productive-pick-one/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Performance Evaluation of Graph500 on Large-Scale Distributed Environment // IEEE IISWC 2011, Austin, TX; presentation <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/tokyotechsuzumuralab/publication/Graph500-IISWC2011-camera-ready.pdf?attredirects=0" target="_blank">https://sites.google.com/site/tokyotechsuzumuralab/publication/Graph500-IISWC2011-camera-ready.pdf?attredirects=0</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Graph500: адекватный рейтинг" (in Russian). Open Systems #1 2011. <a href="http://www.osp.ru/os/2011/01/13006961/" target="_blank">http://www.osp.ru/os/2011/01/13006961/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Ueno, K.; Suzumura, T.; Maruyama, N.; Fujisawa, K.; Matsuoka, S. (December 1, 2016). "Extreme scale breadth-first search on supercomputers". 2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). pp. 1040–1047. doi:10.1109/BigData.2016.7840705. ISBN 978-1-4673-9005-7. S2CID 8680200. <a href="978-1-4673-9005-7" target="_blank">978-1-4673-9005-7</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Complete Results - Graph 500". 2024. Retrieved July 20, 2024. <a href="https://graph500.org/?page_id=238" target="_blank">https://graph500.org/?page_id=238</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"November 2022; Graph 500". June 14, 2017. 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