Design-based learning

<h2 id="design-process">Design process</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Design_process/kR4GNeja">Design process</a>
The design process is an iterative process that has a variety of sequential steps:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> 

<ul><li>investigate context</li>
<li>identify needs</li>
<li>develop criteria</li>
<li>generate alternatives</li>
<li>select alternative</li>
<li>prototype/test</li>
<li>produce</li>
<li>evaluate</li></ul>

A similar approach is the <a href="/facts/ADDIE_Model/GXe3AK4P">ADDIE Model</a> of <a href="/facts/Instructional_design/rXf8Ww1J">instructional design</a>, a framework of generic processes used by instructional designers and <a href="/facts/Training_and_development/4Ce7AxUa">training developers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> It represents a descriptive guideline with five distinct phases:

<ul><li>Analysis</li>
<li>Design</li>
<li>Development</li>
<li>Implementation</li>
<li>Evaluation</li></ul>
<h2 id="results">Results</h2>
Positive benefits of the design-based learning approach have been observed, including student-based learning where students (often) identify their project's needs, develop their own ideas, and engage in a larger range of thinking than with the traditional scripted inquiry model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> The results from the 2008 study by Mehalik et al. found significant improvement in student performance using the DBL model compared to the scripted model.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> A 1998 study (Fraser, Fraser & Tobin, 1991) suggest that DBL has the potential to increase students' desire to learn, enhance success in science class, and increase interest in science topics. Students were observed to be engaged in DBL and the lower-achieving students were able to explain concepts at higher levels than previously observed by their teacher. In-depth experience in design activities and creation of meaningful outcomes in technology were observed in terms of the finished product, documentation, and reflection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
Significant benefits of implementing DBL has been observed in the areas of math and science (Darling-Hammond et al., 2008).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Research has found that students who participate in learning by design projects have a more systematic understanding of a system's parts and functions that control groups (Hmelo, Holton, & Kolodner, 2000).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
A 2000 study (Hmelo, Holton, and Kolodner) found that the design project led to better learning outcomes and included deeper learning than the traditional learning approach. The researchers also noted that the students developed greater understanding of complex systems. The study found that in using DBL, both higher-achieving and lower-achieving students showed strong evidence of progress in learning the targeted concepts, students were able to apply key concepts in their work, and there were positive effects on motivation and sense of ownership over work product by both groups and individual students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="implementation">Implementation</h2>
The teaching of <a href="/facts/21st_century_skills/FoTQyeUz">21st century skills</a> is more effective when teachers gain expertise in both the practice and the teaching of these skills, in effect becoming successful 21st century learners in the areas of: communication and collaboration amongst teachers and with students; being flexible with new classroom dynamics; fostering independent student learning; adapting teaching and learning styles to new pedagogical approaches.
Challenges to implementing DBL include developing the skills of the instructors:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> 

<ul><li>teachers' ability to select topics and activities that support, and benefit from, differing viewpoints and students' real-world experiences</li>
<li>selecting students who will work well together</li>
<li>setting of effective ground rules to ensure equal opportunities to participate,</li>
<li>encouraging multiple strategies to foster full participation for all members of a group of team.</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/21st_century_skills/FoTQyeUz">21st century skills</a> – Skills identified as being required for success in the 21st century</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Design_thinking/8a481c2b">Design thinking</a> – Processes by which design concepts are developed</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Problem-based_learning/sP5vI1p3">Problem-based learning</a> – Learner-centric pedagogy</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Project-based_learning/CDpnlvJS">Project-based learning</a> – Learner centric pedagogy</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Organizational_learning/DIqKBc4J">Organizational learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Science%2c_technology%2c_engineering%2c_and_mathematics/NAsAI1nG">STEM fields</a> – Group of academic disciplines</li></ul>

<ul><li>Fraser, B. J., & Tobin, K.: Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in classroom environment research. In B. J. Fraser & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Educational environments: Evaluation, antecedents, and consequences (pp. 271–290). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. 1991.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.designbasedlearning.org">Design Based Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/schunn/research/design.html">Design Based Learning for STEM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016134644/http://www.icsid.org/feature/current/articles1053.htm">Education in the new millennium: the case for design-based learning, International Council of Societies of Industrial Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cpp.edu/~dnelson/intro.html">About Design-Based Learning, Cal Poly Pomona</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305193950/http://www.cpp.edu/~dnelson/intro.html">Archived</a> 2015-03-05 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Powerful Learning: Studies Show Deep Understanding Derives from Collaborative Methods, By Brigid Barron, Linda Darling-Hammond, in Edutopia, October 8, 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research" target="_blank">http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Design-based learning (DBL) to Innovate STEM Education, Stanford University. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://ldt.stanford.edu/~educ39109/POMI/DBL/" target="_blank">http://ldt.stanford.edu/~educ39109/POMI/DBL/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Teaching for meaningful learning, Edutopia Archived 2016-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/pdfs/edutopia-teaching-for-meaningful-learning.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.edutopia.org/pdfs/edutopia-teaching-for-meaningful-learning.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Design Without Designers, Diane Burdick, May 2009. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://anneburdick.com/Design-wo-Designers/Burdick_Design_wo_Designers.pdf" target="_blank">http://anneburdick.com/Design-wo-Designers/Burdick_Design_wo_Designers.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">21st Century Skills - for Students and Teachers, Research and Evaluation, August 2010, Kamehameha Schools Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Powerful Learning: Studies Show Deep Understanding Derives from Collaborative Methods, By Brigid Barron, Linda Darling-Hammond, in Edutopia, October 8, 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research" target="_blank">http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Design based learning, UCLA Archived 2016-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="https://centerx.gseis.ucla.edu/partnerships-grants/tiip/showcase/virgil-project-portfolio/design-based-learning" target="_blank">https://centerx.gseis.ucla.edu/partnerships-grants/tiip/showcase/virgil-project-portfolio/design-based-learning</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">About Doreen, Cal Poly Pomona Archived 2016-08-19 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.cpp.edu/~dnelson/aboutdoreen.html" target="_blank">http://www.cpp.edu/~dnelson/aboutdoreen.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Middle-School Science Through Design- Based Learning versus Scripted Inquiry: Better Overall Science Concept Learning and Equity Gap Reduction, Mehalik, Doppelt, Schunn. Journal of Engineering Education, January 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Morrison, Gary R. Designing Effective Instruction, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Middle-School Science Through Design- Based Learning versus Scripted Inquiry: Better Overall Science Concept Learning and Equity Gap Reduction, Mehalik, Doppelt, Schunn. Journal of Engineering Education, January 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Middle-School Science Through Design- Based Learning versus Scripted Inquiry: Better Overall Science Concept Learning and Equity Gap Reduction, Mehalik, Doppelt, Schunn. Journal of Engineering Education, January 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.lrdc.pitt.edu/Schunn/research/papers/MehaliketalJEE2008.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Engagement and Achievements: A Case Study of Design-Based Learning in a Science Context, Doppelt, Mehalik, Schunn, Silk, Krysinski Archived 2016-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v19n2/doppelt" target="_blank">http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JTE/v19n2/doppelt</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">21st Century Skills - for Students and Teachers, Research and Evaluation, August 2010, Kamehameha Schools Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">21st Century Skills - for Students and Teachers, Research and Evaluation, August 2010, Kamehameha Schools Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Powerful Learning: Studies Show Deep Understanding Derives from Collaborative Methods, By Brigid Barron, Linda Darling-Hammond, in Edutopia, October 8, 2008. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research" target="_blank">http://www.edutopia.org/inquiry-project-learning-research</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">21st Century Skills - for Students and Teachers, Research and Evaluation, August 2010, Kamehameha Schools Archived 2016-03-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-15 <a href="http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ksbe.edu/_assets/spi/pdfs/21_century_skills_full.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Design-based learning open-in-new

Design-based learning