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Giant grouper
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The giant grouper has a robust body which has a <a href="/facts/Fish_measurement/eFsVjjTu">standard length</a> equivalent to 2.4 to 3.4 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head and the intraorbital area are convex. The propercle has a rounded corner and a finely serrated margin. The gill cover has a convex upper margin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> There are 11 spines and 14–16 soft rays in the <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal fin</a> while the <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal fin</a> has 3 spines and 8 soft rays.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Caudal_fin/kS10PMPf">caudal fin</a> is slightly rounded. There are 54 to 62 scales in its <a href="/facts/Lateral_line/u88dwyxh">lateral line</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The adults are grayish-brown in colour overlain with a mottled pattern and with darker fins. The small juveniles are yellow with wide, dark irregular bars and irregular dark spots on their fins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The giant grouper can grow to huge size with the maximum recorded <a href="/facts/Fish_measurement/eFsVjjTu">standard length</a> being 270 centimetres (110 in), although they are more common around 180 centimetres (71 in), and a maximum published weight of 400 kilograms (880 lb).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p>The giant grouper has a wide <a href="/facts/Indo-Pacific/pVfP1gxV">Indo-Pacific</a> distribution, it is the most widely distributed species of grouper in the world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> It occurs from the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> and the eastern coasts of Africa as far south as <a href="/facts/Algoa_Bay/35xz81M0">Algoa Bay</a> in South Africa and across the Indian Ocean into the <a href="/facts/Western_Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Western Pacific Ocean</a> as far east as the <a href="/facts/Pitcairn_Islands/E80BNrBB">Pitcairn Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a>. They occur as far north as southern Japan and as far south as Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In Australia it is found from <a href="/facts/Rottnest_Island/RjPr3Guw">Rottnest Island</a> in <a href="/facts/Western_Australia/1ouCbwNh">Western Australia</a> north and east along the tropical coasts of Australia, including offshore reefs, and then south along the eastern coast to <a href="/facts/Woy_Woy%2c_New_South_Wales/PTxKXEfC">Woy Woy, New South Wales</a>. It also occurs around <a href="/facts/Christmas_Island/K6JQ6MKf">Christmas Island</a> and <a href="/facts/Cocos_(Keeling)_Island/NjoIHjsP">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> and the <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_and_Middleton_Reefs_Marine_National_Park_Reserve/62he65jN">Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve</a> in the <a href="/facts/Tasman_Sea/oTAF2bs3">Tasman Sea</a>. There have also been reports from the <a href="/facts/Younghusband_Peninsula/BHzXjlNw">Younghusband Peninsula</a> in <a href="/facts/South_Australia/R7UdxV97">South Australia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and north eastern New Zealand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> It is absent from the <a href="/facts/Persian_Gulf/W78AfnC1">Persian Gulf</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> but it is present off the coast of Pakistan and southern Oman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> It has been listed as a potential invasive species in the Bahamas but its presence in that region requires verification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="habitat-and-biology">Habitat and biology</h2> <p>The giant grouper is a species of shallow water fish and can be found at depths of 1 to 100 metres (3.3 to 328.1 ft). It is associated with reefs and is the largest known bony fish found on reefs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Large specimens have been caught from shore and in harbours.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> They are found in caves and in wrecks while the secretive juveniles occur in reefs and are infrequently observed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The adults are mainly solitary and hold <a href="/facts/Territoriality/T15S7XeD">territories</a> on the outer reef and in lagoons. They have also been caught in turbid water over silt or mud sea beds by prawn fishermen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The giant grouper is an opportunistic ambush predator which feeds on a variety of fishes, as well as small sharks, juvenile sea turtles, crustaceans and molluscs which are all swallowed whole.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Fish which inhabit coral reefs and rocky areas favour <a href="/facts/Spiny_lobster/X5DBm31k">spiny lobsters</a> as prey; a 177-centimetre (70 in) specimen taken off <a href="/facts/Maui/neElR69j">Maui</a> in Hawaii had a stomach content of two spiny lobsters and a number of crabs. Fish living in estuarine environments in South Africa were found to be feeding almost exclusively on the crab <i><a href="/facts/Scylla_serrata/b8BkFyhm">Scylla serrata</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> This species is normally solitary and long-lived. They are, however, curious and frequently approach divers closely. They are not generally considered dangerous to humans but divers are advised to treat large specimens with caution and not to hand feed them<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> as there have been reports of large specimen attacking humans.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Reproduction</h3> <p>Like most groupers, giant groupers are <a href="/facts/Protogynous_hermaphrodites/bmLKYyg6">protogynous hermaphrodites</a>. They spawn on a lunar cycle, with spawns lasting about 7 days. They are aggregative <a href="/facts/Spawn_(biology)/nYF12vfX">broadcast spawners</a>, usually with several females per male. Studies in captive populations suggest that the dominant male and female begin the spawning event as nearly the only spawners for the first day or two, but other members of the aggregation fertilize more eggs as the event progresses, with even the most recently turned males fathering offspring.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Giant groupers are diandric protogynous hermaphrodites, meaning that although some males develop from reproductively functional females other males start to produce sperm without ever having gone through a phase as a reproductive female.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <p>The giant grouper was first formally <a href="/facts/Species_description/JyFpxSvJ">described</a> as <i>Holocentras lanceolatus</i> in 1790 by the <a href="/facts/German_people/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> <a href="/facts/Medical_doctor/qJ3woFvG">medical doctor</a> and <a href="/facts/Naturalist/pSlAvbTX">naturalist</a> <a href="/facts/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch/QmJ7aoJq">Marcus Elieser Bloch</a> (1723–1799) with the <a href="/facts/Type_locality_(biology)/mTM1beKX">type locality</a> given as the <a href="/facts/East_Indies/yG3DlwsE">East Indies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Felipe_Poey/GkclFuac">Felipe Poey</a> assigned the giant and goliath groupers (<i><a href="/facts/Epinephelus_itajara/ndwzcFzv">Epinephelus itajara</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Epinephelus_quinquefasciatus/esvP1Nvj">E. quinquefasciatus</a></i>, which was then regarded as a <a href="/facts/Synonym_(taxonomy)/BHLdox7E">synonym</a> of <i>E. itajara</i>) to the <a href="/facts/Genus/m8EFjSms">genus</a> <i>Promicrops</i> but in 1972 this was designated as a <a href="/facts/Subgenus/csbIQaGC">subgenus</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Epinephelus/CoAg6bJG">Epinephelus</a></i>. However, these species are still each other's closest relatives.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="use">Use</h2> <p>The giant grouper is a highly valued food fish and is taken by both commercial and recreational fisheries. It is valued in Hong Kong as a live fish for the live reef food fish trade, especially smaller specimens,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and its skin, gall bladder, and stomach, are used in <a href="/facts/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine/51rSRXua">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a>. This species is cultured in <a href="/facts/Mariculture/WJYzrKC9">mariculture</a> and this practice is widespread but there is a restricted supply of juveniles, although hatcheries in Taiwan have produced captive bred juveniles, exporting some for to be grown on in other parts of South-East Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Many of the fish produced in <a href="/facts/Aquaculture/MYdIMfbt">aquaculture</a> are hybrids between this species and <i><a href="/facts/Epinephelus_fuscoguttatus/RqAulncY">E. fuscoguttatus</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cultural-references">Cultural references</h2> <p>The first fish to undergo <a href="/facts/Chemotherapy/fWTLbaUT">chemotherapy</a> was <a href="/facts/Bubba_(fish)/E1zlRsJT">Bubba</a>, a giant grouper at the <a href="/facts/Shedd_Aquarium/PXYz5EGY">Shedd Aquarium</a> in <a href="/facts/Chicago/yPMokrXH">Chicago</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551069#null"><i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i></a> on the <a href="/facts/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System/nVg7fQUG">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a></li> <li><a href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/queensland-groper-epinephelus-lanceolatus-bloch-1790">Queensland Groper, <i>Epinephelus lanceolatus</i></a> from the <a href="/facts/Australian_Museum/lX7AX0Jl">Australian Museum</a></li> <li>Photos of <a href="https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/218224">Giant grouper</a> on Sealife Collection</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175. ISBN 92-5-103125-8. <a href="92-5-103125-8" target="_blank">92-5-103125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". FishBase. December 2019 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175. ISBN 92-5-103125-8. <a href="92-5-103125-8" target="_blank">92-5-103125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Bray, D.J. (2019). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="http://136.154.202.208/home/species/4672" target="_blank">http://136.154.202.208/home/species/4672</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". FishBase. December 2019 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Rimmer, Mike (2019). "Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. CAB International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.83923. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Bray, D.J. (2019). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="http://136.154.202.208/home/species/4672" target="_blank">http://136.154.202.208/home/species/4672</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". FishBase. December 2019 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Rimmer, Mike (2019). "Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. CAB International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.83923. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175. ISBN 92-5-103125-8. <a href="92-5-103125-8" target="_blank">92-5-103125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". FishBase. December 2019 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Giant Queensland groper". Department of Primary Industries. State of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/closures/identifying/marine-or-estuarine-species/giant-queensland-groper" target="_blank">https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/closures/identifying/marine-or-estuarine-species/giant-queensland-groper</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175. ISBN 92-5-103125-8. <a href="92-5-103125-8" target="_blank">92-5-103125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Giant Queensland groper". Department of Primary Industries. State of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/closures/identifying/marine-or-estuarine-species/giant-queensland-groper" target="_blank">https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/closures/identifying/marine-or-estuarine-species/giant-queensland-groper</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"CDNN Eco News - Did Fish Feeding Cause Shark Attack?". 2002-10-26. Archived from the original on 26 October 2002. Retrieved 2025-03-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021026164337/http://www.cdnn.info/eco/e020104/e020104.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20021026164337/http://www.cdnn.info/eco/e020104/e020104.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Bright, David; Reynolds, Adam; Nguyen, Nguyen H.; et al. (June 2016). "A study into parental assignment of the communal spawning protogynous hermaphrodite, giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)". Aquaculture. 459: 19–25. Bibcode:2016Aquac.459...19B. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.013. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232168" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1232168</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Peter Palma; Akihiro Takemura; Gardel Xyza Libunaoa; et al. (2019). "Reproductive development of the threatened giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus". Aquaculture. 509: 1–7. Bibcode:2019Aquac.509....1P. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Holocentrus lanceolatus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer" target="_blank">/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175. ISBN 92-5-103125-8. <a href="92-5-103125-8" target="_blank">92-5-103125-8</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Rimmer, Mike (2019). "Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper)". CABI Compendium. CABI Compendium. CAB International. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.83923. Retrieved 9 July 2020. <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness" target="_blank">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/83923#tosummaryOfInvasiveness</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7858A100465809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809" target="_blank">https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7858/100465809</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"'Bubba,' Famed Cancer-surviving Grouper, R.I.P.; 'Overcame Some Incredible Odds'". Underwatertimes.com News Service. Underwatertimes. 2006-08-24. Retrieved 27 May 2012. <a href="http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=71021389645" target="_blank">http://www.underwatertimes.com/news.php?article_id=71021389645</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>