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Conjunctiva
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p>The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Part</th><th>Area</th></tr><tr><td>Palpebral or tarsal conjunctiva</td><td>Lines the eyelids</td></tr><tr><td>Bulbar or ocular conjunctiva</td><td>Covers the eyeball, over the anterior <a href="/facts/Sclera/cDKSYShM">sclera</a>: This region of the conjunctiva is tightly bound to the underlying sclera by <a href="/facts/Tenon%2527s_capsule/pQElWIAH">Tenon's capsule</a> and moves with the eyeball movements. The average thickness of the bulbar conjunctival membrane is 33 microns.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fornix conjunctiva</td><td>Forms the junction between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas: It is loose and flexible, allowing the free movement of the lids and eyeball.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Blood supply</h3> <p>Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the <a href="/facts/External_carotid_artery/nlz3GC3y">external carotid artery</a>. However, the circulations of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and palpebral conjunctival vessels are supplied by both the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery, to varying extents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Nerve supply</h3> <p>Sensory innervation of the conjunctiva is divided into four parts:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Area</th><th>Nerve</th></tr><tr><td>Superior</td><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Supraorbital_nerve/M468m21I">Supraorbital nerve</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Supratrochlear_nerve/rKe2P8R4">Supratrochlear nerve</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Infratrochlear_nerve/lxDXLzvK">Infratrochlear nerve</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>Inferior</td><td><a href="/facts/Infraorbital_nerve/NBQm4ePf">Infraorbital nerve</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lateral</td><td><a href="/facts/Lacrimal_nerve/tVTeKHsK">Lacrimal nerve</a> (with contribution from <a href="/facts/Zygomaticofacial_nerve/53UlfRk2">zygomaticofacial nerve</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>Circumcorneal</td><td><a href="/facts/Long_ciliary_nerves/QXzbUfoh">Long ciliary nerves</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Microanatomy</h3> <p>The conjunctiva consists of unkeratinized, both stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium, with interspersed <a href="/facts/Goblet_cells/FzXnFFr1">goblet cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The epithelial layer contains blood vessels, fibrous tissue, and lymphatic channels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Accessory_lacrimal_glands/fyq5Rcpb">Accessory lacrimal glands</a> in the conjunctiva constantly produce the aqueous portion of <a href="/facts/Tears/qtYNpb7g">tears</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Additional cells present in the conjunctival epithelium include <a href="/facts/Melanocytes/z8KowoXP">melanocytes</a>, <a href="/facts/Lymphocyte/pS2pv2Ma">T and B cell lymphocytes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="function">Function</h2> <p>The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing <a href="/facts/Mucus/hnlBuHAy">mucus</a> and <a href="/facts/Tears/qtYNpb7g">tears</a>, although a smaller volume of tears than the <a href="/facts/Lacrimal_gland/UlUVYqtB">lacrimal gland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It also contributes to <a href="/facts/Immune_system/HRCTf1pb">immune surveillance</a> and helps to prevent the entrance of <a href="/facts/Microbes/pysJYcE2">microbes</a> into the eye. </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>Disorders of the conjunctiva and <a href="/facts/Cornea/oKA6clQT">cornea</a> are common sources of eye complaints, in particular because the surface of the eye is exposed to various external influences and is especially susceptible to <a href="/facts/Physical_trauma/PJ7CbnMQ">trauma</a>, <a href="/facts/Infections/182XrncP">infections</a>, chemical irritation, <a href="/facts/Allergic_reactions/dYAVosh8">allergic reactions</a>, and <a href="/facts/Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca/2Q9eA0jM">dryness</a>. </p> <ul><li>The conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics are affected by <a href="/facts/Diabetic_retinopathy/qjtejArl">diabetic retinopathy</a> (DR), hence can be useful for DR diagnosis and monitoring,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and discriminating stages of DR.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2/zCMXksmt">Type II diabetes</a> is associated with conjunctival <a href="/facts/Hypoxia_(medical)/JWV04G89">hypoxia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> increased average blood vessel diameter, and capillary loss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sickle-cell_disease/93LT7ATq">Sickle-cell anemia</a> is associated with blood vessel sludging, altered blood flow and blood vessel diameter, and capillary <a href="/facts/Haemorrhages/CGyFMU0F">micro-haemorrhages</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hypertension/wlAvBfcf">Hypertension</a> is associated with an increase in the <a href="/facts/Tortuosity/oq0QNSUW">tortuosity of</a> bulbar conjunctival blood vessels and capillary and arteriole loss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Carotid_artery_stenosis/M7WzyGCp">Carotid artery</a> occlusion is associated with slower conjunctival blood flow and apparent capillary loss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>With age, the conjunctiva can stretch and loosen from the underlying sclera, leading to the formation of conjunctival folds, a condition known as <a href="/facts/Conjunctivochalasis/JlD0BqAR">conjunctivochalasis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>The conjunctiva can be affected by <a href="/facts/Neoplasm/K0ytzmPz">tumors</a> which can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Leptospirosis/4MSPDpnY">Leptospirosis</a>, an infection with Leptospira, can cause <a href="/facts/Conjunctival_suffusion/gMhhSjns">conjunctival suffusion</a>, which is characterized by chemosis, and redness without exudates.</li></ul> <h2 id="bulbar-conjunctival-microvasculature">Bulbar conjunctival microvasculature</h2> <h3>Vessel morphology</h3> <p>The bulbar conjunctival <a href="/facts/Microvessel/EecoBYyz">microvasculature</a> contains <a href="/facts/Arteriole/HYVG0g7P">arterioles</a>, <a href="/facts/Metarteriole/gjHh2mUL">meta-arterioles</a>, <a href="/facts/Venule/L4uIvXuo">venules</a>, <a href="/facts/Capillary/4BIzKJAe">capillaries</a>, and communicating vessels. Vessel morphology varies greatly between subjects and even between regions of the individual eyes. In some subjects, arterioles and venules can be seen to run parallel with each other. Paired arterioles are generally smaller than corresponding venules.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The average bulbar conjunctival vessel has been reported to be 15.1 microns, which reflects the high number of small capillaries, which are typically <10 microns in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h3>Blood oxygen dynamics</h3> <p>The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature is in close proximity to ambient air, thus <a href="/facts/Diffusion/KbAxroBa">oxygen diffusion</a> from ambient air strongly influences their <a href="/facts/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)/9cfum2Yl">blood oxygen saturation</a>. Because of oxygen diffusion, <a href="/facts/Hypoxia_(medical)/JWV04G89">hypoxic</a> bulbar conjunctival vessels will rapidly reoxygenate (in under 10 seconds) when exposed to ambient air (i.e. when the eyelid is open). Closing the eyelid stops this oxygen diffusion by placing a barrier between the bulbar conjunctival microvessels and ambient air.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Blood vessel imaging methods</h3> <p>The bulbar conjunctival microvessels are typically imaged with a high-magnification <a href="/facts/Slit_lamp/76zRHnfT">slit lamp</a> with green filters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> With such high-magnification imaging systems, it is possible to see groups of individual red blood cells flowing in vivo.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Fundus cameras may also be used for low-magnification wide field-of-view imaging of the bulbar conjunctival microvasculature. Modified fundus cameras have been used to measure conjunctival blood flow <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> and to measure <a href="/facts/Oxygen_saturation/UVhwuc26">blood oxygen saturation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Fluorescein_angiography/0JyMJXcW">Fluorescein angiography</a> has been used to study the blood flow of the bulbar conjunctiva and to differentiate the bulbar conjunctival and <a href="/facts/Episcleral_layer/3l6lz2qT">episcleral</a> microcirculation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Vasodilation</h3> <p>The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature is known to dilate in response to several stimuli and external conditions, including allergens (e.g. pollen),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> temperature,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> time-of-day,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Contact_lens/0nzxq5Rm">contact-lens</a> wear,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> and acute mild hypoxia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> Bulbar conjunctival vasodilation has also been shown to correlate changes in emotional state.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p><p>Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increase in average bulbar conjunctival vessel diameter and capillary loss.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Sickle-cell_disease/93LT7ATq">Sickle-cell anemia</a> is associated with altered average vessel diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Conjunctivitis/u1NJfh3A">Conjunctivitis</a> (pink-eye)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Conjunctivochalasis/JlD0BqAR">Conjunctivochalasis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Dry_eye/2Q9eA0jM">Dry eye</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pinguecula/FLo62nq4">Pinguecula</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pterygium_(conjunctiva)/HayuJF4P">Pterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rougine/4eoq58X0">Rougine</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Subconjunctival_hemorrhage/6j9mS4T8">Subconjunctival hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Diabetes_mellitus/2xeHXbsI">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sickle-cell_disease/93LT7ATq">Sickle-cell disease</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Slit_lamp/76zRHnfT">Slit lamp</a></li></ul> <h2 id="additional-images">Additional images</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005000/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9893">"Conjunctiva"</a>. <i>Medicinenet.com</i>. 1999. Archived from <a href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9893">the original</a> on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2004.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Conjunctiva". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 4 August 2022. <a href="https://sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/conjunctiva" target="_blank">https://sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/conjunctiva</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Efron N, Al-Dossari M, Pritchard N (May 2009). "In vivo confocal microscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 37 (4): 335–44. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2009.02065.x. PMID 19594558. S2CID 35398240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Eye, human Encyclopædia Britannica <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Pavlou AT, Wolff HG (July 1959). "The bulbar conjunctival vessels in occlusion of the internal carotid artery". A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine. 104 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1001/archinte.1959.00270070055007. PMID 13660526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Table 1: Summary of sensory nerve supply". Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. 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