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Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)
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<h2 id="conventions-of-this-article">Conventions of this article</h2> <p>Generally, <i>var</i>, var, or var is how variable names or other non-literal values to be interpreted by the reader are represented. The rest is literal code. <a href="/facts/Guillemet/cfjrC79a">Guillemets</a> (« and ») enclose optional sections. Tab ↹ indicates a necessary (whitespace) indentation. </p><p>The tables are not sorted lexicographically ascending by programming language name by default, and that some languages have entries in some tables but not others. </p> <h2 id="type-identifiers">Type identifiers</h2> <h3><a href="/facts/Integer_(computer_science)/zWabo5M9">Integers</a></h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">8 bit (<a href="/facts/Byte/BNHUp9Qq">byte</a>)</th><th colspan="2">16 bit (<a href="/facts/Short_integer/zWabo5M9">short integer</a>)</th><th colspan="2">32 bit</th><th colspan="2">64 bit (<a href="/facts/Long_integer/zWabo5M9">long integer</a>)</th><th colspan="2">Word size</th><th rowspan="2">Arbitrarily precise (<a href="/facts/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic/cXxc8yB2">bignum</a>)</th></tr><tr><th>Signed</th><th>Unsigned</th><th>Signed</th><th>Unsigned</th><th>Signed</th><th>Unsigned</th><th>Signed</th><th>Unsigned</th><th>Signed</th><th>Unsigned</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td>range -2**7 .. 2**7 - 1[j]</td><td>range 0 .. 2**8 - 1[j] or mod 2**8[k]</td><td>range -2**15 .. 2**15 - 1[j]</td><td>range 0 .. 2**16 - 1[j] or mod 2**16[k]</td><td>range -2**31 .. 2**31 - 1[j]</td><td>range 0 .. 2**32 - 1[j] or mod 2**32[k]</td><td>range -2**63 .. 2**63 - 1[j]</td><td>mod 2**64[k]</td><td>Integer[j]</td><td>range 0 .. 2**Integer'Size - 1[j] or mod Integer'Size[k]</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a> (variable-width)</td><td rowspan="2">short short int[c]</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="2">short int[c]</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="2">int[c]</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="2">long int[c]</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td>int[c]</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">long long int[a][g]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">bytes and bits</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a> fixed-width)</td><td rowspan="2">int8_t</td><td rowspan="2">uint8_t</td><td rowspan="2">int16_t</td><td rowspan="2">uint16_t</td><td rowspan="2">int32_t</td><td rowspan="2">uint32_t</td><td rowspan="2">int64_t</td><td rowspan="2">uint64_t</td><td rowspan="2">intptr_t[c]</td><td rowspan="2">size_t[c]</td><td rowspan="5">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a> fixed-width)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a> variable-width)</td><td rowspan="2">signed char</td><td rowspan="2">unsigned char</td><td rowspan="2">short[c]</td><td rowspan="2">unsigned short[c]</td><td rowspan="2">long[c]</td><td rowspan="2">unsigned long[c]</td><td rowspan="2">long long[c]</td><td rowspan="2">unsigned long long[c]</td><td rowspan="2">int[c]</td><td rowspan="2">unsigned int[c]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (<a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a> variable-width)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (<a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a>)</td><td>signed char or int8_t</td><td>unsigned char or uint8_t</td><td>short or int16_t</td><td>unsigned short or uint16_t</td><td>int or int32_t</td><td>unsigned int or uint32_t</td><td>long long or int64_t</td><td>unsigned long long or uint64_t</td><td>NSInteger or long</td><td>NSUInteger or unsigned long</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>sbyte</td><td>byte</td><td rowspan="2">short</td><td>ushort</td><td rowspan="2">int</td><td>uint</td><td rowspan="2">long</td><td>ulong</td><td>IntPtr</td><td>UIntPtr</td><td>System.Numerics.BigInteger(.NET 4.0)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>byte</td><td>—</td><td>char[b]</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>java.math.BigInteger</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>int8</td><td>uint8 or byte</td><td>int16</td><td>uint16</td><td>int32</td><td>uint32</td><td>int64</td><td>uint64</td><td>int</td><td>uint</td><td>big.Int</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>i8</td><td>u8</td><td>i16</td><td>u16</td><td>i32</td><td>u32</td><td>i64</td><td>u64</td><td>isize</td><td>usize</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>Int8</td><td>UInt8</td><td>Int16</td><td>UInt16</td><td>Int32</td><td>UInt32</td><td>Int64</td><td>UInt64</td><td>Int</td><td>UInt</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>byte</td><td>ubyte</td><td>short</td><td>ushort</td><td>int</td><td>uint</td><td>long</td><td>ulong</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>BigInt</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td>(signed-byte 8)</td><td>(unsigned-byte 8)</td><td>(signed-byte 16)</td><td>(unsigned-byte 16)</td><td>(signed-byte 32)</td><td>(unsigned-byte 32)</td><td>(signed-byte 64)</td><td>(unsigned-byte 64)</td><td></td><td></td><td>bignum</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>bignum</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">FPC</a>)</td><td>shortint</td><td>byte</td><td>smallint</td><td>word</td><td>longint</td><td>longword</td><td>int64</td><td>qword</td><td>integer</td><td>cardinal</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">Byte</td><td>Integer</td><td>—</td><td>Long</td><td>—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>SByte</td><td>Short</td><td>UShort</td><td>Integer</td><td>UInteger</td><td>Long</td><td>ULong</td><td>System.Numerics.BigInteger(.NET 4.0)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/FreeBasic/zLmEybbq">FreeBasic</a></td><td>Byte or Integer<8></td><td>UByte or UInteger<8></td><td>Short or Integer<16></td><td>UShort or UInteger<16></td><td>Long or Integer<32></td><td>ULong or UInteger<32></td><td>LongInt or Integer<64></td><td>ULongInt or UInteger<64></td><td>Integer</td><td>UInteger</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> 2.x</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>int</td><td>—</td><td>long</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> 3.x</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>int</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>INTEGER(KIND = n)[f]</td><td>—</td><td>INTEGER(KIND = n)[f]</td><td>—</td><td>INTEGER(KIND = n)[f]</td><td>—</td><td>INTEGER(KIND = n)[f]</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>int[m]</td><td>—</td><td>int[m]</td><td>—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>[e]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> 5</td><td colspan="2">—[d]</td><td colspan="2">—[d]</td><td colspan="2">—[d]</td><td colspan="2">—[d]</td><td colspan="2">—[d]</td><td>Math::BigInt</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>int8</td><td>uint8</td><td>int16</td><td>uint16</td><td>int32</td><td>uint32</td><td>int64</td><td>uint64</td><td>Int</td><td colspan="2">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Fixnum</td><td>—</td><td>Bignum</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a>[n]</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>integer()</td><td>—</td><td>integer()[o]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>Byte</td><td>—</td><td>Short</td><td>Char[l]</td><td>Int</td><td>—</td><td>Long</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>scala.math.BigInt</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>integer</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>bigInteger</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>SmallInteger[i]</td><td>—</td><td>LargeInteger[i]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>int32</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">int64</td><td>—</td><td>int or nativeint</td><td></td><td>open Big_int;; or big_int</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>sbyte</td><td>byte</td><td>int16</td><td>uint16</td><td>int32 or int</td><td>uint32</td><td>uint64</td><td>nativeint</td><td>unativeint</td><td>bigint</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>—</td><td>Word8.word</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Int32.int</td><td>Word32.word</td><td>Int64.int</td><td>Word64.word</td><td>int</td><td>word</td><td>LargeInt.int orIntInf.int</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>«import Int» or Int8</td><td>«import Word» or Word8</td><td>«import Int» or Int16</td><td>«import Word» or Word16</td><td>«import Int» or Int32</td><td>«import Word» or Word32</td><td>«import Int» or Int64</td><td>«import Word» or Word64</td><td>Int</td><td>«import Word» or Word</td><td>Integer</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>INTEGER_8</td><td>NATURAL_8</td><td>INTEGER_16</td><td>NATURAL_16</td><td>INTEGER_32</td><td>NATURAL_32</td><td>INTEGER_64</td><td>NATURAL_64</td><td>INTEGER</td><td>NATURAL</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a>[h]</td><td>BINARY-CHAR «SIGNED»</td><td>BINARY-CHAR UNSIGNED</td><td>BINARY-SHORT «SIGNED»</td><td>BINARY-SHORT UNSIGNED</td><td>BINARY-LONG «SIGNED»</td><td>BINARY-LONG UNSIGNED</td><td>BINARY-DOUBLE «SIGNED»</td><td>BINARY-DOUBLE UNSIGNED</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Integer</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wolfram_Language/MDxl50Yq">Wolfram Language</a></td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Integer</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a The <i>standard</i> constants int shorts and int lengths can be used to determine how many shorts and longs can be usefully prefixed to short int and long int. The actual sizes of short int, int, and long int are available as the constants short max int, max int, and long max int etc.</li> <li>^b Commonly used for characters.</li> <li>^c The ALGOL 68, C and C++ languages do not specify the exact width of the integer types short, int, long, and (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>, <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a>) long long, so they are implementation-dependent. In C and C++ short, long, and long long types are required to be at least 16, 32, and 64 bits wide, respectively, but can be more. The int type is required to be at least as wide as short and at most as wide as long, and is typically the width of the word size on the processor of the machine (i.e. on a 32-bit machine it is often 32 bits wide; on 64-bit machines it is sometimes 64 bits wide). <a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a> and <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a> also define the [u]intN_t exact-width types in the <a href="/facts/Stdint.h/49S2hMa1">stdint.h</a> header. See <a href="/facts/C_syntax/DB1393sn">C syntax#Integral types</a> for more information. In addition the types size_t and ptrdiff_t are defined in relation to the address size to hold unsigned and signed integers sufficiently large to handle array indices and the difference between pointers.</li> <li>^d Perl 5 does not have distinct types. Integers, floating point numbers, strings, etc. are all considered "scalars".</li> <li>^e PHP has two arbitrary-precision libraries. The BCMath library just uses strings as datatype. The GMP library uses an internal "resource" type.</li> <li>^f The value of n is provided by the SELECTED_INT_KIND<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> intrinsic function.</li> <li>^g <a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>G's runtime option --precision "number" can set precision for long long ints to the required "number" significant digits. The <i>standard</i> constants long long int width and long long max int can be used to determine actual precision.</li> <li>^h <a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a> allows the specification of a required precision and will automatically select an available type capable of representing the specified precision. "PIC S9999", for example, would require a signed variable of four decimal digits precision. If specified as a binary field, this would select a 16-bit signed type on most platforms.</li> <li>^i <a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a> automatically chooses an appropriate representation for integral numbers. Typically, two representations are present, one for integers fitting the native word size minus any tag bit (SmallInteger) and one supporting arbitrary sized integers (LargeInteger). Arithmetic operations support polymorphic arguments and return the result in the most appropriate compact representation.</li> <li>^j <a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a> range types are checked for boundary violations at run-time (as well as at compile-time for static expressions). Run-time boundary violations raise a "constraint error" exception. Ranges are not restricted to powers of two. Commonly predefined Integer subtypes are: Positive (range 1 .. Integer'Last) and Natural (range 0 .. Integer'Last). Short_Short_Integer (8 bits), Short_Integer (16 bits) and Long_Integer (64 bits) are also commonly predefined, but not required by the Ada standard. Runtime checks can be disabled if performance is more important than integrity checks.</li> <li>^k <a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a> modulo types implement modulo arithmetic in all operations, i.e. no range violations are possible. Modulos are not restricted to powers of two.</li> <li>^l Commonly used for characters like Java's char.</li> <li>^m int in PHP has the same width as long type in C has on that system.[c]</li> <li>^n <a href="/facts/Erlang_(programming_language)/2PuxmzT3">Erlang</a> is dynamically typed. The type identifiers are usually used to specify types of record fields and the argument and return types of functions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>^o When it exceeds one word.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/Floating_point/eIckahxe">Floating point</a></h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Single_precision/e6Fez7BM">Single precision</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Double_precision/JYyXXYFM">Double precision</a></th><th>Other precision</th><th>Processor dependent</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td>Float</td><td>Long_Float</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>real[a]</td><td>long real[a]</td><td>short real, long long real, etc.[d]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td rowspan="3">float[b]</td><td rowspan="5">double</td><td rowspan="3">long double[f]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a> (<a href="/facts/Cocoa_(API)/p10p5aFI">Cocoa</a>)</td><td>CGFloat</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td rowspan="2">float</td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>float32</td><td>float64</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>f32</td><td>f64</td><td>f16, f128</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>Float or Float32</td><td>Double or Float64</td><td>Float80[g]</td><td>CGFloat</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>float</td><td>double</td><td></td><td>real</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>single-float</td><td>double-float</td><td>float, short-float, long-float</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">FPC</a>)</td><td>single</td><td>double</td><td></td><td>real</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td rowspan="3">Single</td><td rowspan="3">Double</td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td>float</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>Number<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td colspan="2">REAL(KIND = n)[c]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td></td><td>float</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>num32</td><td>num64</td><td></td><td>Num</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>—</td><td>Float</td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>Float</td><td>Double</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>—</td><td>float</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td>Float</td><td>Double</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">float</td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>float32</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td>real</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>Float</td><td>Double</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>REAL_32</td><td>REAL_64</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>FLOAT-BINARY-7[e]</td><td>FLOAT-BINARY-34[e]</td><td>FLOAT-SHORT, FLOAT-LONG, FLOAT-EXTENDED</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td>Real</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a The <i>standard</i> constants real shorts and real lengths can be used to determine how many shorts and longs can be usefully prefixed to short real and long real. The actual sizes of short real, real, and long real are available as the constants short max real, max real and long max real etc. With the constants short small real, small real and long small real available for each type's <a href="/facts/Machine_epsilon/Ujsx0nA5">machine epsilon</a>.</li> <li>^b declarations of single precision often are not honored</li> <li>^c The value of n is provided by the SELECTED_REAL_KIND<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> intrinsic function.</li> <li>^d <a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>G's runtime option --precision "number" can set precision for long long reals to the required "number" significant digits. The <i>standard</i> constants long long real width and long long max real can be used to determine actual precision.</li> <li>^e These <a href="/facts/IEEE/UddC4pUW">IEEE</a> floating-point types will be introduced in the next COBOL standard.</li> <li>^f Same size as double on many implementations.</li> <li>^g Swift supports 80-bit <a href="/facts/Extended_precision/CVpdQYeC">extended precision</a> floating point type, equivalent to long double in C languages.</li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/Complex_number/2w7mqI7e">Complex numbers</a></h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Integer</th><th>Single precision</th><th>Double precision</th><th>Half and Quadruple precision etc.</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>Complex[b]</td><td>Complex[b]</td><td>Complex[b]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>—</td><td>compl</td><td>long compl etc.</td><td>short compl etc. and long long compl etc.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>—</td><td>float complex</td><td>double complex</td><td rowspan="7">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td>—</td><td>std::complex<float></td><td>std::complex<double></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>System.Numerics.Complex(.NET 4.0)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>—</td><td>complex64</td><td>complex128</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>—</td><td>cfloat</td><td>cdouble</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(complex integer)</td><td>(complex single-float)</td><td>(complex double-float)</td><td>complex</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>System.Numerics.Complex(.NET 4.0)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>Math::Complex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td></td><td>complex64</td><td>complex128</td><td>Complex</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>complex</td><td rowspan="15">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td></td><td colspan="2">COMPLEX(KIND = n)[a]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>Complex</td><td>—</td><td>Complex</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>complex</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td>Complex</td><td>Complex</td><td>Complex</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>Complex.t</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>System.Numerics.Complex(.NET 4.0)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>—</td><td>Complex.Complex Float</td><td>Complex.Complex Double</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td><td>Complex</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>Complex</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a The value of n is provided by the SELECTED_REAL_KIND<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> intrinsic function.</li> <li>^b Generic type which can be instantiated with any base floating point type.</li></ul> <h3>Other variable types</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">Text</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Boolean_data_type/0GWYLDoC">Boolean</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Enumerated_type/oQITgIYb">Enumeration</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">Object</a>/<a href="/facts/Top_type/zp3mbtdR">Universal</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Character_(computing)/X2zKLFFB">Character</a></th><th><a href="/facts/String_(computer_science)/4ChJu5WS">String</a>[a]</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td>Character</td><td>String, Bounded_String, Unbounded_String</td><td>Boolean</td><td>(<i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i>)</td><td>tagged null record</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>char</td><td>string, bytes</td><td>bool, bits</td><td>— - <a href="http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Enumerations#ALGOL_68">User defined</a></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="2">char, wchar_t</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">bool[b]</td><td rowspan="3">enum <i>«name»</i> { <i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i> };</td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Void_type/qbMrxVtl">void</a> <a href="/facts/Pointer_(computer_programming)/fPoNzy9b">*</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B_string_handling/IRJYPM2q">«std::»string</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>unichar</td><td>NSString *</td><td>BOOL</td><td>id</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td rowspan="2">char</td><td>string</td><td>bool</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { <i>item1</i>« = <i>value</i>», <i>item2</i>« = <i>value</i>», <i>...</i> }</td><td>object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>String</td><td>boolean</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { <i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i> }</td><td>Object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>byte, rune</td><td>string</td><td>bool</td><td>const ( <i>item1</i> = <i>iota</i> <i>item2</i> <i>...</i>)</td><td>interface{}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>char</td><td>String</td><td>bool</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { <i>item1</i>« = <i>value</i>», <i>item2</i>« = <i>value</i>», <i>...</i> }</td><td>std::any::Any</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>Character</td><td>String</td><td>Bool</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { case <i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i> }</td><td>Any</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>char</td><td>string</td><td>bool</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { <i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i> }</td><td>std.variant.Variant</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>character</td><td>string</td><td>boolean</td><td>(member <i>item1</i> <i>item2</i> <i>...</i>)</td><td>t</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pascal (ISO)</td><td rowspan="2">char</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="2">boolean</td><td rowspan="2">( <i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a>)</td><td>string</td><td>variant</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>—</td><td rowspan="3">String</td><td rowspan="3">Boolean</td><td rowspan="3">Enum <i>name</i> <i>item1</i> «= <i>value</i>» <i>item2</i> «= <i>value» ...</i>End Enum</td><td>[[Variant type|Variant]]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>Char</td><td>Object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>—</td><td>Object or Variant</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td>str</td><td>bool</td><td>from enum import Enumclass Name(Enum): <i>item1</i> = <i>value</i> <i>item2</i> = <i>value</i> <i>...</i></td><td>object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td>String</td><td>Boolean</td><td></td><td>Object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>CHARACTER(LEN = *)</td><td>CHARACTER(LEN = :), allocatable</td><td>LOGICAL(KIND = n)[f]</td><td></td><td>CLASS(*)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td>string</td><td>bool</td><td></td><td>(type declaration omitted)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>UNIVERSAL</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>Char</td><td>Str</td><td>Bool</td><td>enum <i>name<item1 item2 ...></i>enum <i>name <<:item1(value) :item2(value) ..>></i></td><td>Mu</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td>String</td><td>Object[c]</td><td></td><td>Object</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>Char</td><td>String</td><td>Boolean</td><td>object <i>name</i> extends Enumeration { <i>val item1, item2, ... = Value</i>}</td><td>Any</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>char</td><td>string</td><td>boolean</td><td>const type<i>: name</i> is new enum <i>item1,</i> <i>item2,</i> <i>...</i>end enum;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td rowspan="3">char</td><td rowspan="3">string</td><td rowspan="3">bool</td><td>—[e]</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>type <i>name</i> = <i>item1</i> = <i>value</i> |<i>item2</i> = <i>value</i> | <i>...</i></td><td>obj</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>—[e]</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>Char</td><td>String</td><td>Bool</td><td>—[e]</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>CHARACTER</td><td>STRING</td><td>BOOLEAN</td><td>—</td><td>ANY</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>PIC X</td><td><i>PIC X(</i>string length<i>)</i> or PIC X«X...»</td><td><i>PIC 1«(</i>number of digits<i>)»</i> or PIC 1«1...»</td><td>—</td><td>OBJECT REFERENCE</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td>String</td><td></td><td></td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a specifically, strings of arbitrary length and automatically managed.</li> <li>^b This language represents a boolean as an integer where false is represented as a value of zero and true by a non-zero value.</li> <li>^c All values evaluate to either true or false. Everything in <i>TrueClass</i> evaluates to true and everything in <i>FalseClass</i> evaluates to false.</li> <li>^d This language does not have a separate character type. Characters are represented as strings of length 1.</li> <li>^e Enumerations in this language are algebraic types with only nullary constructors</li> <li>^f The value of <i>n</i> is provided by the SELECTED_INT_KIND<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> intrinsic function.</li></ul> <h2 id="derived-types">Derived types</h2> <h3><a href="/facts/Array_data_type/gHJJ3XPw">Array</a></h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(array)/jXkamPj6">Comparison of programming languages (array)</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">fixed size array</th><th colspan="2">dynamic size array</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">one-dimensional array</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">multidimensional array</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">one-dimensional array</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Array_data_structure/BKGvF8AM">multidimensional array</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td>array (<i><first> </i>..<i> <last></i>) of<i> <type></i>orarray (<i><discrete_type></i>) of<i> <type></i></td><td>array (<i><first1> </i>..<i> <last1></i>,<i> <first2> </i>..<i> <last2></i>, <i>...</i>) of<i> <type></i>orarray (<i><discrete_type1></i>,<i> <discrete_type2></i>,<i> ...</i>) of<i> <type></i></td><td>array (<i><discrete_type> </i>range <>) of<i> <type></i></td><td>array (<i><discrete_type1> </i>range <>,<i> <discrete_type2> </i>range <>, <i>...</i>) of<i> <type></i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>[<i>first</i>:<i>last</i>]«modename»or simply:[<i>size</i>]«modename»</td><td>[<i>first1</i>:<i>last1</i>,<i> first2</i>:<i>last2</i>]«modename»or[<i>first1</i>:<i>last1</i>][<i>first2</i>:<i>last2</i>]«modename»etc.</td><td>flex[<i>first</i>:<i>last</i>]«modename»or simply:flex[<i>size</i>]«modename»</td><td>flex[<i>first1</i>:<i>last1</i>,<i> first2</i>:<i>last2</i>]«modename»orflex[<i>first1</i>:<i>last1</i>]flex[<i>first2</i>:<i>last2</i>]«modename» <i>etc.</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td><i>type name</i>[<i>size</i>][a]</td><td><i>type name</i>[<i>size1</i>][<i>size2</i>][a]</td><td><i>type</i> *<i>name</i>or within a block:<i>int n = ...; type name</i>[<i>n</i>]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td colspan="1"><a href="/facts/Std%3a%3aarray/ojqI7MNN">«std::»array</a><<i>type, size</i>>(C++11)</td><td></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Std%3a%3avector/ojqI7MNN">«std::»vector</a><<i>type</i>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td><i>type</i>[]</td><td><i>type</i>[,,<i>...</i>]</td><td>System.Collections.ArrayListorSystem.Collections.Generic.List<<i>type</i>></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td><i>type</i>[][b]</td><td><i>type</i>[][]<i>...</i>[b]</td><td>ArrayList <i>or</i> ArrayList<<i>type</i>></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td><i>type</i>[<i>size</i>]</td><td><i>type</i>[<i>size1</i>][<i>size2</i>]</td><td><i>type</i>[]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>[<i>size</i>]<i>type</i></td><td>[<i>size1</i>][<i>size2</i>]<i>...type</i></td><td>[]type</td><td>[][]type</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>[<i>type; size</i>]</td><td>[[<i>type; size1</i>]<i>; size2</i>]</td><td>Vec<<i>type</i>></td><td>Vec<Vec<<i>type</i>>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>[<i>type</i>] or Array<<i>type</i>></td><td>[[<i>type</i>]] or Array<Array<<i>type</i>>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>NSArray</td><td></td><td>NSMutableArray</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td colspan="2">Array[d]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(simple-array type (dimension))</td><td>(simple-array type (dimension1 dimension2))</td><td>(array type (dimension))</td><td>(array type (dimension1 dimension2))</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td rowspan="2">array[<i>first</i>..<i>last</i>] of <i>type</i>[c]</td><td rowspan="2">array[<i>first1</i>..<i>last1</i>] of array[<i>first2</i>..<i>last2</i>]<i> ...</i> of <i>type</i>[c]or array[<i>first1</i>..<i>last1</i>,<i> first2</i>..<i>last2</i>,<i> ...</i>] of <i>type</i>[c]</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Object_Pascal/cuGkuISv">Object Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Delphi_(software)/sUFUXQ8r">Delphi</a>)</td><td>array of<i> type</i></td><td>array of array <i>...</i> of <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Dim x(<i>last</i>) As <i>type</i></td><td>Dim x(<i>last1</i>, <i>last2</i>,<i>...</i>) As <i>type</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td><i>type</i>()</td><td><i>type</i>(,,<i>...</i>)</td><td>System.Collections.ArrayListorSystem.Collections.Generic.List(Of <i>type</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>list</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>x = <i>type</i>[<i>size</i>];</td><td>x = <i>type</i>[<i>size1</i>,<i> size2</i>, <i>...</i>];</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td><i>type</i> :: <i>name</i>(<i>size</i>)</td><td><i>type</i> :: <i>name</i>(<i>size</i>1, <i>size2</i>,...)</td><td><i>type</i>, ALLOCATABLE :: <i>name</i>(:)</td><td><i>type</i>, ALLOCATABLE :: <i>name</i>(:,:,...)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>array</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td></td><td></td><td>Array[<i>type</i>] <i>or</i> Array of <i>type</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td></td><td>x = Array.new(<i>size1</i>){ Array.new(<i>size2</i>) }</td><td>Array</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>Array[<i>type</i>]</td><td>Array[<i>...</i>[Array[<i>type</i>]]<i>...</i>]</td><td>ArrayBuffer[<i>type</i>]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>array <i>type</i>orarray [<i>idxType</i>] <i>type</i></td><td>array array <i>type</i>orarray [<i>idxType</i>] array [<i>idxType</i>] <i>type</i></td><td>array <i>type</i>orarray [<i>idxType</i>] <i>type</i></td><td>array array <i>type</i>orarray [<i>idxType</i>] array [<i>idxType</i>] <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td>Array</td><td></td><td>OrderedCollection</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td><i>type</i>[]</td><td><i>type</i>[,,<i>...</i>]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td><i>type</i> array</td><td><i>type</i> array <i>...</i> array</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td><i>type</i> []or<i>type</i> array</td><td><i>type</i> [,,<i>...</i>]</td><td>System.Collections.ArrayListorSystem.Collections.Generic.List<<i>type</i>></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td><i>type</i> vector <i>or type</i> array</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>x = Array.array (0, <i>size</i>-1) <i>list_of_association_pairs</i></td><td>x = Array.array ((0, 0,<i>...</i>), (<i>size1</i>-1, <i>size2</i>-1,<i>...</i>)) <i>list_of_association_pairs</i></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td><i>level-number type</i> OCCURS <i>size</i> «TIMES».</td><td>one-dimensional array definition...</td><td><i>level-number type</i> OCCURS <i>min-size</i> TO <i>max-size</i> «TIMES» DEPENDING «ON» <i>size</i>.[e]</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a In most expressions (except the <a href="/facts/Sizeof/f7x8ttfX">sizeof</a> and & operators), values of array types in C are automatically converted to a pointer of its first argument. See <a href="/facts/C_syntax/DB1393sn">C syntax#Arrays</a> for further details of syntax and pointer operations.</li> <li>^b The C-like <i>type</i> x[] works in Java, however <i>type</i>[] x is the preferred form of array declaration.</li> <li>^c Subranges are used to define the bounds of the array.</li> <li>^d JavaScript's array are a special kind of object.</li> <li>^e The DEPENDING ON clause in COBOL does not create a <i>true</i> variable length array and will always allocate the maximum size of the array.</li></ul> <h3>Other types</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">Simple composite types</th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Algebraic_data_type/Fn9KhnAb">Algebraic data types</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Union_(computer_science)/GSV1DsyV">Unions</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Record_(computer_science)/1fvSgenB">Records</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Tuple/BI1HIxL8">Tuple</a> expression</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td>type <i>name</i> is «abstract» «tagged» «limited» <i>[</i>record <i>field1</i> : <i>type</i>; <i>field2</i> : <i>type</i>; <i>...</i>end record <i>|</i> null record<i>]</i></td><td>—</td><td>Any combination of records, unions, and enumerations (as well as references to those, enabling recursive types).</td><td>type <i>name</i> (<i>variation</i> : <i>discrete_type</i>) is record case <i>variation</i> is when <i>choice_list1</i> => <i>fieldname1</i> : <i>type</i>; <i>...</i> when <i>choice_list2</i> => <i>fieldname2</i> : <i>type</i>; <i>...</i> <i>...</i> end case;end record</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>struct <i>(</i>modename <i>«fieldname»,</i> ...<i>);</i></td><td colspan="2">Required types and operators can be <a href="/facts/User-defined_function/IyGboMtT">user-defined</a></td><td>union <i>(</i>modename<i>,</i> ...<i>);</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="2">struct <i>«name»</i> {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>};</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="3">—</td><td rowspan="3">union {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>};</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td>struct <i>«name»</i> {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>};[b]</td><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">«std::»tuple</a><<i>type1..typen</i>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>struct <i>name</i> {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>}</td><td>(<i>val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td></td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>—[a]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td></td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>struct <i>name</i> {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>}</td><td></td><td>std.variant.Algebraic<i>!(type,...)</i></td><td>union {<i>type name</i>;<i>...</i>}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>struct { <i>«name» type</i> <i>...</i>}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>struct name {<i>name:</i> type<i>, ...</i>}</td><td>(<i>val1</i>,<i> val2</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td>enum name { <i>Foo</i>(<i>types</i>)<i>, ...</i>}</td><td>union name {<i>name:</i> type<i>, ...</i>}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>struct <i>name</i> {<i> </i>var<i> name «</i>:<i> type» ...</i>}</td><td>(<i>«name1</i>:<i>» val1</i>, <i>«name2</i>:<i>» val2</i>, <i>«name3</i>:<i>» val3</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td>enum <i>name</i> { case <i>Foo«</i>(<i>types</i>)» case <i>Bar</i> «(<i>types</i>)» <i>...</i> }</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(defstruct name slot-name (slot-name initial-value) (slot-name initial-value :type type) ...)</td><td rowspan="3">(cons <i>val1 val2</i>)[c]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>record <i>name</i>: <i>type</i>; <i>...</i>end</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>record case <i>type</i> of <i>value</i>: (<i>types</i>); <i>...</i>end</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>Structure <i>name</i> Dim <i>name</i> As <i>type</i> <i>...</i>End Structure</td><td>(<i>val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>—[a]</td><td>«(<i>»val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>val3</i>, <i>...</i> «)»</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>struct {<i>name [=value], ...</i>}</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>TYPE <i>name type</i> :: <i>name ...</i>END TYPE</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>—[a]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>—[d]</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>—[a]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>OpenStruct.new({:name => value})</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>case class <i>name</i>(«<i>var</i>» <i>name</i>: <i>type</i>, <i>...</i>)</td><td>(<i>val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>val3</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td>abstract class <i>name</i> case class <i>Foo</i>(«<i>parameters</i>») extends <i>name</i> case class <i>Bar</i>(«<i>parameters</i>») extends <i>name</i> <i>...</i>orabstract class <i>name</i> case object <i>Foo</i> extends <i>name</i> case object <i>Bar</i> extends <i>name</i> <i>...</i>or a combination of case classes and case objects</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td rowspan="2">type <i>name</i> = {«<i>mutable</i>» <i>name</i> : <i>type</i>;<i>...</i>}</td><td rowspan="2">«(»<i>val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>val3</i>, <i>...</i> «)»</td><td rowspan="2">type <i>name</i> = <i>Foo</i> «of <i>type</i>» | <i>Bar</i> «of <i>type</i>» | <i>...</i></td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>type <i>name</i> = {<i>name</i> : <i>type</i>,<i>...</i>}</td><td rowspan="2">(<i>val1</i>, <i>val2</i>, <i>val3</i>, <i>...</i> )</td><td>datatype <i>name</i> = <i>Foo</i> «of <i>type</i>» | <i>Bar</i> «of <i>type</i>» | <i>...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td><td>data <i>Name</i> = <i>Constr</i> {<i>name</i> :: <i>type</i>,<i>...</i>}</td><td>data <i>Name</i> = <i>Foo</i> «<i>types</i>» | <i>Bar</i> «<i>types</i>» | <i>...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td><i>level-number name type clauses</i>. <i>level-number+n name type clauses</i>. <i>...</i></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td><i>name</i> REDEFINES <i>variable type</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a Only classes are supported.</li> <li>^b structs in C++ are actually classes, but have default public visibility and <i>are</i> also <a href="/facts/Plain_old_data_structure/10yefr1d">POD</a> objects. C++11 extended this further, to make classes act identically to POD objects in many more cases.</li> <li>^c pair only</li> <li>^d Although Perl doesn't have records, because Perl's type system allows different data types to be in an array, "hashes" (associative arrays) that don't have a variable index would effectively be the same as records.</li> <li>^e Enumerations in this language are algebraic types with only nullary constructors</li></ul> <h2 id="variable-and-constant-declarations">Variable and constant declarations</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>variable</th><th>constant</th><th>type synonym</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td><i>identifier</i> : <i>type«</i> := <i>initial_value»</i>[e]</td><td><i>identifier</i> : constant <i>type</i> := <i>final_value</i></td><td>subtype <i>identifier</i> is <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>modename name« := <i>initial_value</i>»;</td><td>modename name = <i>value</i>;</td><td><a href="/facts/Typedef/kqSR4VXn">mode</a> synonym = modename;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="3"><i>type name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»;</td><td rowspan="2">enum{ <i>name</i> = <i>value</i> };</td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Typedef/kqSR4VXn">typedef</a> <i>type synonym</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td>const <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td><i>type name1</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>», <i>name2</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>», <i>...</i>;orvar <i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i>;</td><td>const <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>, <i>name</i> = <i>value</i>, <i>...</i>;orreadonly <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>, <i>name</i> = <i>value</i>, <i>...</i> ;</td><td>using <i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td><i>type name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»;orauto <i>name</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td>const <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>;orimmutable <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td>alias <i>type synonym</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td><i>type name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»;</td><td>final <i>type name</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td rowspan="2">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>var <i>name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»; orlet <i>name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»; (since <a href="/facts/ECMAScript/M7nDHsB5">ECMAScript</a> 2015)</td><td>const <i>name</i> = <i>value</i>; (since <a href="/facts/ECMAScript/M7nDHsB5">ECMAScript</a> 2015)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>var <i>name type</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»or<i>name</i> := <i>initial_value</i></td><td>const <i>name «type»</i> = <i>value</i></td><td>type <i>synonym type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>[f]</td><td>let mut <i>name</i>«: <i>type</i>»« = <i>initial_value</i>»;static mut <i>NAME</i>: <i>type</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td>let <i>name</i>«: <i>type</i>»« = <i>initial_value</i>»;const <i>NAME</i>: <i>type</i> = <i>value</i>;static <i>NAME</i>: <i>type</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td>type <i>synonym</i> = <i>typename</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>var <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i>»« = <i>initial_value</i>»</td><td>let <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i></td><td>typealias <i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(defparameter <i>name initial-value</i>)or(defvar <i>name initial-value</i>)</td><td>(defconstant <i>name value</i>)</td><td>(deftype <i>synonym</i> () '<i>type</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>(define <i>name initial_value</i>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(defglobal <i>name initial_value</i>)or(defdynamic <i>name initial_value</i>)</td><td>(defconstant <i>name value</i>)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a>[a]</td><td><i>name</i>: <i>type</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»</td><td><i>name</i> = <i>value</i></td><td><i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Dim <i>name</i> «As <i>type</i>»</td><td rowspan="3">See notes to left.<p>Constants use the same syntax, and:</p><ul><li>use Const instead of Dim</li><li>have a restriction to only certain primitive typesConst <i>name1</i> «As <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i>, <i>name2</i> «As <i>type»</i> = <i>value, ...</i></li></ul></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td>The variable declaration syntax of VB.NET is unusually difficult to precisely describe.<p>Given that there exist the identifier suffixes ("modifiers"):</p><ul><li>type_character, available as an alternative to an As clause for some primitive data types;</li><li>nullable_specifier; and</li><li>array_specifier;</li></ul><p>and that</p><ul><li>a modified_identifier is of the form identifier«type_character»«nullable_specifier»«array_specifier»;</li><li>a modified_identifier_list is a comma-separated list of two or more occurrences of modified_identifier; and</li><li>a declarator_list is a comma-separated list of declarators, which can be of the form<ul><li><i>identifier</i> As <i>object_creation_expression</i><i> (object initializer declarator)</i>,</li><li><i>modified_identifier</i> «As <i>non_array_type</i>«<i>array_rank_specifier</i>»»« = <i>initial_value»</i> <i>(single declarator)</i>, or</li><li><i>modified_identifier_list</i> «As <i>«non_array_type</i>««<i>array_rank_specifier</i>»» <i>(multiple declarator);</i></li></ul></li></ul><p>valid declaration statements are of the form Dim <i>declarator_list</i>,where, for the purpose of semantic analysis, to convert the declarator_list to a list of only single declarators:</p><ul><li>The As clauses of each <i>multiple declarator</i> is distributed over its modified_identifier_list</li><li>The As New <i>type...</i> of each <i>object initializer declarator</i> is replaced with As <i>type</i> = New <i>type...</i></li></ul><p>and for which, for each identifier,</p><ul><li>a type_character and As clause do not both appear;</li><li>if an As clause is present,<ul><li>an array_rank_specifier does not appear both as a modification of the identifier and on the type of the As clause;</li></ul></li><li>an unmodified_type can be determined, by the rule that,<ul><li>if a type_character or As clause is present,<ul><li>unmodified_type is that specified by such construct,</li></ul></li><li>and that otherwise,<ul><li>either Option Infer must be on and the identifier must have an initializer, in which case unmodified_type is that of the initializer, or</li><li>Option Strict must be off, in which case unmodified_type is Object;</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>its final_type is its unmodified_type prepended before its modifiers;</li><li>its final_type is a valid type; and</li><li>if an initial_value is present,<ul><li>either Option Strict is on and initial_value has a widening conversion to final_type, or</li><li>Option Strict is off and initial_value has a narrowing conversion to final_type.</li></ul></li></ul><p>If Option Explicit is off, variables do not require explicit declaration; they are declared implicitly when used:name = initial_value</p></td><td>Imports <i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>Dim <i>name</i> «As <i>type</i>»« = <i>initial_value»</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td><i>name«: type»</i> = <i>initial_value</i></td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td><i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i>[b]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CoffeeScript/S8U53Pxy">CoffeeScript</a></td><td><i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td><i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i>;</td><td></td><td>typedef struct {...} <i>typename</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td><i>type</i> :: <i>name</i></td><td><i>type</i>, PARAMETER :: <i>name</i> = <i>value</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>$<i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i>;</td><td>define("<i>name</i>", <i>value</i>);const <i>name</i> = <i>value (5.3+)</i></td><td rowspan="2">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>«my» $<i>name</i>« = <i>initial_value</i>»;[c]</td><td>use constant <i>name</i> => <i>value</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>«my «<i>type</i>»» <i>$name«</i> = <i>initial_value</i>»;[c]</td><td>«my «<i>type</i>»» constant <i>name</i> = <i>value</i>;</td><td>::<i>synonym</i> ::= <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td><i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i></td><td><i>Name</i> = <i>value</i></td><td><i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i>[b]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>var <i>name</i>«: <i>type</i>» = <i>initial_value</i></td><td>val <i>name</i>«: <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i></td><td>type <i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>«[<i>type</i>]» $<i>name</i> = <i>initial_value</i></td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td>name=<i>initial_value</i></td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>let <i>name</i>« : <i>type</i> ref» = ref <i>value</i>[d]</td><td rowspan="2">let <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i></td><td rowspan="3">type <i>synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>let mutable <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>val <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i> ref» = ref <i>value</i>[d]</td><td>val <i>name</i> «: <i>type</i>» = <i>value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td><td></td><td>«<i>name</i>::<i>type</i>;» <i>name</i> = <i>value</i></td><td>type <i>Synonym</i> = <i>type</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td>VARIABLE <i>name</i> (in some systems use <i>value</i> VARIABLE <i>name</i> instead)</td><td><i>value</i> CONSTANT <i>name</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td><i>level-number name type clauses</i>.</td><td>«0»1 <i>name</i> CONSTANT «AS» <i>value</i>.</td><td><i>level-number name type clauses</i> «IS» TYPEDEF.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mathematica/dRwoGFG2">Mathematica</a></td><td>name=<i>initial_value</i></td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a Pascal has declaration blocks. See functions.</li> <li>^b Types are just regular objects, so you can just assign them.</li> <li>^c In Perl, the "my" keyword scopes the variable into the block.</li> <li>^d Technically, this does not declare <i>name</i> to be a mutable variable—in ML, all names can only be bound once; rather, it declares <i>name</i> to point to a "reference" data structure, which is a simple mutable cell. The data structure can then be read and written to using the ! and := operators, respectively.</li> <li>^e If no initial value is given, an invalid value is automatically assigned (which will trigger a run-time exception if it used before a valid value has been assigned). While this behaviour can be suppressed it is recommended in the interest of predictability. If no invalid value can be found for a type (for example in case of an unconstraint integer type), a valid, yet predictable value is chosen instead.</li> <li>^f In Rust, if no initial value is given to a let or let mut variable and it is never assigned to later, there is an <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/listing/warn-by-default.html#unused-variables">"unused variable" warning</a>. If no value is provided for a const or static or static mut variable, there is an error. There is a <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/listing/warn-by-default.html?#non-upper-case-globals">"non-upper-case globals"</a> error for non-uppercase const variables. After it is defined, a static mut variable can only be assigned to in an unsafe block or function.</li></ul> <h2 id="control-flow"><a href="/facts/Control_flow/2XTDfErC">Control flow</a></h2> <h3><a href="/facts/Conditional_(programming)/8gDQTqUD">Conditional</a> statements</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>if</th><th>else if</th><th><a href="/facts/Switch_statement/oQCWnGWh">select case</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Conditional_(programming)/8gDQTqUD">conditional expression</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end if</td><td>if <i>condition1</i> then <i>statements</i>elsif <i>condition2</i> then <i>statements</i><i>...</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end if</td><td>case <i>expression</i> is when <i>value_list</i>1 => <i>statements</i> when <i>value_list2</i> => <i>statements</i> <i>...</i> «when others => <i>statements</i>»end case</td><td>(if <i>condition1</i> then <i>expression1</i>«elsif <i>condition2</i> then <i>expression2</i>»<i>...</i>else <i>expressionn</i>)or(case <i>expression</i> is when <i>value_list1</i> => <i>expression1</i> when <i>value_list2</i> => <i>expression2</i> <i>...</i> «when others => <i>expressionn</i>»)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Seed7/Fe0dHqm4">Seed7</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end if</td><td>if <i>condition1</i> then <i>statements</i>elsif <i>condition2</i> then <i>statements</i><i>...</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end if</td><td>case <i>expression</i> of when <i>set1</i> : <i>statements</i> <i>...</i> «otherwise: <i>statements</i>»end case</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Modula-2/DFyUTdAq">Modula-2</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end</td><td>if <i>condition1</i> then <i>statements</i>elsif <i>condition2</i> then <i>statements</i><i>...</i>«else <i>statements</i>»end</td><td rowspan="1">case <i>expression</i> of <i>caseLabelList</i> : <i>statements</i> | <i>...</i> «else <i>statements</i>»end</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i> «else <i>statements</i>» fi</td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i> elif <i>condition</i> then <i>statements</i> fi</td><td>case <i>switch</i> in <i>statements, statements«,...</i> out <i>statements</i>» esac</td><td>( condition | valueIfTrue | valueIfFalse )</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a>(brief form)</td><td>( condition | statements «| statements» )</td><td>( condition | statements |: condition | statements )</td><td>( variable | statements,... «| statements» )</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>:If <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>«:Else <i>instructions</i>»:EndIf</td><td>:If <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>:ElseIf <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«:Else <i>instructions</i>»:EndIf</td><td>:Select <i>expression</i> :Case <i>case1</i> <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «:Else <i>instructions</i>»:EndSelect</td><td>{<i>condition</i>:<i>valueIfTrue</i> ⋄ <i>valueIfFalse</i>}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="7">if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»instructions can be a single statement or a block in the form of: { <i>statements</i> }</td><td rowspan="7">if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>else if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else <i>instructions»</i>orif (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>else { if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i> }</td><td rowspan="7">switch (<i>variable</i>) { case <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> «; break;» <i>...</i> «default: <i>instructions</i>»}</td><td rowspan="7"><i>condition</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">?</a> <i>valueIfTrue</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">:</a> <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»<p>instructions can be a single statement or a block in the form of: { <i>statements</i> }</p></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>else if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»</td><td>switch (<i>variable</i>){ case <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> «<i>break_or_jump_statement</i>» <i>...</i> «default: <i>instructions</i> <i>break_or_jump_statement</i>»}<p>All non-empty cases must end with a break or goto case statement (that is, they are not allowed to fall-through to the next case).The default case is not required to come last.</p></td><td><i>condition</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">?</a> <i>valueIfTrue</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">:</a> <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) <i>instruction</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»</td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }elseif (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }<i>...</i>«else { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>switch (<i>variable</i>) { <i>case1</i>{<i>instructions</i> «break;» } <i>...</i> «default { <i>instructions</i> }»}</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}else if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}<i>...</i>«else {<i>instructions</i>}»orswitch { case <i>condition</i>: <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «default: <i>instructions</i>»}</td><td>switch <i>variable</i> { case <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «default: <i>instructions</i>»}</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}else if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}<i>...</i>«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>switch <i>variable</i> { case <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «default: <i>instructions</i>»}</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»orunless (<i>notcondition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}elsif (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}<i>...</i>«else {<i>instructions</i>}»orunless (<i>notcondition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}elsif (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}<i>...</i>«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>use feature "switch";<i>...</i>given (<i>variable</i>) { when (<i>case1</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «default { <i>instructions</i> }»}</td><td><i>condition</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">?</a> <i>valueIfTrue</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">:</a> <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»orunless <i>notcondition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}</td><td>if <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}elsif <i>condition</i> {<i>instructions</i>}...«else {<i>instructions</i>}</td><td>given <i>variable</i> { when <i>case1</i> { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «default { <i>instructions</i> }»}</td><td><i>condition</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">??</a> <i>valueIfTrue</i> !! <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>«else <i>instructions»</i></td><td>if <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>elsif <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»end</td><td>case <i>variable</i> when <i>case1</i> <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «else <i>instructions</i>»end</td><td><i>condition</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">?</a> <i>valueIfTrue</i> <a href="/facts/%253F%3a/3C8mgMD9">:</a> <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}else if (<i>condition</i>) {<i>instructions</i>}...«else {<i>instructions</i>}»</td><td><i>expression</i> match { case <i>pattern1</i> => <i>expression</i> case <i>pattern2</i> => <i>expression</i> <i>...</i> «case _ => <i>expression</i>»}[b]</td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) <i>valueIfTrue</i> else <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td><i>condition</i> ifTrue: <i>trueBlock</i>«ifFalse: <i>falseBlock</i>»end</td><td></td><td></td><td><i>condition</i> ifTrue: <i>trueBlock</i> ifFalse: <i>falseBlock</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td><i>(when</i> condition <i>instructions</i>)or(unless <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>)or(if <i>condition</i> (progn <i>instructions</i>) «(progn <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(cond (<i>condition1 instructions</i>) (<i>condition2 instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(t <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(case <i>expression</i> (<i>case1 instructions</i>) (<i>case2 instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(otherwise <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(if <i>test then else</i>)or(cond (<i>test1 value1</i>) (<i>test2 value2</i>) <i>...</i>))</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>(when <i>condition instructions</i>)or(if <i>condition</i> (begin <i>instructions</i>) «(begin <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(cond (<i>condition1 instructions</i>) (<i>condition2 instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(else <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(case (<i>variable</i>) ((<i>case1</i>) <i>instructions</i>) ((<i>case2</i>) <i>instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(else <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(if <i>condition valueIfTrue valueIfFalse</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(if <i>condition</i> (progn <i>instructions</i>) «(progn <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(cond (<i>condition1 instructions</i>) (<i>condition2 instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(t <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(case <i>expression</i> (<i>case1 instructions</i>) (<i>case2 instructions</i>) <i>...</i> «(t <i>instructions</i>)»)</td><td>(if <i>condition valueIfTrue valueIfFalse</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i>end«else begin <i>instructions</i>end»'[c]</td><td>if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i>endelse if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i>end<i>...</i>«else begin <i>instructions</i>end»[c]</td><td>case <i>variable</i> of <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «else: <i>instructions</i>»end[c]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td rowspan="3">If <i>condition</i> Then <i>instructions</i>«Else <i>instructions</i>»End IfSingle-line, when instructions are instruction1 : instruction2 : ...:If <i>condition</i> Then <i>instructions</i> «Else <i>instructions»</i></td><td rowspan="3">If <i>condition</i> Then <i>instructions</i>ElseIf <i>condition</i> Then <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«Else <i>instructions</i>»End IfSingle-line:See note about C-like languages; the Else clause of a single-line If statement can contain another single-line If statement.</td><td rowspan="3">Select« Case» <i>variable</i> Case <i>case_pattern1</i> <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> «Case Else <i>instructions</i>»End Select</td><td><a href="/facts/IIf/sgRc3SQD">IIf</a>(<i>condition</i>, <i>valueIfTrue</i>, <i>valueIfFalse</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td rowspan="2">If(<i>condition</i>, <i>valueIfTrue</i>, <i>valueIfFalse</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a>[a]</td><td>if <i>condition</i> :Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td><td>if <i>condition</i> :Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>elif <i>condition</i> :Tab ↹<i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td><td>Python 3.10+:match <i>variable</i>:Tab ↹case <i>case1</i>:Tab ↹Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>Tab ↹case <i>case2</i>:Tab ↹Tab ↹<i>instructions</i></td><td>Python 2.5+:<i>valueIfTrue</i> if <i>condition</i> else <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } «else { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>if (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } else if (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «else { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>switch (<i>variable</i>) { case <i>case1</i>: <i>instructions</i> } { case <i>case2</i>: <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>IF (<i>condition</i>) THEN <i>instructions</i>ELSE <i>instructions</i>ENDIF</td><td>IF (<i>condition</i>) THEN <i>instructions</i>ELSEIF (<i>condition</i>) THEN <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>ELSE <i>instructions</i>ENDIF</td><td>SELECT CASE(<i>variable</i>) CASE (<i>case1</i>) <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> CASE DEFAULT <i>instructions</i>END SELECT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td><i>condition</i> IF <i>instructions</i> « ELSE <i>instructions</i>» THEN</td><td><i>condition</i> IF <i>instructions</i> ELSE <i>condition</i> IF <i>instructions</i> THEN THEN</td><td><i>value</i> CASE <i>case</i> OF <i>instructions</i> ENDOF <i>case</i> OF <i>instructions</i> ENDOF <i>default instructions</i>ENDCASE</td><td><i>condition</i> IF <i>valueIfTrue </i>ELSE <i>valueIfFalse</i> THEN</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i> end «else begin <i>instructions</i> end»</td><td>if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i> end else if <i>condition</i> then begin <i>instructions</i> end <i>...</i> «else begin <i>instructions</i> end»</td><td rowspan="2">match <i>value</i> with <i>pattern1</i> -> <i>expression</i> | <i>pattern2</i> -> <i>expression</i> <i>...</i> «| _ -> <i>expression</i>»[b]</td><td rowspan="4">if <i>condition</i> then <i>valueIfTrue</i> else <i>valueIfFalse</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>Lightweight syntax mode:<p>Either on a single line or with indentation as shown below:if <i>condition</i> thenTab ↹<i>instructions</i>«elseTab ↹<i>instructions»</i>Verbose syntax mode:Same as Standard ML.</p></td><td>Lightweight syntax mode:Either on a single line or with indentation as shown below:if <i>condition</i> thenTab ↹<i>instructions</i>elif <i>condition</i> thenTab ↹<i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«elseTab ↹<i>instructions»</i>Verbose syntax mode:Same as Standard ML.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then «(<i>»instructions «</i>)»else «(<i>» instructions «</i>)»</td><td>if <i>condition</i> then «(<i>»instructions «</i>)»else if <i>condition</i> then «(<i>» instructions «</i>)»<i>...</i>else «(<i>» instructions «</i>)»</td><td>case <i>value</i> of <i>pattern1</i> => <i>expression</i> | <i>pattern2</i> => <i>expression</i> <i>...</i> «| _ => <i>expression»</i>[b]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i> else <i>expression</i>orwhen <i>condition</i> (do <i>instructions</i>)orunless <i>notcondition</i> (do <i>instructions</i>)</td><td><i>result</i> | <i>condition</i> = <i>expression</i> | <i>condition</i> = <i>expression</i> | otherwise = <i>expression</i></td><td>case <i>value</i> of { <i>pattern1</i> -> <i>expression</i>; <i>pattern2</i> -> <i>expression</i>; <i>...</i> «_ -> <i>expression»</i>}[b]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td>if <i>condition-command;</i> then <i>expression</i>«else <i>expression</i>»fi</td><td>if <i>condition-command;</i> then <i>expression</i>elif <i>condition-command;</i> then <i>expression</i>«else <i>expression</i>»fi</td><td>case <i>"$variable"</i> in <i>"$condition1" ) command... "$condition2" ) command...</i>esac</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CoffeeScript/S8U53Pxy">CoffeeScript</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i> «else <i>expression»</i>orif <i>condition expression</i>«else <i>expression»</i>or<i>expression</i> if <i>condition</i>orunless <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>«else <i>expression»</i>or<i>expression</i> unless <i>condition</i></td><td>if <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i> else if <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i> «else <i>expression»</i>orif <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>else if <i>condition expression</i>«else <i>expression»</i>orunless <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>else unless <i>condition expression</i>«else <i>expression»</i></td><td>switch <i>expression</i> when <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i> else <i>expression</i>orswitch <i>expression</i> when <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i> «else <i>expression»</i></td><td>All conditions are expressions.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>IF <i>condition</i> «THEN» <i>expression</i>«ELSE <i>expression»</i>.[d]</td><td></td><td>EVALUATE <i>expression</i> «ALSO <i>expression...</i>» WHEN <i>case-or-condition</i> «ALSO <i>case-or-condition...» expression ...</i> «WHEN OTHER <i>expression</i>»END-EVALUATE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>if <i>condition</i> { <i>expression</i>}« else { <i>expression</i>}»</td><td>if <i>condition</i> { <i>expression</i>} else if <i>condition</i> {<i> expression</i>}« else {<i> expression</i>}<i>»</i></td><td>match <i>variable</i> { <i>pattern1</i> => <i>expression,</i> <i>pattern2</i> => <i>expression,</i> <i>pattern3</i> => <i>expression,</i> «_ => <i>expression</i>»}[b][e]</td><td>All conditions are expressions</td></tr><tr><th></th><th>if</th><th>else if</th><th><a href="/facts/Switch_statement/oQCWnGWh">select case</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Conditional_(programming)/8gDQTqUD">conditional expression</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a A single instruction can be written on the same line following the colon. Multiple instructions are grouped together in a <a href="/facts/Block_(programming)/E6yG3dnJ">block</a> which starts on a newline (The indentation is required). The conditional expression syntax does not follow this rule.</li> <li>^b This is <a href="/facts/Pattern_matching/CEwptMs9">pattern matching</a> and is similar to select case but not the same. It is usually used to deconstruct <a href="/facts/Algebraic_data_type/Fn9KhnAb">algebraic data types</a>.</li> <li>^c In languages of the Pascal family, the semicolon is not part of the statement. It is a separator between statements, not a terminator.</li> <li>^d END-IF may be used instead of the period at the end.</li> <li>^e In Rust, the comma (,) at the end of a match arm can be omitted after the last match arm, or after any match arm in which the expression is a block (ends in possibly empty matching brackets {}).</li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/Control_flow/2XTDfErC">Loop statements</a></h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/While_loop/hLrKdAFo">while loop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Do_while_loop/5v1RKByr">do while loop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/For_loop/cwV2nRzp">(count-controlled) for loop</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Foreach/wQzIwX3k">foreach</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> loop <i>statements</i>end loop</td><td>loop <i>statements</i> exit when not <i>condition</i>end loop</td><td>for <i>index</i> in «reverse» <i>[first</i> .. <i>last | discrete_type]</i> loop <i>statements</i>end loop</td><td>for <i>item</i> of «reverse» <i>iterator</i> loop <i>statements</i>end loopor(for [all | some] [in | of] <i>[first</i> .. <i>last | discrete_type | iterator]</i> => <i>predicate</i>)[b]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td colspan="3">«for <i>index</i>» «from <i>first</i>» «by <i>increment</i>» «to <i>last</i>» «while <i>condition</i>» do <i>statements</i> od</td><td rowspan="2">for key «to upb list» do «typename val=list[key];» <i>statements</i> od</td></tr><tr><td>«while <i>condition</i>» do <i>statements</i> od</td><td>«while <i>statements; condition</i>» do <i>statements</i> od</td><td>«for <i>index</i>» «from <i>first</i>» «by <i>increment</i>» «to <i>last</i>» do <i>statements</i> od</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>:While <i>condition</i> <i>statements</i>:EndWhile</td><td>:Repeat <i>statements</i>:Until <i>condition</i></td><td>:For <i>var«s»</i> :In <i>list</i> <i>statements</i>:EndFor</td><td>:For <i>var«s»</i> :InEach <i>list</i> <i>statements</i>:EndFor</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="9">instructions can be a single statement or a block in the form of: { <i>statements</i> }while (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i></td><td rowspan="9">do <i>instructions</i> while (<i>condition</i>);</td><td rowspan="5">for (<i>«type» i</i> = <i>first</i>; <i>i</i> <= <i>last</i>; <i>i</i>++) <i>instructions</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>for (<i>type item</i> in <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td>«std::»for_each(<i>start</i>, <i>end</i>, <i>function</i>)Since <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a>:for (<i>type item</i> : <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>foreach (<i>type item</i> in <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>for (<i>type item</i> : <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>for (var <i>i</i> = <i>first</i>; <i>i</i> <= <i>last</i>; <i>i</i>++) <i>instructions</i></td><td>Since <a href="/facts/EcmaScript/M7nDHsB5">EcmaScript</a> 2015:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><p>for (var <i>item</i> of <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>foreach (range(<i>first</i>, <i>last</i>) as $i) <i>instructions</i>orfor ($i = <i>first</i>; $i <= <i>last</i>; $i++) <i>instructions</i></td><td>foreach (<i>set</i> as <i>item</i>) <i>instructions</i>orforeach (<i>set</i> as <i>key</i> => <i>item</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>for ($i = <i>first</i>; $i -le <i>last</i>; $i++) <i>instructions</i></td><td>foreach (<i>item</i> in <i>set</i>) <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>foreach <i>(i;</i> first <i>...</i> last) <i>instructions</i></td><td>foreach <i>(«type» item; set) instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>for <i>condition</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td></td><td>for <i>i</i> := <i>first</i>; <i>i</i> <= <i>last</i>; <i>i</i>++ { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>for <i>key</i>, <i>item</i> := range <i>set</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>2.x:repeat { <i>instructions</i> } while <i>condition</i>1.x:do { <i>instructions</i> } while <i>condition</i></td><td>for <i>i</i> = <i>first</i> ... <i>last</i> { <i>instructions</i> }orfor <i>i</i> = <i>first</i> ..< <i>last+1</i> { <i>instructions</i> }orfor var <i>i</i> = <i>first</i>; <i>i</i> <= <i>last</i>; <i>i</i>++ { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>while (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }oruntil (<i>notcondition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>do { <i>instructions</i> } while (<i>condition</i>)ordo { <i>instructions</i> } until (<i>notcondition</i>)</td><td>for«each» «$i» (<i>first</i> .. <i>last</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }orfor ($i = <i>first</i>; $i <= <i>last</i>; $i++) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>for«each» <i>«$item»</i> (<i>set</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> { <i>instructions</i> }oruntil <i>notcondition</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>repeat { <i>instructions</i> } while <i>condition</i>orrepeat { <i>instructions</i> } until <i>notcondition</i></td><td>for <i>first</i>..<i>last</i> -> $i { <i>instructions</i> }orloop ($i = <i>first</i>; $i <=<i>last</i>; $i++) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>for <i>set«</i> -> <i>$item»</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>endoruntil <i>notcondition</i> <i>instructions</i>end</td><td>begin <i>instructions</i>end while <i>condition</i>orbegin <i>instructions</i>end until <i>notcondition</i></td><td>for i in <i>first</i>..<i>last</i> <i>instructions</i>endorfor i in <i>first</i>...<i>last+1</i> <i>instructions</i>endor<i>first</i>.upto(<i>last</i>) { |i| <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> <i>instructions</i>endor<i>set</i>.each { |<i>item</i>| <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td>while <i>condition ;</i>do <i>instructions</i>doneoruntil <i>notcondition ;</i>do <i>instructions</i>done</td><td>—</td><td>for ((<i>i</i> = <i>first</i>; <i>i</i> <= <i>last</i>; ++<i>i</i>)) ; do <i>instructions</i>done</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set ;</i>do <i>instructions</i>done</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td>while (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>do { <i>instructions</i> } while (<i>condition</i>)</td><td>for (<i>i</i> <- <i>first</i> to <i>last</i> «by 1») { <i>instructions</i> }or<i>first</i> to <i>last</i> «by 1» foreach (<i>i</i> => { <i>instructions</i> })</td><td>for (<i>item</i> <- <i>set</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }or<i>set</i> foreach (<i>item</i> => { <i>instructions</i> })</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td><i>conditionBlock</i> whileTrue: <i>loopBlock</i></td><td><i>loopBlock</i> doWhile: <i>conditionBlock</i></td><td><i>first</i> to: <i>last</i> do: <i>loopBlock</i></td><td><i>collection</i> do: <i>loopBlock</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(loop while <i>condition</i> do <i>instructions</i>)or(do () (<i>notcondition</i>) <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>(loop do <i>instructions</i> while <i>condition</i>)</td><td>(loop for i from <i>first</i> to <i>last «by 1»</i> do <i>instructions</i>)or(dotimes (i N) <i>instructions</i>)or(do ((i <i>first</i> (1+ i))) ((>=i <i>last</i>)) <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>(loop for <i>item</i> in <i>list</i> do <i>instructions</i>)or(loop for <i>item</i> across <i>vector</i> do <i>instructions</i>)or(dolist (<i>item list</i>) <i>instructions</i>)or(mapc <i>function list</i>)or(map <i>type function sequence</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>(do () (<i>notcondition</i>) <i>instructions</i>)or(let loop () (if <i>condition</i> (begin <i>instructions</i> (loop))))</td><td>(let loop () (<i>instructions</i> (if <i>condition</i> (loop))))</td><td>(do ((i <i>first</i> (+ i 1))) ((>= i <i>last</i>)) <i>instructions</i>)or(let loop ((i <i>first</i>)) (if (< i <i>last</i>) (begin <i>instructions</i> (loop (+ i 1)))))</td><td>(for-each (lambda (<i>item</i>) <i>instructions</i>) <i>list</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(while <i>condition instructions</i>)</td><td>(tagbody loop <i>instructions</i> (if <i>condition</i> (go loop))</td><td>(for ((i <i>first</i> (+ i 1))) ((>= i <i>last</i>)) <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>(mapc (lambda (<i>item</i>) <i>instructions</i>) <i>list</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> do begin <i>instructions</i>end</td><td>repeat <i>instructions</i>until <i>notcondition</i>;</td><td>for <i>i</i> := <i>first</i> «step 1» to <i>last</i> do begin <i>instructions</i>end;[a]</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> do <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td rowspan="2">Do While <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>LooporDo Until <i>notcondition</i> <i>instructions</i>LooporWhile <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>Wend (Visual Basic .NET uses End While instead)</td><td rowspan="2">Do <i>instructions</i>Loop While <i>condition</i>orDo <i>instructions</i>Loop Until <i>notcondition</i></td><td>i must be declared beforehand.<p>For <i>i</i> = <i>first</i> To <i>last</i> «Step <i>1» instructions</i>Next i</p></td><td>For Each <i>item</i> In <i>set</i> <i>instructions</i>Next <i>item</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td rowspan="2">For i« As <i>type»</i> = <i>first</i> To <i>last«</i> Step <i>1» instructions</i>Next« i»[a]</td><td rowspan="2">For Each <i>item«</i> As <i>type»</i> In <i>set</i> <i>instructions</i>Next<i>« item»</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>While <i>condition</i> <i>instructions</i>Wend</td><td>Do Until <i>notcondition</i> <i>instructions</i>LooporDo <i>instructions</i>Loop Until <i>notcondition</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> :Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td><td>—</td><td>Python 3.x:for i in range(<i>first</i>, <i>last+1</i>):Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i>Python 2.x:for i in xrange(<i>first</i>, <i>last+1</i>):Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i>:Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>while (<i>condition</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } «then <i>optional-block»</i></td><td>do { <i>instructions</i> } while (<i>condition</i>) «then <i>optional-block»</i></td><td>for (i = <i>first</i>; i <= <i>last</i>; i++) { <i>instructions</i> } «then <i>optional-block»</i></td><td>foreach <i>item</i>(<i>set</i>) «using (<i>what</i>)» { <i>instructions</i> } «then <i>optional-block»</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>DO WHILE (<i>condition</i>) <i>instructions</i>ENDDO</td><td>DO <i>instructions</i> IF (<i>condition</i>) EXITENDDO</td><td>DO <i>I</i> = <i>first</i>,<i>last</i> <i>instructions</i>ENDDO</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td>BEGIN <i>«instructions» condition</i> WHILE <i>instructions</i> REPEAT</td><td>BEGIN <i> instructions condition</i> UNTIL</td><td><i>limit start</i> DO <i>instructions</i> LOOP</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> do <i>instructions</i> done</td><td>—</td><td>for i = <i>first</i> to <i>last</i> do <i>instructions</i> done</td><td>Array.iter (fun <i>item</i> -> <i>instructions</i>) <i>array</i>orList.iter (fun <i>item</i> -> <i>instructions</i>) <i>list</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> doTab ↹<i>instructions</i></td><td>—</td><td>for i = <i>first</i> to <i>last</i> doTab ↹<i>instructions</i></td><td>for<i>item</i> in <i>set</i> doTab ↹<i>instructions</i>orSeq.iter (fun <i>item</i> -> <i>instructions</i>) <i>set</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> do ( <i>instructions</i> )</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Array.app (fn <i>item</i> => <i>instructions</i>) <i>array</i>orapp (fn <i>item</i> => <i>instructions</i>) <i>list</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>Control.Monad.forM_ [<i>first</i>..<i>last</i>] (\i -> do <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>Control.Monad.forM_<i>list</i> (\item -> do <i>instructions</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td colspan="4">from <i>setup</i>until <i>condition</i>loop <i>instructions</i>end</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/CoffeeScript/S8U53Pxy">CoffeeScript</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>or<i>expression</i> while <i>condition</i>orwhile <i>condition</i> then <i>expression</i>oruntil <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>or<i>expression</i> until <i>condition</i>oruntil <i>expression</i> then <i>condition</i></td><td>—</td><td>for <i>i</i> in [<i>first</i>..<i>last</i>] <i>expression</i>orfor <i>i</i> in [<i>first</i>..<i>last</i>] then <i>expression</i>or<i>expression</i> for <i>i</i> in [<i>first</i>..<i>last</i>]</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> <i>expression</i>orfor <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> then <i>expression</i>or<i>expression</i> for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>PERFORM <i>procedure-1</i> «THROUGH <i>procedure-2</i>» ««WITH» TEST BEFORE» UNTIL <i>condition</i>[c]orPERFORM ««WITH» TEST BEFORE» UNTIL <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>END-PERFORM</td><td>PERFORM <i>procedure-1</i> «THROUGH <i>procedure-2</i>» «WITH» TEST AFTER UNTIL <i>condition</i>[c]orPERFORM «WITH» TEST AFTER UNTIL <i>condition</i> <i>expression</i>END-PERFORM</td><td>PERFORM <i>procedure-1</i> «THROUGH <i>procedure-2»</i> VARYING <i>i</i> FROM <i>first</i> BY <i>increment</i> UNTIL <i>i</i> > <i>last</i>[d]orPERFORM VARYING <i>i</i> FROM <i>first</i> BY <i>increment</i> UNTIL <i>i</i> > <i>last</i> <i>expression</i>END-PERFORM[d]</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>while <i>condition</i> { <i>expression</i>}</td><td>loop { <i>expression</i> if <i>condition</i> { break; }}</td><td>for i in <i>first</i>..<i>last+1</i> { <i>expression</i>}orfor i in <i>first</i>..=<i>last</i> { <i>expression</i>}</td><td>for <i>item</i> in <i>set</i> { <i>expression</i>}[e]or<i>set</i>.into_iter().for_each(|<i>item</i>| expression);[e]</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a "step n" is used to change the loop interval. If "step" is omitted, then the loop interval is 1.</li> <li>^b This implements the <a href="/facts/Universal_quantifier/agNmvJKN">universal quantifier</a> ("for all" or " ∀ {\displaystyle \forall } ") as well as the <a href="/facts/Existential_quantifier/hHveaBYo">existential quantifier</a> ("there exists" or " ∃ {\displaystyle \exists } ").</li> <li>^c THRU may be used instead of THROUGH.</li> <li>^d «IS» GREATER «THAN» may be used instead of >.</li> <li>^e Type of set expression must implement trait std::iter::IntoIterator.</li></ul> <h3><a href="/facts/Exception_handling/VrJxgb9r">Exceptions</a></h3> <p class="note">Further information: <a href="/facts/Exception_handling_syntax/b4sInxFV">Exception handling syntax</a></p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>throw</th><th>handler</th><th>assertion</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td>raise <i>exception_name</i> «with <i>string_expression»</i></td><td>begin <i>statements</i>exception when <i>exception_list1</i> => <i>statements;</i> when <i>exception_list2</i> => <i>statements;</i><i>...</i> «when others => <i>statements;</i>»end[b]</td><td>pragma Assert («Check =>» <i>boolean_expression</i> ««Message =>» <i>string_expression</i>»)<i>[function | procedure | entry]</i> with Pre => <i>boolean_expression</i> Post => <i>boolean_expression</i><i>any_type</i> with Type_Invariant => <i>boolean_expression</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td><i>«string_expression»</i> ⎕SIGNAL <i>number_expression</i></td><td>:Trap <i>number«s»_expression</i> <i>statements</i>«:Case <i>number«s»_expression</i> <i>statements</i>»<i>...</i>«:Else <i>number«s»_expression</i> <i>statements</i>»:EndTrap</td><td><i>«string_expression»</i> ⎕SIGNAL 98/⍨~<i>condition</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Longjmp/c9b2pNrL">longjmp</a>(<i>state</i>, <i>exception</i>);</td><td>switch (<a href="/facts/Setjmp/c9b2pNrL">setjmp</a>(<i>state</i>)) { case 0: <i>instructions</i> break; case <i>exception</i>: <i>instructions</i> ... }</td><td rowspan="2">assert(<i>condition</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td rowspan="8">throw <i>exception</i>;</td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch «(<i>exception</i>)» { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch «(<i>exception« name»</i>)» { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(<i>condition</i>);orSystem.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(<i>condition</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch (<i>exception</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>assert <i>condition</i> «: <i>description</i>»;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch (<i>exception</i>) { <i>instructions</i>} «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch (<i>exception</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>assert(<i>condition</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch (<i>exception</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>assert(<i>condition</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> } catch <i>«exception»</i> { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>trap «[<i>exception</i>]» { <i>instructions</i> } <i>... instructions</i>ortry { <i>instructions</i> } catch «[<i>exception</i>]» { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>[Debug]::Assert(<i>condition</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>@throw <i>exception</i>;</td><td>@try { <i>instructions</i> } @catch (<i>exception</i>) { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> «@finally { <i>instructions</i> }»</td><td>NSAssert(<i>condition</i>, <i>description</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>throw <i>exception</i> (2.x)</td><td>do { try <i>expression</i> ... <i>instructions</i> } catch <i>exception</i> { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i> (2.x)</td><td>assert(<i>condition</i>«, <i>description</i>»)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td rowspan="2">die <i>exception</i>;</td><td>eval { <i>instructions</i> }; if ($@) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>try { <i>instructions</i> CATCH { when <i>exception</i> { <i>instructions</i> } <i>...</i>}}</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>raise <i>exception</i></td><td>begin <i>instructions</i>rescue <i>exception</i> <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else <i>instructions</i>»«ensure <i>instructions</i>»end</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td><i>exception</i> raise</td><td><i>instructionBlock</i> on: <i>exception</i> do: <i>handlerBlock</i></td><td>assert: <i>conditionBlock</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(error <i>"exception"</i>)or(error <i>type</i> <i>arguments</i>)or(error (make-condition <i>type</i> <i>arguments</i>))</td><td>(handler-case (progn <i>instructions</i>) (<i>exception instructions</i>) <i>...</i>)or(handler-bind (<i>condition</i> (lambda <i>instructions</i> «invoke-restart <i>restart args»</i>))<i>...</i>)[a]</td><td>(assert <i>condition</i>)or(assert <i>condition</i> «(<i>place</i>) <i>«error»»</i>)or(check-type <i>var type</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (<a href="/facts/R6RS/0aGdf3SC">R6RS</a>)</td><td>(raise <i>exception</i>)</td><td>(guard (con (<i>condition instructions</i>) <i>...</i>) <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(error <i>"error-string" objects</i>)or(signal-condition <i>condition continuable</i>)</td><td>(with-handler <i>handler form*</i>)</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>raise <i>Exception.Create()</i></td><td>try <i>Except</i> on <i>E: exception</i> do begin <i>instructions</i> end; end;</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Err.Raise <i>ERRORNUMBER</i></td><td>With New <i>Try</i>: On Error Resume Next <i>OneInstruction.Catch</i>: On Error GoTo 0: Select Case <i>.Number</i> Case <i>SOME_ERRORNUMBER</i> <i>instructions</i>End Select: End With'*** Try class ***Private mstrDescription As StringPrivate mlngNumber As LongPublic Sub Catch() mstrDescription = Err.Description mlngNumber = Err.NumberEnd SubPublic Property Get Number() As Long Number = mlngNumberEnd PropertyPublic Property Get Description() As String Description = mstrDescriptionEnd Property<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td>Debug.Assert <i>condition</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>Throw <i>exception</i>orError <i>errorcode</i></td><td>Try <i>instructions</i>Catch« <i>name</i> As <i>exception</i>»« When <i>condition</i>» <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«Finally <i>instructions</i>»End Try</td><td>System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(<i>condition</i>)orSystem.Diagnostics.Trace.Assert(<i>condition</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>Raise <i>exception</i></td><td>Try <i>instructions</i>Catch <i>«exception»</i> <i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«Finally <i>instructions</i>»End Try</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>raise <i>exception</i></td><td>try:Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>except <i>«exception»</i>:Tab ↹<i>instructions</i><i>...</i>«else:Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>»«finally:Tab ↹<i>instructions»</i></td><td>assert <i>condition</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td colspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td><i>code</i> THROW</td><td><i>xt</i> CATCH <i>( code or 0 )</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td rowspan="2">raise <i>exception</i></td><td>try <i>expression</i> with <i>pattern</i> -> <i>expression ...</i></td><td rowspan="2">assert <i>condition</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>try <i>expression</i> with <i>pattern</i> -> <i>expression ...</i>ortry <i>expression</i> finally <i>expression</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>raise <i>exception «arg»</i></td><td><i>expression</i> handle <i>pattern</i> => <i>expression ...</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>throw <i>exception</i>orthrowError <i>expression</i></td><td>catch <i>tryExpression catchExpression</i>orcatchError <i>tryExpression catchExpression</i></td><td>assert <i>condition expression</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>RAISE «EXCEPTION» <i>exception</i></td><td>USE «AFTER» EXCEPTION OBJECT <i>class-name</i>.orUSE «AFTER» EO <i>class-name</i>.orUSE «AFTER» EXCEPTION CONDITION <i>exception-name</i> «FILE <i>file-name»</i>.orUSE «AFTER» EC <i>exception-name</i> «FILE <i>file-name»</i>.</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td colspan="2">No<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>assert!(<i>condition</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a Common Lisp allows with-simple-restart, restart-case and restart-bind to define restarts for use with invoke-restart. Unhandled conditions may cause the implementation to show a restarts menu to the user before unwinding the stack.</li> <li>^b Uncaught exceptions are propagated to the innermost dynamically enclosing execution. Exceptions are not propagated across tasks (unless these tasks are currently synchronised in a rendezvous).</li></ul> <h3>Other control flow statements</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>exit block (break)</th><th>continue</th><th><a href="/facts/Label_(programming_language)/DT6KU8R5">label</a></th><th>branch (<a href="/facts/Goto/kWdNKT2M">goto</a>)</th><th>return value from generator</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td>exit <i>«loop_name»</i> «when <i>condition»</i></td><td>—</td><td><i>label</i>:</td><td>goto <i>label</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td><i>value</i> exit; ...</td><td>do <i>statements;</i> skip exit; <i>label: statements</i> od</td><td>label: ...</td><td>go to <i>label; ...</i>goto <i>label; ...label; ...</i></td><td>yield(value)<p>(<a href="/facts/Callback_(computer_science)/vPlrCJXG">Callback</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>:Leave</td><td>:Continue</td><td><i>label</i>:</td><td>→<i>label</i>or:GoTo <i>label</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="5">break;</td><td rowspan="5">continue;</td><td rowspan="12"><i>label</i>:</td><td rowspan="5">goto <i>label</i>;</td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>yield return <i>value</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td rowspan="2">break <i>«label»</i>;</td><td rowspan="2">continue <i>«label»</i>;</td><td rowspan="2">—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>yield <i>value«;»</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>break <i>«levels»</i>;</td><td>continue <i>«levels»</i>;</td><td rowspan="3">goto <i>label</i>;</td><td>yield <i>«key =>» value;</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td rowspan="2">last <i>«label»</i>;</td><td rowspan="2">next <i>«label»</i>;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>break <i>«label»</i></td><td>continue <i>«label»</i></td><td>goto <i>label</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>break <i>«label»</i></td><td>continue <i>«label»</i></td><td>—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td>break <i>«levels»</i></td><td>continue <i>«levels»</i></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(return)or(return-from <i>block</i>)or(loop-finish)</td><td></td><td>(tagbody <i>tag</i> <i>...</i> <i>tag</i><i>...</i>)</td><td>(go <i>tag</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(return-from <i>block</i>)</td><td></td><td>(tagbody <i>tag</i> <i>...</i> <i>tag</i><i>...</i>)</td><td>(go <i>tag</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pascal (ISO)</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td rowspan="2"><i>label</i>:[a]</td><td rowspan="2">goto <i>label</i>;</td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a> (<a href="/facts/Free_Pascal/kmGChqAg">FPC</a>)</td><td>break;</td><td>continue;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td rowspan="3">Exit <i>block</i>Alternatively, for methods,Return</td><td>—</td><td rowspan="3"><i>label</i>:</td><td rowspan="3">GoTo <i>label</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td rowspan="2">Continue <i>block</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>Yield <i>value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>break</td><td>continue</td><td colspan="2">—</td><td>yield <i>value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/RPG_IV/yNSN1Ga1">RPG IV</a></td><td>LEAVE;</td><td>ITER;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>break;</td><td>continue;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>EXIT</td><td>CYCLE</td><td>label[b]</td><td>GOTO <i>label</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>break</td><td>next</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>break <i>«label»</i></td><td>continue</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td rowspan="4" colspan="4">—</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>EXIT PERFORM or EXIT PARAGRAPH or EXIT SECTION or EXIT.</td><td>EXIT PERFORM CYCLE</td><td><i>label</i> «SECTION».</td><td>GO TO <i>label</i></td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a Pascal has declaration blocks. See functions.</li> <li>^b label must be a number between 1 and 99999.</li></ul> <h2 id="functions"><a href="/facts/Subroutine/9vFJrg0A">Functions</a></h2> <p>See <i><a href="/facts/Reflective_programming/Nj8stFfp">reflective programming</a></i> for calling and declaring functions by strings. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>calling a function</th><th>basic/void function</th><th>value-returning function</th><th>required <a href="/facts/Main_function/nN52vHKb">main function</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><i>foo «(parameters)»</i></td><td>procedure <i>foo «(parameters)»</i> is begin <i>statements</i> end <i>foo</i></td><td>function <i>foo «(parameters)»</i> return <i>type</i> is begin <i>statements</i> end <i>foo</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td><i>foo «(parameters)»</i>;</td><td>proc <i>foo</i> = <i>«(parameters)»</i> <a href="/facts/Void_type/qbMrxVtl">void</a>: ( <i>instructions</i> );</td><td>proc <i>foo</i> = <i>«(parameters)»</i> rettype: ( <i>instructions ...; retvalue</i> );</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td><i>«parameters»</i> foo <i>parameters</i></td><td><i>foo←</i>{ <i>statements</i> }</td><td><i>foo←</i>{ <i>statements</i> }</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="9"><i>foo</i>(<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/Void_type/qbMrxVtl">void</a> <i>foo</i>(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td rowspan="5"><i>type</i> <i>foo</i>(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i>; }</td><td rowspan="3"><i>«global declarations»</i>int main(«int argc, char *argv[]») { <i>instructions</i>}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>public static void main(String[] args) { <i>instructions</i> }orpublic static void main(String<a href="/facts/Variadic_function/XjW6Nbsw">...</a> args) { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>int main(«char[][] args») { <i>instructions</i>}orint main(«string[] args») { <i>instructions</i>}orvoid main(«char[][] args») { <i>instructions</i>}orvoid main(«string[] args») { <i>instructions</i>}</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td>Same as above; alternatively, if only one statement:<p><a href="/facts/Void_type/qbMrxVtl">void</a> foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) => <i>statement</i>;</p></td><td>Same as above; alternatively, if simple enough to be an expression:<p><a href="/facts/Void_type/qbMrxVtl">void</a> foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) => <i>expression</i>;</p></td><td>static void Main(«string[] args») method_bodyMay instead return int.(starting with C# 7.1:) May return Task or Task<int>, and if so, may be async.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a></td><td>function foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }orvar foo = function (<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }orvar foo = new Function (<i>"«parameter»"</i>, <i>...</i>, <i>"«last parameter»"</i> "<i>instructions</i>");</td><td>function foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i>; }</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>func foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>func foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) <i>type</i> { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i> }</td><td>func main() { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>func foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>func foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) -> <i>type</i> { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i> }</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td rowspan="3">(foo <i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Defun/aRHzu1ur">defun</a> foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) <i>instructions</i>)or(setf (symbol-function '<i>symbol</i>) <i>function</i>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Defun/aRHzu1ur">defun</a> foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) <i>... value</i>)</td><td rowspan="3">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>(define (foo <i>parameters</i>) <i>instructions</i>)or(define foo (<a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">lambda</a> (<i>parameters</i>) <i>instructions</i>))</td><td>(define (foo <i>parameters</i>) <i>instructions... return_value</i>)or(define foo (<a href="/facts/Anonymous_function/2vdyE4zL">lambda</a> (<i>parameters</i>) <i>instructions... return_value</i>))</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Defun/aRHzu1ur">defun</a> foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) <i>instructions</i>)</td><td>(<a href="/facts/Defun/aRHzu1ur">defun</a> foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) <i>... value</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»</td><td>procedure foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»; «forward;»[a]«label <i>label declarations</i>»«const <i>constant declarations</i>»«type <i>type declarations</i>»«var <i>variable declarations»«local function declarations»</i>begin <i>instructions</i>end;</td><td>function foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»: <i>type</i>; «forward;»[a]«label <i>label declarations</i>»«const <i>constant declarations</i>»«type <i>type declarations</i>»«var <i>variable declarations»«local function declarations»</i>begin <i>instructions</i>; foo := <i>value</i>end;</td><td>program <i>name</i>;«label <i>label declarations</i>»«const <i>constant declarations</i>»«type <i>type declarations</i>»«var <i>variable declarations»«function declarations»</i>begin <i>instructions</i>end.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td rowspan="3">Foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td rowspan="3">Sub Foo«(<i>parameters</i>)» <i>instructions</i>End Sub</td><td>Function Foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»« As<i> type»</i> <i>instructions</i> Foo = <i>value</i>End Function</td><td>Sub Main() <i>instructions</i>End Sub</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td rowspan="2">Same as above; alternatively:<p>Function Foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»« As <i>type»</i> <i>instructions</i> Return <i>value</i>End FunctionThe As clause is not required if Option Strict is off. A type character may be used instead of the As clause.If control exits the function without a return value having been explicitly specified, the function returns the default value for the return type.</p></td><td rowspan="2">Sub Main(««ByVal »args() As String») <i>instructions</i>End SuborFunction Main(««ByVal »args() As String») As Integer <i>instructions</i>End Function</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td>def foo(<i>«parameters»</i>):Tab ↹<i>instructions</i></td><td>def foo(<i>«parameters»</i>):Tab ↹<i>instructions</i>Tab ↹return <i>value</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters» «;qualifiers»</i>)</td><td>define foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>define foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i>; }</td><td>public define slsh_main () { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>foo (<i>«arguments»</i>)CALL sub_foo (<i>«arguments»</i>)[c]</td><td>SUBROUTINE sub_foo (<i>«arguments»</i>) <i>instructions</i>END SUBROUTINE[c]</td><td><i>type</i> FUNCTION foo (<i>«arguments»</i>) <i>instructions</i> <i>...</i> <i>foo</i> = <i>value</i>END FUNCTION[c]</td><td>PROGRAM <i>main</i> <i>instructions</i>END PROGRAM</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td><i>«parameters» </i>FOO</td><td>: FOO « stack effect comment: (<i> before</i> -- ) » <i>instructions</i>;</td><td>: FOO « stack effect comment: (<i> before</i> -- <i>after</i> ) » <i>instructions</i>;</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td>function foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>function foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> ... return <i>value</i>; }</td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)or&foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»</td><td>sub foo { «my (<i>parameters</i>) = @_;» <i>instructions </i>}</td><td>sub foo { «my (<i>parameters</i>) = @_;» <i>instructions</i>... «return» <i>value</i>; }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)or&foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»</td><td>«multi »sub foo(<i>parameters</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>«our <i>«type» »«</i>multi »sub foo(<i>parameters</i>) { <i>instructions ...</i> «return» <i>value</i>; }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>foo«(<i>parameters</i>)»</td><td>def foo«(<i>parameters</i>)» <i>instructions</i>end</td><td>def foo«(<i>parameters</i>)» <i>instructions</i> «return» <i>value</i>end</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a></td><td>foo(<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td>fn foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>fn foo(<i>«parameters»</i>) -> <i>type</i> { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>fn main() { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td><i>foo</i>«(<i>parameters</i>)»</td><td>def <i>foo</i>«(<i>parameters</i>)»«: Unit =» { <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>def <i>foo</i>«(<i>parameters</i>)»«: <i>type»</i> = { <i>instructions ...</i> «return» <i>value</i> }</td><td>def main(args: Array[String]) { <i>instructions</i> }</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>foo <i>«parameters»</i></td><td>function <i>foo</i> { <i>instructions</i> };orfunction <i>foo</i> { «param(<i>parameters</i>)» <i>instructions</i> }</td><td>function <i>foo</i> «(<i>parameters</i>)» { <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i> };orfunction foo { «param(<i>parameters</i>)» <i>instructions ...</i> return <i>value</i> }</td><td rowspan="4">—</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td rowspan="2">foo <i>«parameters»</i></td><td>function foo { <i>instructions</i>}orfoo () { <i>instructions</i>}</td><td>function foo { <i>instructions</i> return <i>«exit_code»</i>}orfoo () { <i>instructions</i> return <i>«exit_code»</i>}</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><ul><li>parameters<ul><li>$<i>n</i> (<i>$1</i>, <i>$2</i>, <i>$3</i>, ...)</li><li>$@ (all parameters)</li><li>$# (the number of parameters)</li><li>$0 (this function name)</li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td rowspan="4">foo <i>parameters</i></td><td rowspan="2">let «rec» foo <i>parameters</i> = <i>instructions</i></td><td rowspan="2">let «rec» foo <i>parameters</i> = <i>instructions... return_value</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>[<EntryPoint>] let main args =<i> instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>fun foo <i>parameters</i> = ( <i>instructions</i> )</td><td>fun foo <i>parameters</i> = ( <i>instructions... return_value</i> )</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a></td><td>foo <i>parameters</i> = doTab ↹<i>instructions</i></td><td>foo <i>parameters</i> = <i>return_value</i>orfoo <i>parameters</i> = doTab ↹<i>instructions</i>Tab ↹return <i>value</i></td><td>«main :: IO ()»main = do <i>instructions</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eiffel_(programming_language)/gEzPjzmn">Eiffel</a></td><td>foo (<i>«parameters»</i>)</td><td>foo (<i>«parameters»</i>) require <i>preconditions</i> do <i>instructions</i> ensure <i>postconditions</i> end</td><td>foo (<i>«parameters»</i>)<i>: type</i> require <i>preconditions</i> do <i>instructions</i> Result <i>:= value</i> ensure <i>postconditions</i> end</td><td>[b]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/CoffeeScript/S8U53Pxy">CoffeeScript</a></td><td>foo()</td><td>foo = -></td><td>foo = -> <i>value</i></td><td rowspan="2">—</td></tr><tr><td>foo <i>parameters</i></td><td>foo = () -></td><td>foo = ( <i>parameters</i> ) -> <i>value</i></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>CALL "<i>foo</i>" «USING <i>parameters» «exception-handling»«</i>END-CALL<i>»</i>[d]</td><td>«IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.»PROGRAM-ID. <i>foo</i>.<i>«other divisions...»</i>PROCEDURE DIVISION <i>«</i>USING <i>parameters»</i>.<i> instructions</i>.</td><td rowspan="2">«IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.»PROGRAM-ID/FUNCTION-ID. <i>foo</i>.«<i>other divisions...</i>»DATA DIVISION.«<i>other sections...</i>»LINKAGE SECTION.«<i>parameter definitions...</i>»<i>variable-to-return definition</i>«<i>other sections...</i>»PROCEDURE DIVISION «USING <i>parameters»</i> RETURNING <i>variable-to-return</i>. <i>instructions</i>.</td><td rowspan="2">—</td></tr><tr><td>«FUNCTION» <i>foo«(«parameters»)»</i></td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a Pascal requires "forward;" for <a href="/facts/Forward_declaration/0MfsIuRN">forward declarations</a>.</li> <li>^b Eiffel allows the specification of an application's root class and feature.</li> <li>^c In Fortran, function/subroutine parameters are called arguments (since PARAMETER is a language keyword); the CALL keyword is required for subroutines.</li> <li>^d Instead of using "foo", a string variable may be used instead containing the same value.</li></ul> <h2 id="type-conversions"><a href="/facts/Type_conversion/FuPD945T">Type conversions</a></h2> <p>Where <i>string</i> is a signed decimal number: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>string to integer</th><th>string to long integer</th><th>string to floating point</th><th>integer to string</th><th>floating point to string</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td>Integer'Value (<i>string_expression</i>)</td><td>Long_Integer'Value (<i>string_expression</i>)</td><td>Float'Value (<i>string_expression</i>)</td><td>Integer'Image (<i>integer_expression</i>)</td><td>Float'Image (<i>float_expression</i>)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a> with general, and then specific formats</td><td colspan="5">With prior declarations and association of: string <i>buf := "12345678.9012e34 ";</i> file <i>proxy; associate(proxy, buf);</i></td></tr><tr><td>get(proxy, ivar);</td><td>get(proxy, livar);</td><td>get(proxy, rvar);</td><td>put(proxy, ival);</td><td>put(proxy, rval);</td></tr><tr><td>getf(proxy, ($g$, ivar));orgetf(proxy, ($dddd$, ivar));</td><td>getf(proxy, ($g$, livar));orgetf(proxy, ($8d$, livar));</td><td>getf(proxy, ($g$, rvar));orgetf(proxy, ($8d.4dE2d$, rvar));</td><td>putf(proxy, ($g$, ival));orputf(proxy, ($4d$, ival));</td><td>putf(proxy, ($g(width, places, exp)$, rval));orputf(proxy, ($8d.4dE2d$, rval));</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td>⍎<i>string_expression</i></td><td>⍎<i>string_expression</i></td><td>⍎<i>string_expression</i></td><td>⍕<i>integer_expression</i></td><td>⍕<i>float_expression</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td><i>integer</i> = <a href="/facts/Atoi/V0AYCYR2">atoi</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>long</i> = <a href="/facts/Atol_(programming)/V0AYCYR2">atol</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = <a href="/facts/Atof/V0AYCYR2">atof</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td><a href="/facts/Sprintf/m5n82Fqz">sprintf</a>(<i>string</i>, "%i", <i>integer</i>);</td><td><a href="/facts/Sprintf/m5n82Fqz">sprintf</a>(<i>string</i>, "%f", <i>float</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = [<i>string</i> intValue];</td><td><i>long</i> = [<i>string</i> longLongValue];</td><td><i>float</i> = [<i>string</i> doubleValue];</td><td><i>string</i> = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%i", <i>integer</i>];</td><td><i>string</i> = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f", <i>float</i>];</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a> (STL)</td><td colspan="3">«std::»istringstream(<i>string</i>) >> <i>number;</i></td><td colspan="2">«std::»ostringstream <i>o</i>; <i>o</i> << <i>number</i>; <i>string</i> = <i>o</i>.str();</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B11/fI3YCoKQ">C++11</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = «<i>std::</i>»stoi(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>long</i> = «<i>std::</i>»stol(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = «<i>std::</i>»stof(<i>string); double</i> = «<i>std::</i>»stod(<i>string</i>);</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = «<i>std::</i>»to_string(<i>number</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = int.Parse(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>long</i> = long.Parse(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = float.Parse(<i>string</i>);<i>double</i> = double.Parse(<i>string</i>);</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = <i>number</i>.ToString();</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = std.conv.to!int(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>long</i> = std.conv.to!long(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>float</i> = std.conv.to!float(<i>string</i>)<i>double</i> = std.conv.to!double(<i>string</i>)</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = std.conv.to!string(<i>number</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = Integer.parseInt(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>long</i> = Long.parseLong(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = Float.parseFloat(<i>string</i>);<i>double</i> = Double.parseDouble(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>string</i> = Integer.toString(<i>integer</i>);<i>string</i> = String.valueOf(<i>integer</i>);</td><td><i>string</i> = Float.toString(<i>float</i>);<i>string</i> = Double.toString(<i>double</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a>[a]</td><td colspan="2"><i>integer</i> = parseInt(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = parseFloat(<i>string</i>);<i>float</i> = new Number (<i>string</i>);<i>float</i> = Number (<i>string</i>);<i>float</i> = +<i>string;</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = <i>number</i>.toString ();<i>string</i> = String (<i>number</i>);<i>string</i> = <i>number</i>+"";<i>string</i> = `${<i>number</i>}`</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td><i>integer</i>, <i>error</i> = strconv.Atoi(<i>string</i>)<i>integer</i>, <i>error</i> = strconv.ParseInt(<i>string</i>, 10, 0)</td><td><i>long</i>, <i>error</i> = strconv.ParseInt(<i>string</i>, 10, 64)</td><td><i>float</i>, <i>error</i> = strconv.ParseFloat(<i>string</i>, 64)</td><td><i>string</i> = strconv.Itoa(<i>integer</i>)<i>string</i> = strconv.FormatInt(<i>integer</i>, 10)<i>string</i> = fmt.Sprint(<i>integer</i>)</td><td><i>string</i> = strconv.FormatFloat(<i>float</i>)<i>string</i> = fmt.Sprint(<i>float</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>[d]</td><td><i>string</i>.parse::<i32>()i32::from_str(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>string</i>.parse::<i64>()i64::from_str(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>string</i>.parse::<f64>()f64::from_str(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>integer</i>.to_string()</td><td><i>float</i>.to_string()</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td colspan="2">(setf <i>integer</i> (parse-integer <i>string</i>))</td><td>(setf <i>float</i> (read-from-string <i>string</i>))</td><td colspan="2">(setf <i>string</i> (princ-to-string <i>number</i>))</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td colspan="3">(define <i>number</i> (string->number <i>string</i>))</td><td colspan="2">(define <i>string</i> (number->string <i>number</i>))</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td colspan="2">(setf <i>integer</i> (convert <i>string</i> <integer>))</td><td>(setf <i>float</i> (convert <i>string</i> <float>))</td><td colspan="2">(setf <i>string</i> (convert <i>number</i> <string>))</td></tr><tr><td>Pascal</td><td><i>integer</i> := StrToInt(<i>string</i>);</td><td></td><td><i>float</i> := StrToFloat(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>string</i> := IntToStr(<i>integer</i>);</td><td><i>string</i> := FloatToStr(<i>float</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = CInt(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>long</i> = CLng(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>float</i> = CSng(<i>string</i>)<i>double</i> = CDbl(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>string</i> = CStr(<i>number</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a>(can use both VB syntax above and .NET methods shown right)</td><td><i>integer</i> = Integer.Parse(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>long</i> = Long.Parse(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>float</i> = Single.Parse(<i>string</i>)<i>double</i> = Double.Parse(<i>string</i>)</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> =<i> number</i>.ToString()</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = Val(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>long</i> = Val(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>double</i> = Val(<i>string</i>)<i>double</i> = CDbl(<i>string</i>)</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = CStr(<i>number</i>)or<i>string</i> = Str(<i>number</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = int(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>long</i> = long(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>float</i> = float(<i>string</i>)</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = str(<i>number</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = <a href="/facts/Atoi/V0AYCYR2">atoi</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>long</i> = <a href="/facts/Atol_(programming)/V0AYCYR2">atol</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td><i>float</i> = <a href="/facts/Atof/V0AYCYR2">atof</a>(<i>string</i>);</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = string(<i>number</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td colspan="3">READ(<i>string</i>,<i>format</i>) <i>number</i></td><td colspan="2">WRITE(<i>string</i>,<i>format</i>) <i>number</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td colspan="2"><i>integer</i> = intval(<i>string</i>);or<i>integer</i> = (int)<i>string</i>;</td><td><i>float</i> = floatval(<i>string</i>);<i>float</i> = (float)<i>string</i>;</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = "<i>$number</i>";or<i>string</i> = strval(<i>number</i>);or<i>string</i> = (string)<i>number</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a>[b]</td><td colspan="3"><i>number</i> = 0 + <i>string;</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = "<i>number</i>";</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td colspan="3"><i>number</i> = +<i>string;</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = ~<i>number</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td colspan="2"><i>integer</i> = <i>string</i>.to_ior<i>integer</i> = Integer(<i>string</i>)</td><td><i>float</i> = <i>string</i>.to_f<i>float</i> = Float(<i>string</i>)</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = <i>number</i>.to_s</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scala_(programming_language)/ebL8o6AK">Scala</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = <i>string</i>.toInt</td><td><i>long</i> = <i>string</i>.toLong</td><td><i>float</i> = <i>string</i>.toFloat<i>double</i> = <i>string</i>.toDouble</td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = <i>number</i>.toString</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Smalltalk/Ru2UPVDE">Smalltalk</a></td><td colspan="2"><i>integer := Integer</i> readFrom: <i>string</i></td><td><i>float := Float</i> readFrom: <i>string</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string := number </i>asString</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td><i>integer</i> = [int]<i>string</i></td><td><i>long</i> = [long]<i>string</i></td><td><i>float</i> = [float]<i>string</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = [string]<i>number</i>;or<i>string</i> = "<i>number</i>";or<i>string</i> = (<i>number</i>).ToString()</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>let <i>integer</i> = int_of_string <i>string</i></td><td></td><td>let <i>float</i> = float_of_string <i>string</i></td><td>let <i>string</i> = string_of_int <i>integer</i></td><td>let <i>string</i> = string_of_float <i>float</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>let <i>integer</i> = int <i>string</i></td><td>let <i>integer</i> = int64 <i>string</i></td><td>let <i>float</i> = float <i>string</i></td><td colspan="2">let <i>string</i> = string <i>number</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>val <i>integer</i> = Int.fromString <i>string</i></td><td></td><td>val <i>float</i> = Real.fromString <i>string</i></td><td>val <i>string</i> = Int.toString <i>integer</i></td><td>val <i>string</i> = Real.toString <i>float</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td colspan="3"><i>number</i> = read <i>string</i></td><td colspan="2"><i>string</i> = show <i>number</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td colspan="3">MOVE «FUNCTION» NUMVAL(<i>string</i>)[c] TO <i>number</i></td><td colspan="2">MOVE <i>number</i> TO <i>numeric-edited</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a JavaScript only uses floating point numbers so there are some technicalities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>^b Perl doesn't have separate types. Strings and numbers are interchangeable.</li> <li>^c NUMVAL-C or NUMVAL-F may be used instead of NUMVAL.</li> <li>^ <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive.str.html#method.parse">str::parse</a> is available to convert any type that has an implementation of the <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/str/trait.FromStr.html">std::str::FromStr</a> trait. Both str::parse and <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/str/trait.FromStr.html#tymethod.from_str">FromStr::from_str</a> return a <a href="/facts/Result_type/16XGwJzv">Result</a> that contains the specified type if there is no error. The turbofish (::<_>) on str::parse can be omitted if the type can be inferred from context.</li></ul> <h2 id="standard-stream-io"><a href="/facts/Standard_streams/r92M7Wd4">Standard stream I/O</a></h2> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th>read from</th><th colspan="2">write to</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Stdin/r92M7Wd4">stdin</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Stdout/r92M7Wd4">stdout</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Stderr/r92M7Wd4">stderr</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td>Get (<i>x</i>)</td><td>Put (<i>x</i>)</td><td>Put (Standard_Error, <i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ALGOL_68/NTnc9fy7">ALGOL 68</a></td><td>readf((<i>$format$</i>, <i>x</i>));orgetf(stand in, (<i>$format$</i>, <i>x</i>));</td><td><a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>((<i>$format$</i>, <i>x</i>));orputf(stand out, (<i>$format$</i>, <i>x</i>));</td><td>putf(stand error, (<i>$format$</i>, <i>x</i>));[a]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/APL_(programming_language)/E2sb98gC">APL</a></td><td><i>x←</i>⎕</td><td>⎕←<i>x</i></td><td>⍞←<i>x</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Scanf/8zKB8os0">scanf</a>(<i>format</i>, &<i>x</i>);or<a href="/facts/Fscanf/m5n82Fqz">fscanf</a>(stdin, <i>format</i>, &<i>x</i>);[b]</td><td><a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);or<a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">fprintf</a>(stdout, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);[c]</td><td><a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">fprintf</a>(stderr, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);[d]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>data = [[NSFileHandle fileHandleWithStandardInput] readDataToEndOfFile];</td><td>[[NSFileHandle fileHandleWithStandardOutput] writeData:data];</td><td>[[NSFileHandle fileHandleWithStandardError] writeData:data];</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Iostream/I0GIssHr">«std::»cin</a> >> <i>x</i>;or«std::»getline(«std::»cin, <i>str</i>);</td><td><a href="/facts/Iostream/I0GIssHr">«std::»cout</a> << <i>x</i>;</td><td><a href="/facts/Iostream/I0GIssHr">«std::»cerr</a> << <i>x</i>;or<a href="/facts/Iostream/I0GIssHr">«std::»clog</a> << <i>x</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td><i>x</i> = Console.Read();or<i>x</i> = Console.ReadLine();</td><td>Console.Write(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>);orConsole.WriteLine(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>);</td><td>Console.Error.Write(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>);orConsole.Error.WriteLine(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td><i>x</i> = std.stdio.readln()</td><td>std.stdio.write(<i>x</i>)orstd.stdio.writeln(<i>x</i>)orstd.stdio.writef(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)orstd.stdio.writefln(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td><td>stderr.write(<i>x</i>)orstderr.writeln(<i>x</i>)orstd.stdio.writef(stderr, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)orstd.stdio.writefln(stderr, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td>x = System.in.read();orx = new Scanner(System.in).nextInt();orx = new Scanner(System.in).nextLine();</td><td>System.out.print(<i>x</i>);orSystem.out.<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);orSystem.out.println(<i>x</i>);</td><td>System.err.print(<i>x</i>);orSystem.err.<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);orSystem.err.println(<i>x</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>fmt.Scan(&<i>x</i>)orfmt.<a href="/facts/Scanf/8zKB8os0">Scanf</a>(<i>format</i>, &<i>x</i>)orx = bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')</td><td>fmt.Println(<i>x</i>)orfmt.<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">Printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td><td>fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, x)orfmt.<a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">Fprintf</a>(os.Stderr, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td><i>x</i> = readLine() (2.x)</td><td>print(<i>x</i>) (2.x)println(<i>x</i>) (1.x)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a href="/facts/Client-side_JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">Web Browser implementation</a></td><td></td><td>document.write(<i>x</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a href="/facts/Active_Server_Pages/um62st21">Active Server Pages</a></td><td></td><td>Response.Write(<i>x</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a href="/facts/Windows_Script_Host/xJ0qFfo9">Windows Script Host</a></td><td><i>x</i> = WScript.StdIn.Read(<i>chars</i>)or<i>x</i> = WScript.StdIn.ReadLine()</td><td>WScript.Echo(<i>x</i>)orWScript.StdOut.Write(<i>x</i>)orWScript.StdOut.WriteLine(<i>x</i>)</td><td>WScript.StdErr.Write(<i>x</i>)orWScript.StdErr.WriteLine(<i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(setf x (read-line))</td><td>(princ <i>x</i>)or(format t <i>format x</i>)</td><td>(princ x *error-output*)or(format *error-output* <i>format x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (<a href="/facts/R6RS/0aGdf3SC">R6RS</a>)</td><td>(define x (read-line))</td><td>(display <i>x</i>)or(format #t <i>format x</i>)</td><td>(display x (current-error-port))or(format (current-error-port) <i>format x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>(setf x (read-line))</td><td>(format (standard-output) <i>format x</i>)</td><td>(format (error-output) <i>format x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>read(<i>x</i>);orreadln(<i>x</i>);</td><td>write(<i>x</i>);orwriteln(<i>x</i>);</td><td>write(stderr, <i>x</i>);orwriteln(stderr, <i>x</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Input« <i>prompt</i>,» <i>x</i></td><td>Print <i>x</i>or? <i>x</i></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td><i>x</i> = Console.Read()or<i>x</i> = Console.ReadLine()</td><td>Console.Write(<i>«format</i>,»<i>x</i>)orConsole.WriteLine(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>)</td><td>Console.Error.Write(<i>«format</i>, <i>»x</i>)orConsole.Error.WriteLine(<i>«format</i>, »<i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td><i>x</i> = StandardInputStream.Read()or<i>x</i> = StandardInputStreame.ReadLine()</td><td>StandardOutputStream.Write(<i>x</i>)orStandardOutputStream.WriteLine(<i>x</i>)</td><td>StdErr.Write(<i>x</i>)orStdErr.WriteLine(<i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> 2.x</td><td><i>x</i> = raw_input(<i>«prompt»</i>)</td><td>print <i>x</i>orsys.stdout.write(<i>x</i>)</td><td>print >> sys.stderr, <i>x</i>orsys.stderr.write(<i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> 3.x</td><td><i>x</i> = input(<i>«prompt»</i>)</td><td>print(<i>x«</i>, end=""»)</td><td>print(<i>x«</i>, end=""», file=sys.stderr)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fgets/m5n82Fqz">fgets</a> (&<i>x</i>, stdin)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fputs/m5n82Fqz">fputs</a> (<i>x</i>, stdout)</td><td><a href="/facts/Fputs/m5n82Fqz">fputs</a> (<i>x</i>, stderr)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>READ(*,<i>format</i>) <i>variable names</i> orREAD(INPUT_UNIT,<i>format</i>) <i>variable names</i>[e]</td><td>WRITE(*,<i>format</i>) <i>expressions</i> orWRITE(OUTPUT_UNIT,<i>format</i>) <i>expressions</i>[e]</td><td>WRITE(ERROR_UNIT,<i>format</i>) <i>expressions</i>[e]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Forth_(programming_language)/mYtWVNhF">Forth</a></td><td><i>buffer length</i> ACCEPT <i>( # chars read )</i>KEY <i>( char )</i></td><td><i>buffer length</i> TYPE<i>char</i> EMIT</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td><i>$x</i> = <a href="/facts/Fgets/m5n82Fqz">fgets</a>(STDIN);or<i>$x</i> = <a href="/facts/Fscanf/m5n82Fqz">fscanf</a>(STDIN, <i>format</i>);</td><td>print <i>x</i>;or<a href="/facts/Echo_(command)/ue5jH01X">echo</a> <i>x</i>;or<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);</td><td><a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">fprintf</a>(STDERR, <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td><i>$x</i> = <>;or<i>$x</i> = <STDIN>;</td><td>print <i>x</i>;or<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a> <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>;</td><td>print STDERR <i>x</i>;or<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a> STDERR <i>format</i>, <i>x</i>;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>$x = $*IN.get;</td><td><i>x</i>.printor<i>x</i>.say</td><td><i>x</i>.noteor$*ERR.print(x)or$*ERR.say(x)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td><i>x</i> = gets</td><td>puts <i>x</i>or<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td><td>$stderr.puts(x)or$stderr.<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(<i>format</i>, <i>x</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td><i>$x</i> = Read-Host«« -Prompt» <i>text</i>»;or$x = [Console]::Read();or$x = [Console]::ReadLine()</td><td><i>x</i>;orWrite-Output <i>x</i>;orecho <i>x</i></td><td>Write-Error <i>x</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>let <i>x</i> = read_int ()orlet <i>str</i> = read_line ()orScanf.<a href="/facts/Scanf/8zKB8os0">scanf</a> <i>format</i> (fun <i>x ...</i> -> <i>...</i>)</td><td>print_int <i>x</i>orprint_endline <i>str</i>orPrintf.<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a> <i>format x ...</i></td><td>prerr_int <i>x</i>orprerr_endline <i>str</i>orPrintf.<a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">eprintf</a> <i>format x ...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>let x = System.Console.ReadLine()</td><td><a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a> <i>format x ...</i>or<a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printfn</a> <i>format x ...</i></td><td><a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">eprintf</a> <i>format x ...</i>or<a href="/facts/Fprintf/m5n82Fqz">eprintfn</a> <i>format x ...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>val str = TextIO.inputLIne TextIO.stdIn</td><td>print <i>str</i></td><td>TextIO.output (TextIO.stdErr,<i> str</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td><i>x</i> <- readLnor<i>str</i> <- getLine</td><td>print <i>x</i>orputStrLn <i>str</i></td><td>hPrint stderr <i>x</i>orhPutStrLn stderr <i>str</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td>ACCEPT <i>x</i></td><td>DISPLAY <i>x</i></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a ALGOL 68 additionally as the "unformatted" <a href="/facts/Transput/WQTE8Jas">transput</a> routines: read, write, get, and put.</li> <li>^b <a href="/facts/Gets()/m5n82Fqz">gets</a>(x) and <a href="/facts/Fgets/m5n82Fqz">fgets</a>(x, <i>length</i>, stdin) read unformatted text from stdin. Use of gets is not recommended.</li> <li>^c <a href="/facts/Puts_(C)/m5n82Fqz">puts</a>(x) and <a href="/facts/Fputs/m5n82Fqz">fputs</a>(x, stdout) write unformatted text to stdout.</li> <li>^d fputs(x, stderr) writes unformatted text to stderr</li> <li>^e INPUT_UNIT, OUTPUT_UNIT, ERROR_UNIT are defined in the ISO_FORTRAN_ENV module.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="reading-command-line-arguments">Reading <a href="/facts/Command-line_argument/R9JpGmXQ">command-line arguments</a></h2> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Argument values</th><th>Argument counts</th><th>Program name / Script name</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>Argument (<i>n</i>)</td><td>Argument_Count</td><td>Command_Name</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> (<a href="/facts/C99/o5uMWjTQ">C99</a>)</td><td rowspan="3">argv[<i>n</i>]</td><td rowspan="3">argc</td><td rowspan="3">first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td rowspan="3">args[<i>n</i>]</td><td>args.Length</td><td>Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location;</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td rowspan="2">args.length</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a href="/facts/Windows_Script_Host/xJ0qFfo9">Windows Script Host</a> implementation</td><td>WScript.Arguments(<i>n</i>)</td><td>WScript.Arguments.length</td><td>WScript.ScriptNameorWScript.ScriptFullName</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td>os.Args[<i>n</i>]</td><td>len(os.Args)</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rust_(programming_language)/8JNMV19F">Rust</a>[a]</td><td>std::env::args().nth(<i>n</i>)std::env::args_os().nth(<i>n</i>)</td><td>std::env::args().count()std::env::args_os().count()</td><td>std::env::args().next()std::env::args_os().next()</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swift_(programming_language)/A7qHQC32">Swift</a></td><td>Process.arguments[<i>n</i>] orProcess.unsafeArgv[<i>n</i>]</td><td>Process.arguments.count orProcess.argc</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a> (<a href="/facts/R6RS/0aGdf3SC">R6RS</a>)</td><td>(list-ref (command-line) n)</td><td>(length (command-line))</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>ParamStr(<i>n</i>)</td><td>ParamCount</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Command[b]</td><td>—</td><td>App.Path</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>CmdArgs(<i>n</i>)</td><td>CmdArgs.Length</td><td>[Assembly].GetEntryAssembly().Location</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>System.CommandLine</td><td>(string parsing)</td><td>Application.ExecutableFile.Name</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>sys.argv[<i>n</i>]</td><td>len(sys.argv)</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>__argv[<i>n</i>]</td><td>__argc</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>DO <i>i</i> = <i>1</i>,<i>argc</i> CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT (<i>i</i>,<i>argv(i)</i>)ENDDO</td><td><i>argc</i> = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT ()</td><td>CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT (<i>0</i>,<i>progname</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>$argv[<i>n</i>]</td><td>$argc</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td>$<i>n</i> ($1, $2, $3, <i>...</i>)$@ (all arguments)</td><td>$#</td><td>$0</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>$ARGV[<i>n</i>]</td><td>scalar(@ARGV)</td><td>$0</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Raku_(programming_language)/9eYW7vRJ">Raku</a></td><td>@*ARGS[<i>n</i>]</td><td>@*ARGS.elems</td><td>$PROGRAM_NAME</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>ARGV[<i>n</i>]</td><td>ARGV.size</td><td>$0</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>$args[<i>n</i>]</td><td>$args.Length</td><td>$MyInvocation.MyCommand.Name</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>Sys.argv.(<i>n</i>)</td><td>Array.length Sys.argv</td><td>first argument</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td>args.[<i>n</i>]</td><td>args.Length</td><td>Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>List.nth (CommandLine.arguments (), n)</td><td>length (CommandLine.arguments ())</td><td>CommandLine.name ()</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>do { args <- System.getArgs; return length args !! n}</td><td>do { args <- System.getArgs; return length args}</td><td>System.getProgName</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/COBOL/wVnhqs0k">COBOL</a></td><td colspan="2">[c]</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>^a In Rust, std::env::args and std::env::args_os return iterators, std::env::Args and std::env::ArgsOs respectively. Args converts each argument to a String and it panics if it reaches an argument that cannot be converted to <a href="/facts/UTF-8/xlaVHSyf">UTF-8</a>. ArgsOs returns a non-lossy representation of the raw strings from the operating system (std::ffi::OsString), which can be invalid UTF-8.</li> <li>^b In Visual Basic, command-line arguments are not separated. Separating them requires a split function Split(<i>string</i>).</li> <li>^c The COBOL standard includes no means to access command-line arguments, but common compiler extensions to access them include defining parameters for the main program or using ACCEPT statements.</li></ul> <h2 id="execution-of-commands">Execution of commands</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Shell command</th><th>Execute program</th><th><a href="/facts/Exec_(operating_system)/x9bn7lFr">Replace current program with new executed program</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ada_(programming_language)/Y2yHel4l">Ada</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td colspan="3">Not part of the language standard. Commonly done by compiler provided packages or by interfacing to C or <a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a></td><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/System_(C_standard_library)/jyvQdka8">system</a>("<i>command</i>");</td><td></td><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Exec_(operating_system)/x9bn7lFr">execl</a>(<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>);or<a href="/facts/Exec_(operating_system)/x9bn7lFr">execv</a>(<i>path</i>, <i>arglist</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Objective-C/5mM557BW">Objective-C</a></td><td>[NSTask launchedTaskWithLaunchPath:(NSString *)path arguments:(NSArray *)arguments];</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">C#</a></td><td></td><td rowspan="2">System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(<i>path</i>, <i>argstring</i>);</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Go_(programming_language)/oWlsmAFJ">Go</a></td><td></td><td>exec.Run(<i>path</i>, <i>argv</i>, <i>envv</i>, <i>dir</i>, exec.DevNull, exec.DevNull, exec.DevNull)</td><td>os.Exec(<i>path</i>, <i>argv</i>, <i>envv</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_(classic)/7QMXM6fP">Visual Basic</a></td><td>Interaction.Shell(<i>command</i> «, <i>WindowStyle</i>» «, <i>isWaitOnReturn</i>»)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Visual_Basic_.NET/09mPEo4q">Visual Basic .NET</a></td><td>Microsoft.VisualBasic.Interaction.Shell(<i>command</i> «, <i>WindowStyle</i>» «, <i>isWaitOnReturn</i>»)</td><td>System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(<i>path</i>, <i>argstring</i>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xojo/ColkhLN1">Xojo</a></td><td>Shell.Execute(<i>command</i> «, <i>Parameters</i>»)</td><td>FolderItem.Launch(<i>parameters</i>, <i>activate</i>)</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/D_(programming_language)/4qIzRjkF">D</a></td><td>std.process.system("<i>command</i>");</td><td></td><td>std.process.execv(<i>path</i>, <i>arglist</i>);</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a></td><td></td><td>Runtime.exec(<i>command</i>);ornew ProcessBuilder(command).start();</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/JavaScript/XhhIIEsl">JavaScript</a><a href="/facts/Windows_Script_Host/xJ0qFfo9">Windows Script Host</a> implementation</td><td>WScript.CreateObject ("WScript.Shell").Run(<i>command</i> «, <i>WindowStyle</i>» «, <i>isWaitOnReturn</i>»);</td><td>WshShell.Exec(command)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_Lisp/mq1pRbSF">Common Lisp</a></td><td>(uiop:run-program <i>command</i>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme</a></td><td>(system <i>command</i>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/ISLISP/4qnw7Nyn">ISLISP</a></td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a></td><td>system(<i>command</i>);</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/OCaml/ThBGLND8">OCaml</a></td><td>Sys.command <i>command,</i> Unix.open_process_full <i>command env (stdout, stdin, stderr),...</i></td><td>Unix.create_process <i>prog args new_stdin new_stdout new_stderr, ...</i></td><td>Unix.execv <i>prog args</i>orUnix.execve <i>prog args env</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_ML/4LaEq9tA">Standard ML</a></td><td>OS.Process.system <i>command</i></td><td>Unix.execute (<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>)</td><td>Posix.Process.exec (<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Haskell/ydEsHuGy">Haskell</a> (<a href="/facts/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler/4msB3KFN">GHC</a>)</td><td>System.system <i>command</i></td><td>System.Process.runProcess <i>path args ...</i></td><td>Posix.Process.executeFile <i>path</i> True <i>args ...</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a></td><td>system(<i>command</i>)or<i>$output</i> = `<i>command</i>`or<i>$output</i> = qx(<i>command</i>)</td><td></td><td>exec(<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a></td><td>system(<i>command</i>)or<i>output</i> = `<i>command</i>`</td><td></td><td>exec(<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/PHP/vU6YRJX0">PHP</a></td><td>system(<i>command</i>)or<i>$output</i> = `<i>command</i>`orexec(<i>command</i>)orpassthru(<i>command</i>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a></td><td>os.system(<i>command</i>)orsubprocess.Popen(<i>command</i>)</td><td>subprocess.call(<i>["program", "arg1", "arg2", ...]</i>)</td><td>os.execv(<i>path</i>, <i>args</i>)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/S-Lang/VDBMRDf0">S-Lang</a></td><td>system(<i>command</i>)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a></td><td>CALL EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE (<i>COMMAND</i> «, <i>WAIT</i>» «, <i>EXITSTAT</i>» «, <i>CMDSTAT</i>» «, <i>CMDMSG</i>»)[a]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Windows_PowerShell/G1d10lwn">Windows PowerShell</a></td><td>[Diagnostics.Process]::Start(command)</td><td>«Invoke-Item »<i>program arg1 arg2 ...</i></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Bash_shell/RrYLtEJT">Bash shell</a></td><td><i>output</i>=`<i>command</i>`or<i>output</i>=$(<i>command</i>)</td><td>program arg1 arg2 ...</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>^a Fortran 2008 or newer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_open-source_programming_languages/yddQAPqw">List of open-source programming languages</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ada Reference Manual – Language and Standard Libraries; ISO/IEC 8652:201x (E), "Reference Manual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-27. Retrieved 2013-07-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427190723/http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110427190723/http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Common Lisp HyperSpec (TM)". lispworks.com. Retrieved 30 January 2017. <a href="http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/index.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"www.islisp.info: Specification". islisp.info. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122121427/http://islisp.info/specification.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160122121427/http://islisp.info/specification.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"selected_int_kind in Fortran Wiki". fortranwiki.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017. <a href="http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/selected_int_kind" target="_blank">http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/selected_int_kind</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Erlang — Types and Function Specifications". erlang.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017. <a href="http://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/typespec.html" target="_blank">http://www.erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/typespec.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Erlang — Advanced". erlang.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017. <a href="http://www.erlang.org/doc/efficiency_guide/advanced.html" target="_blank">http://www.erlang.org/doc/efficiency_guide/advanced.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Ada Reference Manual – Language and Standard Libraries; ISO/IEC 8652:201x (E), "Reference Manual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-27. Retrieved 2013-07-19. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427190723/http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110427190723/http://www.ada-auth.org/standards/12rm/RM-Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>8.5 The Number Type <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/js/language/E262-3.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.mozilla.org/js/language/E262-3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"selected_real_kind in Fortran Wiki". fortranwiki.org. 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