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High-frequency oscillations
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<h2 id="background-and-history">Background and history</h2> <p>Traditional classification of the frequency bands, that are associated to different functions/states of the brain and consist of <a href="/facts/Delta_wave/bQQ4jPg3">delta</a>, <a href="/facts/Theta_wave/Cmsa8j23">theta</a>, <a href="/facts/Alpha_wave/qNt4nQnq">alpha</a>, <a href="/facts/Beta_wave/lcqYonEV">beta</a> and <a href="/facts/Gamma_wave/1jXxu2HK">gamma</a> bands. Due to the limited capabilities of the early experimental/medical setup to record fast frequencies, for historical reason, all oscillations above 30 Hz were considered as high frequency and were difficult to investigate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Recent advance in manufacturing electrophysiological setups enables to record <a href="/facts/Electric_potential/Nmqm6hm5">electric potential</a> with high temporal and space resolution, and to "catch" dynamics of single cell <a href="/facts/Action_potential/Sz8yCRqx">action potential</a>. In neuroscience nomenclature, there is still a reaming gap between ~100 Hz and multi unit activity (>500 Hz), so these oscillations are often called high gamma or HFO. </p> <h2 id="neurophysiological-features">Neurophysiological features</h2> <p>HFO are generated by different cellular mechanisms and can be detected in many brain areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> In <a href="/facts/Hippocampus/X7CqbP8X">hippocampus</a>, this fast neuronal activity is effect of the population synchronous <a href="/facts/Biological_neuron_model/eCPeWaXc">spiking</a> of <a href="/facts/Pyramidal_cells/T8MTBq8b">pyramidal cells</a> in the <a href="/facts/Hippocampus_proper/V6LtgbJp">CA3</a> region and <a href="/facts/Dendrite/bwv8MABY">dendritic</a> layer of the <a href="/facts/Hippocampus_proper/V6LtgbJp">CA1</a>, which give rise to a characteristic oscillation pattern (see more in <a href="/facts/Sharp_waves_and_ripples/sEXhJ8Yd">sharp waves and ripples</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The HFO occurrence during memory task (encoding and recalling images) was also reported in human patients from intracranial recordings in <a href="/facts/Primary_visual_cortex/qmF8F5Sb">primary visual</a>, <a href="/facts/Limbic_system/TelEk6Jl">limbic</a> and higher order <a href="/facts/Cerebral_cortex/GpXosGHP">cortical areas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Another example of physiological HFO of around 300 Hz, was found in <a href="/facts/Subthalamic_nucleus/2YJLz5rN">subthalamic nucleus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> the brain region which is the main target for high-frequency (130 Hz) <a href="/facts/Deep_brain_stimulation/STmkEI2M">deep brain stimulation</a> treatment for patients with <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a>. </p> <h3>Somatosensory evoked high-frequency oscillations</h3> <p>ECoG recordings from human <a href="/facts/Somatosensory_system/0nhRsBnt">somatosensory cortex</a>, has shown HFO (reaching even 600 Hz) presence during <a href="/facts/Evoked_potential/JdTNIo8h">sensory evoked potentials</a> and somatosensory evoked magnetic field after <a href="/facts/Median_nerve/YU2bMhFc">median nerve</a> stimulation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> These bursts of activity are generated by thalamocortical loop and driven by highly synchronized <a href="/facts/Biological_neuron_model/eCPeWaXc">spiking</a> of the thalamocortical fibres, and are thought to play a role in information processing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Somatosensory evoked HFO amplitude changes may be potentially used as biomarker for neurologic disorders, which can help in diagnosis in certain clinical contexts. Some oncology patients with <a href="/facts/Brain_tumor/avjI5Nhm">brain tumors</a> showed higher HFOs amplitude on the same side, where the tumor was. Authors of this study also suggest contribution from the thalamocortical pathways to the fast oscillations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Interestingly, higher HFO amplitudes (between 400 and 800 Hz) after nerve stimulation were also reported in the EEG signal of healthy <a href="/facts/Football/xH2cueQH">football</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_racket_sports/Bj79vsXg">racquet sports</a> players.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Pathological HFO</h3> <p>There are many studies, that reports pathophysiological types of HFO in human patients and animal models of disease, which are related to different psychiatric or neurological disorders: </p> <ul><li>Amplitude aberrations of the sensory evoked HFOs (600 Hz) was reported in mild <a href="/facts/Demyelinating_disease/NAaGAHPV">demyelination</a> in <a href="/facts/Multiple_sclerosis/vghXl0IQ">multiple sclerosis</a> patients.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>HFO (>80 Hz) occur during epileptic seizure onset.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>Disruption in the HFO (200–500 Hz) synchronization in <a href="/facts/Subthalamic_nucleus/2YJLz5rN">subthalamic nucleus</a> is related to <a href="/facts/Parkinson%27s_disease/xpekKj6x">Parkinson's disease</a> symptoms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>HFOs are visible in different brain regions just after <a href="/facts/Cardiac_arrest/HIAm9AWX">cardiac-arrest</a> and are linked to near-death states.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>High amplitude HFOs (80–200 Hz) bursts correlates with psychotic-like state evoked with <a href="/facts/PCP_(drug)/4LaNo5Cl">PCP</a> or subanesthetic dose of <a href="/facts/Ketamine/BtNSoqvh">ketamine</a> (and other <a href="/facts/NMDA_receptor/BqMhXEbU">NMDA receptor</a> blockers).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>NMDA receptor hypofunction HFO</h3> <p>There are increasing number of studies indicating that HFO rhythms (130–180 Hz) may arise due to the local NMDA receptor blockage,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> which is also a pharmacological model of schizophrenia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> These NMDA receptor dependent fast oscillations were detected in different brain areas including <a href="/facts/Hippocampus/X7CqbP8X">hippocampus</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Nucleus_accumbens/2M43u5X4">nucleus accumbens</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Prefrontal_cortex/dypYIrwx">prefrontal cortex</a> regions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Despite the fact that this type of HFO was not yet confirmed in human patients, second generation <a href="/facts/Antipsychotic/7bNTg7T3">antipsychotic drugs</a>, widely used to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders (i.e. <a href="/facts/Clozapine/N0Lqztg1">Clozapine</a>, <a href="/facts/Risperidone/xpFEYzoF">Risperidone</a>), were shown to reduce HFO frequency.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Recent studies, reports on the new source of HFO in the olfactory bulb structures, which is surprisingly stronger than any other previously seen in the mammalian brain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> HFO in the bulb is generated by local excitatory-inhibitory circuits modulated by breathing rhythm and may be also recorded under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> This findings may aid understanding early symptoms of schizophrenia patients and their relatives, that can suffer from olfactory system impairments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <h3>Brain waves</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Delta_wave/bQQ4jPg3">Delta wave</a> – (0.1 – 3 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Theta_wave/Cmsa8j23">Theta wave</a> – (4 – 7 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mu_wave/ngdhpgp8">Mu wave</a> – (7.5 – 12.5 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sensorimotor_rhythm/QSSrIDra">SMR wave</a> – (12.5 – 15.5 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Alpha_wave/qNt4nQnq">Alpha wave</a> – (7 (or 8) – 12 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Beta_wave/lcqYonEV">Beta wave</a> – (12 – 30 Hz)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gamma_wave/1jXxu2HK">Gamma wave</a> – (32 – 100 Hz)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Buzsáki, György; da Silva, Fernando Lopes (September 2012). 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