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X17 particle
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In 2015, Krasznahorkay and his colleagues at <a href="/facts/ATOMKI/cHfH7LbV">ATOMKI</a>, the Hungarian Institute for Nuclear Research, posited the existence of a new, light <a href="/facts/Boson/XtPFcjb5">boson</a> with a mass of about 17 MeV/<i>c</i>2 (i.e., 34 times heavier than the <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electron</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In an effort to find a <a href="/facts/Dark_photon/qbqkEn5Y">dark photon</a>, the team fired <a href="/facts/Proton/clCjepXP">protons</a> at thin targets of <a href="/facts/Lithium-7/XC311sQu">lithium-7</a>, which created beryllium-8 <a href="/facts/Atomic_nucleus/orpIm5Xl">nuclei</a> in an excited state, which then decayed to the ground state and produced pairs of <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> and <a href="/facts/Positron/HgV4zBzA">positrons</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Excess decays were observed at an opening angle of 140° between the <a href="/facts/Positron/HgV4zBzA">e+</a> and <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">e−</a> particles and a combined energy of approximately 17 MeV/<i>c</i>2. This indicated that a small fraction of the excited beryllium-8 might shed its excess energy in the form of a new particle. The result was successfully repeated by the team.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Feng et al. (2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> proposed that a "protophobic" X boson, with a mass of 16.7 MeV/<i>c</i>2, suppressed <a href="/facts/Coupling_(physics)/Pg2Yg0Tz">couplings</a> to protons relative to <a href="/facts/Neutron/oRCM1geb">neutrons</a> and electrons at <a href="/facts/Femtometre/9XzQ8UmR">femtometre</a> range, could explain the data. The force may explain the <a href="/facts/Anomalous_magnetic_dipole_moment/s8fVr0An">g − 2 muon anomaly</a> and provide a dark matter candidate. As of 2019<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X17_particle&action=edit">[update]</a>, several research experiments are underway to attempt to validate or refute these results.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Krasznahorkay (2019)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> posted a <a href="/facts/Preprint/ryoUUpCg">preprint</a> announcing that he and his team at ATOMKI had successfully observed the same anomalies in the decay of stable helium atoms as had been observed in beryllium-8, strengthening the case for the existence of the X17 particle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>This was covered in <a href="/facts/Science_journalism/33zXAY9z">science journalism</a>, focusing largely on the implications that the existence of the X17 particle and a corresponding fifth force would have in the search for dark matter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>In 2021 the workshop "Shedding light on X17" was held at Centro Enrico Fermi in Rome, Italy. The workshop discussed the ATOMKI anomaly and its theoretical interpretation and future experiments to confirm and explain it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> One of the experiments that plans to repeat the original ATOMKI lithium–beryllium experiment is MEG II at <a href="/facts/PSI_institute/J7RsBL5U">PSI institute</a>; the measurement was planned (in 2021) to be completed in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Also <a href="/facts/Universite_de_Montreal/QUD9sV4j">Universite de Montreal</a>'s 6 MV (6 megavolt) Tandem <a href="/facts/Van_de_Graaff_generator/33gA1Ua7">Van de Graaff</a> Facility in Montreal has an experiment that attempts to reproduce the ATOMKI measurement; data taking should take place in early 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, another preprint was published by Krasznahorkay et al. supporting the X17 particle hypothesis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a>'s <a href="/facts/NA64_experiment/VFHfQWur">NA64 experiment</a> and <a href="/facts/NA62_experiment/1bzVPlFL">NA62 experiment</a> have reported in 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> and 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> respectively results of conducted searches that have put stringent limits for the existence of the X17 particle. </p><p>In early 2023 the MEG II experiment performed its replication of the ATOMKI lithium–beryllium experiment; as of January 2024 the results have not yet been published (although the measurements were made in early 2023).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> As of September 2024, the analysis of measurement results has been done but an article has not been published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="skepticism">Skepticism</h2> <p>As of December 2019<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X17_particle&action=edit">[update]</a>, the ATOMKI paper describing the particle has not been <a href="/facts/Peer_review/ly6yEgcW">peer reviewed</a> and should therefore be considered preliminary.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> In late 2019, a follow-up paper was published in <i><a href="/facts/Acta_Physica_Polonica_B/SJ18NgKN">Acta Physica Polonica B</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Efforts by <a href="/facts/CERN/y1gwRchm">CERN</a> and other groups to independently detect the particle have been unsuccessful so far.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>The ATOMKI group had claimed to find various other new particles earlier in 2016 but abandoned these claims later, without an explanation of what caused the spurious signals. The group has also been accused of <a href="/facts/Cherry-picking/DBq2DMaK">cherry-picking</a> results that support new particles while discarding <a href="/facts/Null_result/0uzX99Um">null results</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>The X17 particle is not consistent with the <a href="/facts/Standard_Model/LhVGf9ow">Standard Model</a>, so its existence would need to be explained by another theory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Axion/ILG6maca">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_particles/FwR0Ab6u">List of particles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/750_GeV_diphoton_excess/7V1uscC0">750 GeV diphoton excess</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Krasznahorkay, A.J.; et al. (26 January 2016). "Observation of anomalous internal pair creation in 8Be: A possible indication of a light, neutral boson". Physical Review Letters. 116 (42501): 042501. arXiv:1504.01527. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116d2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.042501. PMID 26871324. S2CID 206268170. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" target="_blank">/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>O'Callaghan, Jonathan (9 December 2019). "Evidence of new X17 particle reported, but scientists are wary". Scientific American. Retrieved 9 December 2019. <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-of-new-x17-particle-reported-but-scientists-are-wary/" target="_blank">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evidence-of-new-x17-particle-reported-but-scientists-are-wary/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Cockburn, Harry (21 November 2019). "Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2019. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Cockburn, Harry (21 November 2019). "Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2019. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wolchover, Natalie (7 June 2016). "Evidence of a 'fifth force' faces scrutiny". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 20 November 2019. A lab in Hungary has reported an anomaly that could lead to a physics revolution. But even as excitement builds, closer scrutiny has unearthed a troubling backstory. <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-boson-claim-faces-scrutiny-20160607/" target="_blank">https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-boson-claim-faces-scrutiny-20160607/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Cockburn, Harry (21 November 2019). "Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2019. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Cartlidge, Edwin (2016). "Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature?". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19957. S2CID 124347962. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Krasznahorkay, A.J.; et al. (26 January 2016). "Observation of anomalous internal pair creation in 8Be: A possible indication of a light, neutral boson". Physical Review Letters. 116 (42501): 042501. arXiv:1504.01527. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116d2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.042501. PMID 26871324. S2CID 206268170. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" target="_blank">/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Cockburn, Harry (21 November 2019). "Scientists may have discovered fifth force of nature, laboratory announces". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2019. <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dark-matter-particle-hungary-atomki-nuclear-research-force-nature-a9210741.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Feng, Jonathan L.; et al. (2016). "Protophobic fifth force interpretation of the observed anomaly in 8Be nuclear transitions". Physical Review Letters. 117 (7): 071803. arXiv:1604.07411. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.117g1803F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071803. PMID 27563952. S2CID 206279817. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1059042" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1059042</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Cartlidge, Edwin (2016). "Has a Hungarian physics lab found a fifth force of nature?". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19957. S2CID 124347962. <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/news/has-a-hungarian-physics-lab-found-a-fifth-force-of-nature-1.19957</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Feng, Jonathan L.; et al. (2016). "Protophobic fifth force interpretation of the observed anomaly in 8Be nuclear transitions". Physical Review Letters. 117 (7): 071803. arXiv:1604.07411. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.117g1803F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071803. PMID 27563952. S2CID 206279817. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1059042" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/1059042</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Krasznahorkay, A.J.; et al. (23 October 2019). "New evidence supporting the existence of the hypothetic X17 particle". arXiv:1910.10459v1 [nucl-ex]. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Krasznahorkay, A.J.; et al. (23 October 2019). "New evidence supporting the existence of the hypothetic X17 particle". arXiv:1910.10459v1 [nucl-ex]. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>McRae, Mike (20 November 2019). "Physicists claim they've found even more evidence of a new force of nature". ScienceAlert.com. Retrieved 20 November 2019. <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-claim-a-they-ve-found-even-more-evidence-of-a-new-force-of-nature" target="_blank">https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-claim-a-they-ve-found-even-more-evidence-of-a-new-force-of-nature</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Prior, Ryan (22 November 2019). "A 'no-brainer Nobel Prize': Hungarian scientists may have found a fifth force of nature". CNN News. Retrieved 22 November 2019. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/22/world/fifth-force-of-nature-scn-trnd/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/22/world/fifth-force-of-nature-scn-trnd/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Malewar, Amit (21 November 2019). "Scientists may have discovered the fifth force of nature – It's not the first time researchers claim to have caught a glimpse of it". TechExplorist.com. Retrieved 23 November 2019. <a href="https://www.techexplorist.com/scientists-discovered-fifth-force-nature/27946/" target="_blank">https://www.techexplorist.com/scientists-discovered-fifth-force-nature/27946/</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Alves, Daniele S. M.; et al. (2023). "Shedding light on X17: Community report". The European Physical Journal C. 83 (3): 230. arXiv:2201.09764. Bibcode:2023EPJC...83..230A. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11271-x. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11271-x" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11271-x</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Chiappini, Marco; Francesconi, Marco; Kobayashi, Satoru; Meucci, Manuel; Onda, Rina; Schwendimann, Patrick (2021). "Towards a New μ→eγ Search with the MEG II Experiment: From Design to Commissioning". Universe. 7 (12): 466. Bibcode:2021Univ....7..466C. doi:10.3390/universe7120466. hdl:11573/1608857. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Funiverse7120466" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390%2Funiverse7120466</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Meucci, Manuel (2022). "MEG II experiment status and prospect". The 22nd International Workshop on Neutrinos from Accelerators. p. 120. arXiv:2201.08200. Bibcode:2022iwna.confE.120M. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"The MEG II experiment status and exotic searches" (PDF). indico.psi.ch. 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J.; Csatlós, M.; Gulyás, J.; Kertész, B.; Krasznahorkay, A.; Molnár, J.; Rajta, I.; Timár, J.; Vajda, I.; Harakeh, M. N. (2022). "Observation of the X17 anomaly in the 7Li(p,e+e−)8Be direct proton-capture reaction". arXiv:2205.07744 [nucl-ex]. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Andreev, Yu. M.; Banerjee, D.; Bernhard, J.; Burtsev, V. E.; Charitonidis, N.; Chumakov, A. G.; Cooke, D.; Crivelli, P.; Depero, E.; Dermenev, A. V.; Donskov, S. V.; Dusaev, R. R.; Enik, T.; Feshchenko, A.; Frolov, V. N. (15 December 2021). "Search for pseudoscalar bosons decaying into e+e− pairs in the NA64 experiment at the CERN SPS". Physical Review D. 104 (11). arXiv:2104.13342. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104k1102A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.L111102. ISSN 2470-0010. S2CID 233407961. <a href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.L111102" target="_blank">https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.L111102</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"'X' boson feels the squeeze at NA64". CERN Courier. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <a href="https://cerncourier.com/a/x-boson-feels-the-squeeze-at-na64/" target="_blank">https://cerncourier.com/a/x-boson-feels-the-squeeze-at-na64/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>collaboration, NA62 (2023). "Search for K+ decays into the π+e+e−e+e− final state". arXiv:2307.04579 [hep-ex].{{cite arXiv}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Dark boson searches at CERN's North Area". CERN. 11 August 2023. 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