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Malassezia
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<h2 id="role-in-human-diseases">Role in human diseases</h2> <p><i>Malassezia</i> infections of human skin can cause or aggravate a variety of conditions, including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and acne.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>Dermatitis and dandruff</h3> <p>When <i>Malassezia</i> grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff can appear with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria). </p><p>Identification of <i>Malassezia</i> on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that <i>M. globosa</i> is the species that causes most skin disease in humans, and that it is the most common cause of <a href="/facts/Dandruff/JnKQHFzM">dandruff</a> and <a href="/facts/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis/d1CfhTDG">seborrhoeic dermatitis</a> (though <i>M. restricta</i> is also involved).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p>There can be as many as ten million <i>M. globosa</i> organisms on a human head.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing <i>Malassezia globosa</i> and found it to have 4,285 genes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> <i>M. globosa</i> uses eight different types of <a href="/facts/Lipase/nPgIyNBS">lipase</a>, along with three <a href="/facts/Phospholipases/kWbLYcA5">phospholipases</a>, to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications. </p><p>Prescription and over-the-counter shampoos containing <a href="/facts/Ketoconazole/UQcvnER5">ketoconazole</a> are commonly used to treat dandruff caused by <i>Malassezia</i>. </p><p><i>M. globosa</i> has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> but this has not been observed. </p> <h3>Skin pigmentation disorders</h3> <p>In occasional <a href="/facts/Opportunistic_infection/d6ndMynw">opportunistic infections</a> of the trunk and other locations on humans, some species of <i>Malassezia</i> can cause <a href="/facts/Hypopigmentation/hJVkz3bV">hypopigmentation</a> or <a href="/facts/Hyperpigmentation/cdBzTXM1">hyperpigmentation</a>. <a href="/facts/Allergy_test/0uXwyjTR">Allergy tests</a> for these fungi are available. </p><p>The skin rash of <a href="/facts/Tinea_versicolor/y4wzgMrl">tinea versicolor</a> (<i>pityriasis versicolor</i>) is also caused by an infection of this fungus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Cancer</h3> <p>Translocation of <i>Malassezia</i> species from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with <a href="/facts/Pancreatic_ductal_adenocarcinoma/6h9GIInW">pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma</a>, and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host <a href="/facts/Complement_cascade/vRSrQDUv">complement</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Crohn's and inflammatory bowel disease</h3> <p><i>M. restricta</i>, which is normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like <a href="/facts/Crohn%2527s_disease/zm55cBtd">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/facts/Inflammatory_bowel_disease/RuxcPW5A">inflammatory bowel disease</a> when found in the gut. This is especially true for organism with the N12 <a href="/facts/CARD9/NJmjqXt9">CARD9</a> allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h3>Malassezia folliculitis</h3> <p><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_folliculitis/Yclmn6bd">Malassezia folliculitis</a></i> (also called <i>pityrosporum folliculitis</i>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> is caused by infection with <i>Malassezia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="systematics">Systematics</h2> <p><i>Malassezia</i> is the sole genus in <a href="/facts/Family_(biology)/qTrn6E8E">family</a> Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> Malasseziales, itself the single member of <a href="/facts/Class_(biology)/a7MrgFu3">class</a> Malasseziomycetes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of <i>Malassezia</i> <a href="/facts/Yeast/eGD24nfI">yeast</a> species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific <a href="/facts/Growth_media/97IMkpFP">growth media</a> and sometimes grow very slowly in <a href="/facts/Microbiological_culture/y3VaXn9Q">laboratory culture</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p><i>Malassezia</i> was originally identified by the French scientist <a href="/facts/Louis-Charles_Malassez/FypuzalU">Louis-Charles Malassez</a> in the late nineteenth century;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> he associated it with the condition <a href="/facts/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis/d1CfhTDG">seborrhoeic dermatitis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Raymond_Sabouraud/JUKkg8Kn">Raymond Sabouraud</a> identified a <a href="/facts/Dandruff/JnKQHFzM">dandruff</a>-causing organism in 1904 and called it <i>Pityrosporum Malassezii</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess <a href="/facts/Principle_of_priority/bfHpKEDK">priority</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species: </p> <ul><li><i>Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale</i>, which is <a href="/facts/Lipid/TdQR87HX">lipid</a>-dependent and found only on humans. <i>P. ovale</i> was later divided into two species, <i>P. ovale</i> and <i>P. orbiculare</i>, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with <i>M. furfur</i> the preferred name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><i>Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis</i>, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.</li></ul> <p><i>Malassezia</i> is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and <a href="/facts/Royall_T._Moore/jaJPycDK">Royall T. Moore</a> in 2009.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of <a href="/facts/Incertae_sedis/kWyo2wYR">unknown</a> class placement in the subdivision <a href="/facts/Ustilaginomycotina/ocs28yuq">Ustilaginomycotina</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev <a href="/facts/Circumscription_(taxonomy)/p2zNzcox">circumscribed</a> the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p><i>Malassezia</i> grows rapidly, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). Growth is slower at 25 °C (77 °F), and certain species struggle at 37 °C (99 °F). These organisms can proliferate on media infused with <a href="/facts/Cycloheximide/n4vb6su6">cycloheximide</a>. An essential factor for the growth of <i>Malassezia</i> is the presence of <a href="/facts/Long-chain_fatty_acid/JGg3erIu">long-chain fatty acids</a>, with <i>M. pachydermatis</i> being an exception. The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of <a href="/facts/Olive_oil/ae1Qnt2I">olive oil</a>. However, for nurturing some clinically relevant species, such as the challenging-to-cultivate <i>M. restricta</i>, more intricate culture media may be required. For the most efficient recovery of <i>Malassezia</i>, it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion <a href="/facts/Catheter/ehnH1eF5">catheter</a> and subsequently use lysis-centrifugation—a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>The yeast-like cells of <i>Malassezia</i>, measuring between 1.5–4.5 <a href="/facts/Micrometre/7eDFxD2L">μm</a> by 3–7 μm, are characterised as <a href="/facts/Phialide/TIvs3RwC">phialides</a> featuring tiny collarettes (a small, collar-like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released). These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard <a href="/facts/Light_microscope/5700vcna">light microscopes</a>. A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their <a href="/facts/Morphology_(biology)/Nl3B0myy">morphology</a>: one end is round, while the other has a distinctly blunt termination. This latter end is where singular, broad-based bud-like structures emerge, although in certain species, these structures might be narrower. To effectively visualise the organism's shape, a <a href="/facts/Staining/jqGqWEE1">staining</a> technique involving <a href="/facts/Safranin/hBhULo5h">safranin</a> is recommended, followed by observation under <a href="/facts/Oil_immersion/ufwo77Vm">oil immersion</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/facts/Calcofluor-white/IH8WU0Q8">Calcofluor-white</a> staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour. While <i>Malassezia</i> typically lacks <a href="/facts/Hypha/xogd3AHz">hyphal</a> elements, rudimentary forms can sporadically be present.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>The <i><a href="/facts/Index_Fungorum/rqBKYxlD">Index Fungorum</a></i> lists 22 species of <i>Malassezia</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The following list gives the name, the <a href="/facts/Author_citation_(botany)/EtBycMfH">taxonomic authority</a> (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into <i>Malassezia</i> from another genus; standardized <a href="/facts/Author_citation_(botany)/EtBycMfH">author abbreviations</a> are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human. </p><p>In the mid-1990s, scientists at the <a href="/facts/Pasteur_Institute/2wW6k7hf">Pasteur Institute</a> in Paris, France, discovered additional species.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_arunalokei/n6lhmM7B">Malassezia arunalokei</a></i> Honnavar, Rudramurthy, G.S.Prasad & Chakrabarti<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia brasiliensis</i> F.J.Cabañes, S.D.A.Coutinho, M.R.Bragulat & G.Castellá<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> – from lesions on the beak of <a href="/facts/Turquoise-fronted_amazon/LwhCzS95">turquoise-fronted amazon</a> parrot</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_caprae/xywALNf4">Malassezia caprae</a></i> J.Cabañes & Boekhout<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> – from skin of goat</li> <li><i>Malassezia cuniculi</i> J.Cabañes & G.Castellá<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> – from healthy skin of external ear canal of rabbit</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_dermatis/9K2AIg9M">Malassezia dermatis</a></i> Sugita, M.Takash., A.Nishikawa & Shinoda<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia equi</i> Nell, S.A.James, C.J.Bond, B.Hunt & Herrtage<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> – from skin of horse</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_equina/LEkxjl8C">Malassezia equina</a></i> J.Cabañes & Boekhout<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> – from skin of horse</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_furfur/TqoSD8V1">Malassezia furfur</a></i> (C.P.Robin) Baill.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_globosa/3uoNQqbL">Malassezia globosa</a></i> Midgley, E.Guého & J.Guillot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_japonica/Q8SlT0jN">Malassezia japonica</a></i> Sugita, M.Takash., M.Kodama, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia muris</i> (Gluge & d'Ukedem ex Guég.) Escomel – skin of mouse</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_nana/4KLg1V5G">Malassezia nana</a></i> A.Hirai, R.Kano, Makimura, H.Yamag. & A.Haseg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> – from discharge from ear of <a href="/facts/Felis/MEgTdlGv">cat</a></li> <li><i>Malassezia obtusa</i> Midgley, J.Guillot & E.Guého<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia ochoterenai</i> Maecke<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_pachydermatis/DU9Vh04j">Malassezia pachydermatis</a></i> (Weidman) C.W.Dodge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> – from skin of <a href="/facts/Indian_rhinoceros/8PlX6Wxl">Indian rhinoceros</a></li> <li><i>Malassezia psittaci</i> F.J.Cabañes, S.D.A.Coutinho, M.R.Bragulat & G.Castellá<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> – from lesions on the beak of <a href="/facts/Blue-headed_parrot/Bk7tdcSn">blue-headed parrot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_restricta/3uoNQqbL">Malassezia restricta</a></i> E.Guého, J.Guillot & Midgley<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia slooffiae</i> J.Guillot, Midgley & E.Guého<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> – from skin of pig</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_sympodialis/P84ASCKA">Malassezia sympodialis</a></i> R.B.Simmons & E.Guého<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><i>Malassezia tropica</i> (Castell.) Schmitter</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Malassezia_vespertilionis/8dRhNHqW">Malassezia vespertilionis</a></i> J.M.Lorch & Vanderwolf<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> – from <a href="/facts/Vesper_bats/bKeEJY3f">vesper bats</a> in subfamily <a href="/facts/Myotinae/vGIqvp1K">Myotinae</a></li> <li><i>Malassezia yamatoensis</i> Sugita, M.Takash., Tajima, Tsuboi & A.Nishikawa<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Shams Ghahfarokhi, M.; Razzaghi Abyaneh, M. (4 October 2015). <a href="http://ijms.sums.ac.ir/article_40115.html">"Rapid Identification of <i>Malassezia furfur</i> from other <i>Malassezia</i> Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor"</a>. <i>Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences</i>. 29 (1): 36–39. <a href="/facts/CiteSeerX_(identifier)/SceDmd3c">CiteSeerX</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.611.20">10.1.1.611.20</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. BBC. 2007-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-12-10. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Skin conditions associated with malassezia". 26 October 2023. <a href="https://dermnetnz.org/topics/malassezia-infections" target="_blank">https://dermnetnz.org/topics/malassezia-infections</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, et al. (September 2007). "Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (9): 2138–46. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID 17460728. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.jid.5700844" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.jid.5700844</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. BBC. 2007-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-12-10. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7080434.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. (November 2007). "Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18730–5. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418730X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104. PMC 2141845. PMID 18000048. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141845" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2141845</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Spectrum Science Public Relations (21 November 2007). "Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2023. <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106101200.htm" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106101200.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E (June 2008). "The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts". Parassitologia. 50 (1–2): 77–9. PMID 18693563. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/PMID_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Saunte, Ditte M.L.; Gaitanis, George; Hay, Roderick James (2020). "Malassezia-associated skin diseases, the use of diagnostics and treatment". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 10: 1–11. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00112. PMC 7098993. PMID 32266163. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098993" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098993</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Aykut B, Pushalkar S, Chen R, Li Q, Abengozar R, Kim JI, et al. (2019). "The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL". Nature. 574 (7777): 264–267. Bibcode:2019Natur.574..264A. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2. PMC 6858566. PMID 31578522. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6858566" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6858566</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Loker, Eric S.; Hofkin, Bruce V. (2023). Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach (Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 54. doi:10.1201/9780429277405. ISBN 9780429277405. LCCN 2021045732. 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