Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Consumers' Research
open-in-new
<h2 id="early-history">Early history</h2> <p>Consumers' Research published comparative test results on brand-name products and publicized <a href="/facts/Deceptive_advertising/x5t356Qs">deceptive advertising</a> claims.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h3>Founding</h3> <p>In 1927 Schlink and Chase, encouraged by the public response to the publishing of their book <i>Your Money's Worth</i>, solicited financial, editorial, and technical support from patrons of other activist magazines to support the creation of an organization to offer consumers the unbiased services of "an economist, a scientist, an accountant, and goodness knows what more."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Schlink founded this organization, Consumers' Research, and migrated the existing subscriber base of a <a href="/facts/White_Plains%2c_New_York/PHadhoWa">White Plains, New York</a> organization's <i>Consumer's Club Commodity List</i> to support the <i>Consumers' Research Bulletin</i> published by his new organization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This was a publication with the mission to "investigate, test and report reliably … hundreds of common commodities purchased."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> This magazine would "accept no money or compensation of any kind from manufacturers, dealers, advertising agencies or other commercial enterprises."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> In 1927 the circulation of the bulletin was 565; by 1932 there were 42,000 subscribers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In addition to the magazine the organization also published books, pamphlets, and reports.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <p>In 1933, Schlink and <a href="/facts/Arthur_Kallet/AKMgw72a">Arthur Kallet</a>, a board member of Consumers' Research and former colleague of Schlink at the <a href="/facts/American_Standards_Association/p3d1TQCb">American Standards Association</a>, published <i><a href="/facts/100%2c000%2c000_Guinea_Pigs/mV3TcEGL">100,000,000 Guinea Pigs</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The book was to become one of the best-selling books of the decade and the metaphor of consumers being <a href="/facts/Guinea_pig/gRXC2qNN">guinea pigs</a> exploited by commercial enterprises moved readers as an appropriate description of the public during the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Depression</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Consumers' Research moved in 1933 to <a href="/facts/Washington%2c_New_Jersey/sL6K1LME">Washington, New Jersey</a> and later the <a href="/facts/Bowerstown%2c_New_Jersey/k69rHwtL">Bowerstown</a> in <a href="/facts/Washington_Township%2c_Warren_County%2c_New_Jersey/JIbSflg6">Washington Township, New Jersey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> After the move Schlink began to take more control over the management of the organization and rapidly hired and fired many staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> When Schlink established Consumers’ Research he appointed his wife and close friends to compose the majority of seats on the board of directors, and staff noted that he held control of hiring, firing, and the organization's editorial and budget decisions. When the organization grew the staff began to question its mission.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Schlink's control and resulting protests</h3> <p>In 1927 at the start of publication <i>Consumers' Research Bulletin</i> discussed conceptual issues, but by 1934 ratings of products and guidance for purchases filled more than 75% of each issue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Around this time Chase left the organization to pursue other interests, and Schlink began to take more control over management.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> By 1935 Consumers’ Research had a staff of 50, used 200 consultants, and was sponsored by such respected and established journalists such as Alexander Crosby of <i><a href="/facts/The_Nation/JyIB3caJ">The Nation</a></i>, Arthur Kellog of <i><a href="/facts/The_Survey/PlAmSHrz">The Survey</a></i>, and George Soule of <i><a href="/facts/The_New_Republic/Ff6tcskp">The New Republic</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Each of these also wrote in their own magazines about consumer activism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In the spring of 1935, the workers began to openly complain about management practices.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In August 1935 many workers formed a chapter of the Technical, Editorial, and Office Assistant's Union.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In response to this, Schlink fired John Heasty, the appointed president of the union, and the union organizers responded with a strike at Consumers Research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Schlink counter-responded to the strike by hiring <a href="/facts/Strikebreakers/1luTpLrW">strikebreakers</a> and armed security and by filing legal grievances against protestors. The negative publicity this dispute attracted pleased Consumers' Research critics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Kallet seeks a solution</h3> <p>The positions between Consumers' Research and the strikers became more entrenched and less reconcilable, and the strikers began to have more discussions about the working conditions of employees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Arthur_Kallet/AKMgw72a">Arthur Kallet</a> emerged as a leader who proposed the creation of a new organization which would evaluate products and take into account the working conditions under which those products were created.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> The organization proposed would also engage in and promote boycotts, educational campaigns, and have alliances with other organizations, which were activities Consumers Research avoided.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>At the end of 1935, the protesters called for mediation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Reinhold_Niebuhr/NP6HIjto">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>, a religious philosopher, chaired an arbitration group which included the <a href="/facts/American_Civil_Liberties_Union/yDxr2A43">American Civil Liberties Union</a>'s <a href="/facts/Roger_Nash_Baldwin/YR0j4n7k">Roger Nash Baldwin</a>, the educator <a href="/facts/George_Counts/0HcBE0Jz">George Counts</a>, and the socialist <a href="/facts/Norman_Thomas/Qyng4S0S">Norman Thomas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Schlink rejected this arbitration and the Consumers' Research board of directors accused the strikers of being <a href="/facts/Communism/PkUwa9xK">communists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>The new organization, <a href="/facts/Consumers_Union/W7LTvc1F">Consumers Union</a>, which was founded by Kallet and an <a href="/facts/Amherst_College/wuUaPkCS">Amherst College</a> professor <a href="/facts/Colston_Warne/At0QCEGL">Colston Warne</a>, published its first magazine <i>Consumers Union Reports</i> in May 1936.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The previous strike was very successful at drawing attention to the protesters and the magazine was founded with public attention and support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Within two years the circulation of this new magazine surpassed the subscriptions to <i>Consumers' Research Bulletin</i>, which the organization continued to publish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> As of 1987 it had less than 1% of the subscribers which Consumers Union's magazine had.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> </p> <h3>Accomplishments</h3> <p>From its New Jersey location, Consumers' Research continually organized petitions to <a href="/facts/Franklin_D._Roosevelt/HtG9vMQv">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> urging him to establish a federal Department of the Consumer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> This department would organize all consumer protection agencies and have as goals the prevention of monopoly and prevention of fraud to consumers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> Because of Consumers' Research, and women's groups, and home economics activists, there were a Consumer Advisory Board, a labor advisory committee, and a business advisory committee in the <a href="/facts/National_Recovery_Administration/Nb2QIRnM">National Recovery Administration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> In 1933 Roosevelt appointed <a href="/facts/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey/tSg7oqLt">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a> to head the Consumer Advisory Board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Caroline_F._Ware/aalSDJeB">Caroline F. Ware</a>, <a href="/facts/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)/KKzIrmvE">Paul Douglas</a>, <a href="/facts/Walton_Hale_Hamilton/AGjhD1zt">Walton Hale Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/facts/Dexter_Keezer/Jxje0JN2">Dexter Keezer</a> were other consumer representatives involved in this effort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h3>Legacy</h3> <p>Consumers' Research was a founding organization in the <a href="/facts/Consumer_protection/FYPsrrcc">consumer protection</a> movement. </p><p>The establishment of Consumers Union, directly resulting from the staff dismissals and walkouts from Consumers' Research, was one of the major events influencing the consumer movement after <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Other important organizations formed in the same era were the <a href="/facts/New_Deal/R33TXQFB">New Deal</a> programs aimed at promoting economic recovery after the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a> by increasing consumer representation in the market, with the Consumer Advisory Board within the <a href="/facts/National_Recovery_Administration/Nb2QIRnM">National Recovery Administration</a> and the Consumers' Counsel within the <a href="/facts/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture/3PK2rx7C">United States Department of Agriculture</a> being notable among them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="later-history">Later history</h2> <h3>1980s sale and turn to conservatism</h3> <p>In 1981, Consumers' Research was sold to conservative commentator <a href="/facts/M._Stanton_Evans/spNAUeAf">M. Stanton Evans</a>. Evans had chaired the <a href="/facts/American_Conservative_Union/fExv4VCR">American Conservative Union</a>, led the <a href="/facts/National_Journalism_Center/69lE8nPm">National Journalism Center</a>, and served as editor for <i><a href="/facts/National_Review/IKotTv5U">National Review</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Human_Events/23SLeeYT">Human Events</a></i>. The organization moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., and abandoned assessing products, closing its New Jersey testing laboratories by 1983. The organization relied on reports from the government for its articles and saw a decrease in readership for its magazine. Evans held the role of editor at the magazine until 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2020, Will Hild became the organization's executive director. From 2020 to 2021, the annual budget of Consumers' Research budget increased from $800,000 to $8 million, with significant funding coming from <a href="/facts/Donors_Trust/CAUrfSES">Donors Trust</a>, which as a <a href="/facts/Donor_advised_fund/H82vWuI7">donor advised fund</a> allows for donor anonymity. The organization has become a key actor in conservative efforts to limit <a href="/facts/Socially_responsible_investing/pW8Ftn39">socially responsible investing</a>, particularly <a href="/facts/Environmental%2c_social%2c_and_corporate_governance/hCR8skud">environmental, social, and corporate governance</a> (ESG) initiatives by corporations. Consumers' Research is the main donor to the Republican-led State Financial Officers Foundation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>In December 2022, Consumers' Research and 13 state attorneys general called for an investigation of the investment management firm <a href="/facts/The_Vanguard_Group/3yK3xrfU">The Vanguard Group</a>. The investment firm caved, withdrawing its pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions and leaving the Net Zero Asset Managers Alliance coalition. Consumers' Research has also levied attacks against companies it alleges promote liberal agendas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Targeting "wokeness"</h3> <p>In 2021, Consumers' Research launched an ad campaign to combat "<a href="/facts/Woke/UqpaQvqB">wokeness</a>" in corporate America, targeting companies by name, including <a href="/facts/Major_League_Baseball/4WW9yef3">Major League Baseball</a>, <a href="/facts/Ticketmaster/xUJS2FfW">Ticketmaster</a>, <a href="/facts/Coca-Cola/wbnCJYb6">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/facts/American_Airlines/lpwGQXER">American Airlines</a> and <a href="/facts/Nike%2c_Inc./uBaRcBM2">Nike</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> In 2023, Consumers' Research launched a "woke alerts" digital advertising campaign that has targeted companies including <a href="/facts/Target_Corporation/p7mDo1mv">Target</a>, <a href="/facts/Bank_of_America/fXUQI9vp">Bank of America</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Walt_Disney_Company/R8kCbAVc">Disney</a>, <a href="/facts/BlackRock/bQWj1qcj">BlackRock</a>, and <a href="/facts/Anheuser-Busch/14401CQ1">Anheuser-Busch</a>, which was the subject of a <a href="/facts/Bud_Light_boycott/E0eaTTyl">consumer boycott of Bud Light</a> in 2023 in which Consumers' Research played a central role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, insurance company <a href="/facts/State_Farm/6abgd1fB">State Farm</a> partnered with GenderCool, a group whose mission is to present positive stories about transgender and nonbinary youth, to support a program providing LGBTQ-themed children's books to teachers and libraries in Florida. Consumers' Research ran an advertising campaign calling State Farm "a creepy neighbor" and accusing the insurance company of targeting children with books about gender identity. After an online uproar, State Farm dropped its support of the GenderCool partnership.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p><p>In 2022, Consumers' Research launched a multi-million dollar advertising campaign targeting <a href="/facts/BlackRock/bQWj1qcj">BlackRock</a> and <a href="/facts/Larry_Fink/uYzWI6Al">Larry Fink</a> over <a href="/facts/Environmental%2c_social%2c_and_corporate_governance/hCR8skud">environmental, social, and corporate governance</a> (ESG) investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> In 2023, Consumers' Research gave congressional leaders "a detailed roadmap for dismantling the environmental, social and governance (ESG) movement," calling ESG "an existential threat to our liberty." The report alleged that "some of the largest asset managers in the world have leveraged Americans' savings to coerce corporations to adopt critical race theory, boycott states with Republican governments, fund employees' abortions, and divest from investment in drilling for oil and natural gas, among a wide range of other left-wing causes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Consumer_Reports/W7LTvc1F">Consumer Reports</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). <i>Test and protest</i>. New York: Holmes and Meier. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 08419-0749-8.</li> <li>Mayer, Robert N. (1989). <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye"><i>The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace</i></a> (1. print. ed.). Boston: <a href="/facts/Twayne_Publishers/kKSW05y4">Twayne Publishers</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0805797181.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Colston_Warne/At0QCEGL">Warne, Colston E.</a> (1993). <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn"><i>The consumer movement : lectures</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Manhattan%2c_Kan./9wEn74XD">Manhattan, Kan.</a>: Family Economics Trust Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1881331016.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://consumersresearch.org/">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html">An Inventory to the Records of Consumers' Research, Inc., 1910-1983. (MC 3)</a> Finding aid to the archival collection held by Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. Includes a detailed history of Consumers' Research, a chronology of events, brief biographies of the major people involved, a description of the contents of the collection, and a container list.</li> <li><a href="https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=94693">"Mary Catherine Phillips – Consumers' Research"</a>. <a href="/facts/The_Historical_Marker_Database/3hjtCeG8">The Historical Marker Database</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mufson, Steven (January 30, 2023). "This group is sharpening the GOP attack on 'woke' Wall Street". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Vogel, Kenneth P. (12 October 2022). "Leonard Leo Pushed the Courts Right. Now He's Aiming at American Society". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 May 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/us/politics/leonard-leo-courts-dark-money.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/12/us/politics/leonard-leo-courts-dark-money.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Nichols, Hans (April 16, 2023). "Conservatives plot text warnings on "woke" products". Axios. Retrieved 30 May 2024. <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/04/14/conservatives-plot-text-warning-woke-products" target="_blank">https://www.axios.com/2023/04/14/conservatives-plot-text-warning-woke-products</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>McGovern, Charles (2004). "Consumption". In Whitfield, Stephen J. (ed.). A Companion to 20th-Century America. Blackwell. pp. 346. ISBN 0-631-21100-4. <a href="0-631-21100-4" target="_blank">0-631-21100-4</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 21. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>McGovern, Charles (2004). "Consumption". In Whitfield, Stephen J. (ed.). A Companion to 20th-Century America. Blackwell. pp. 346. ISBN 0-631-21100-4. <a href="0-631-21100-4" target="_blank">0-631-21100-4</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Silber 1983, p. 18. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Williams, Gregory L. (January 1995). "An Inventory to the Records of Consumers' Research, Inc., 1910–1983, bulk 1928–1980". Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries. Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-11-27. <a href="http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html" target="_blank">http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/consumers_introf.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 21. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Silber 1983, p. 19. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Silber 1983, p. 20. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Silber 1983, p. 20. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Silber 1983, p. 20. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Silber 1983, p. 20. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Silber 1983, p. 20. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Silber 1983, p. 21. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Silber 1983, p. 23. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Silber 1983, p. 23. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Silber 1983, p. 23. - Silber, Norman Isaac (1983). Test and protest. New York: Holmes and Meier. ISBN 08419-0749-8. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Warne 1993, p. 118. - Warne, Colston E. (1993). The consumer movement : lectures. Manhattan, Kan.: Family Economics Trust Press. ISBN 1881331016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Warne 1993, p. 118. - Warne, Colston E. (1993). The consumer movement : lectures. Manhattan, Kan.: Family Economics Trust Press. ISBN 1881331016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Warne 1993, p. 119. - Warne, Colston E. (1993). The consumer movement : lectures. Manhattan, Kan.: Family Economics Trust Press. ISBN 1881331016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Warne 1993, p. 119. - Warne, Colston E. (1993). The consumer movement : lectures. Manhattan, Kan.: Family Economics Trust Press. ISBN 1881331016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Warne 1993, p. 119. - Warne, Colston E. (1993). The consumer movement : lectures. Manhattan, Kan.: Family Economics Trust Press. ISBN 1881331016. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000warn</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Mayer 1989, p. 22. - Mayer, Robert N. (1989). The consumer movement : guardians of the marketplace (1. print. ed.). Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0805797181. <a href="https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/consumermovement0000maye</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Applegate, Edd (2015). "Consumers' Research". The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-135-94906-8. <a href="978-1-135-94906-8" target="_blank">978-1-135-94906-8</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Mufson, Steven (January 30, 2023). "This group is sharpening the GOP attack on 'woke' Wall Street". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Mufson, Steven (January 30, 2023). "This group is sharpening the GOP attack on 'woke' Wall Street". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Mufson, Steven (January 30, 2023). "This group is sharpening the GOP attack on 'woke' Wall Street". The Washington Post. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/30/climate-change-sustainable-investing/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"New Campaign Against 'Woke Companies' Slams Them for Not Being Woke Enough". Reason.com. 19 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <a href="https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/" target="_blank">https://reason.com/2021/05/19/new-campaign-against-woke-companies-slams-them-for-not-being-woke-enough/</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Pengelly, Martin (2024-07-18). "Rightwinger Leonard Leo helped fuel Bud Light boycott, tax filings show". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-07-18. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/18/bud-light-boycott-funding" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/18/bud-light-boycott-funding</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Bella, Timothy (May 24, 2022). "State Farm drops support of LGBTQ kids books after conservative furor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/05/24/state-farm-lgbtq-childrens-books/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/05/24/state-farm-lgbtq-childrens-books/</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Wang, Amy (25 May 2022). "Portland publisher caught in controversy as State Farm drops LGBTQ kids books program in Florida". oregonlive. The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022. <a href="https://www.oregonlive.com/books/2022/05/portland-publisher-caught-in-controversy-as-state-farm-drops-lgbtq-kids-books-program-in-florida.html" target="_blank">https://www.oregonlive.com/books/2022/05/portland-publisher-caught-in-controversy-as-state-farm-drops-lgbtq-kids-books-program-in-florida.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Treene, Alayna (August 17, 2022). "Conservatives' war on BlackRock". Axios. Retrieved 30 May 2024. <a href="https://www.axios.com/2022/08/18/blackrock-esg-conservatives" target="_blank">https://www.axios.com/2022/08/18/blackrock-esg-conservatives</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Nichols, Hans (March 8, 2023). "Scoop: GOP's "existential" attack plan on ESG". Axios. Retrieved 30 May 2024. <a href="https://www.axios.com/2023/03/08/republicans-esg-hearings-questions" target="_blank">https://www.axios.com/2023/03/08/republicans-esg-hearings-questions</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>