Magnetization transfer

<h2 id="chemical-exchange-magnetization-transfer">Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer</h2>
<p>In <a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_imaging/Vh9yG9qq">magnetic resonance imaging</a> or <a href="/facts/NMR/pGYAn9Bz">NMR</a> of macromolecular samples, such as <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">protein</a> solutions, at least two types of water molecules, free (bulk) and bound (hydration), are present. Bulk water molecules have many mechanical degrees of freedom, and motion of such molecules thus exhibits statistically averaged behavior. Because of this uniformity, most free water protons have resonance frequencies very near the average Larmor frequency of all such protons. On a properly acquired NMR spectrum this is seen as a narrow Lorentzian line (at 4.8 ppm, 20 C). Bulk water molecules are also relatively far from <a href="/facts/Magnetic_field/Ta8Ev588">magnetic field</a> perturbing macromolecules, such that free water protons experience a more homogeneous magnetic field, which results in slower transverse magnetization <a href="/facts/Dephasing/ogYdaSDL">dephasing</a> and a longer <a href="/facts/Relaxation_(NMR)/IT2ruCcy"><i>T</i>2*</a>. Conversely, hydration water molecules are mechanically constrained by extensive interactions with the local macromolecules and hence magnetic field inhomogeneities are not averaged out, which leads to broader resonance lines.  This results in faster dephasing of the magnetization that produces the <a href="/facts/NMR/pGYAn9Bz">NMR</a> signal and much shorter <i>T</i>2 values (<200 μs).  Because the <i>T</i>2 values are so short, the <a href="/facts/NMR/pGYAn9Bz">NMR</a> signal from the protons of bound water is not typically observed in MRI.
</p><p>However, using an off-resonance saturation pulse to irradiate protons in the bound (hydration) population can have a detectable effect on the NMR signal of the mobile (free) proton pool. When a population of spins is saturated, such that the magnitude of the macroscopic magnetization vector approaches zero, there is no remaining spin polarization with which to produce an NMR signal. Longitudinal relaxation refers to the return of longitudinal spin polarization, which occurs at a rate described by T1. While the number of hydration water molecules may be insufficient to produce an observable signal, exchange of water molecules between the hydration and bulk population allows characterization of the hydration population, and measurement of the rate at which molecules are exchanging between bulk and bound sites. Such experiments are often termed saturation transfer or chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), because the signal of the bulk water is observed to decrease when the hydration population is saturated. Considering these techniques from the opposite perspective, that magnetization (i.e. spin polarization) is being transferred from the bulk water to the spin-saturated hydration population, allows one to conceptually unify chemical exchange methods with other techniques that transfer magnetization between nuclei populations. Since the extent of signal decay depends on the exchange rate between free and hydration water, MT can be used to provide an alternative contrast method in addition to <i>T</i>1,<i>T</i>2, and proton density differences.
</p><p>MT is believed to be a nonspecific indicator of the structural integrity of the tissue being imaged.
</p><p>An extension of MT, the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) has been used in <a href="/facts/Neuroradiology/qmDs6Ct4">neuroradiology</a> to highlight abnormalities in brain structures.  (The MTR is (<i>M</i><i>o</i>-<i>M</i><i>t</i>)/<i>M</i><i>o</i>.)
</p><p>A systematic modulation of the precise frequency offset for the saturation pulse can be plotted against the free-water signal to form a "Z-spectrum". This technique is often referred to as "Z-spectroscopy".
</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_imaging/Vh9yG9qq">Magnetic resonance imaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy/SFKgdthI">Magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/news/Apr2003/FullTextNonconventionalMRIinDemyelinatingDisorders.html">The Role of Nonconventional MRI Techniques in Demyelinating Disorders</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0004-282X1999000600002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">Magnetic Resonance Findings in Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis Using a Spin Echo Magnetization Transfer Sequence</a></li>
<li>Wolff SD & Balaban RS. Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and tissue water proton relaxation in vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1989;10(1):135-144.</li>
<li>Mehta RC, Pike GB, Enzmann DR. Magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical review. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1996;8(4):214-30.</li>
<li>Tanabe JL, Ezekiel F, Jagust WJ, et al. Magnetization Transfer Ratio of White Matter Hyperintensities in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20(5):839–844.</li>
<li>Symms M, Jäger HR, Schmierer K, Yousry TA. A review of structural magnetic resonance neuroimaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;75(9):1235-44. Review. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15314108">15314108</a></li>
<li>Lepage M, McMahon K, Galloway GJ, De Deene Y, Back SÅJ, Baldock C, 2002. Magnetization transfer imaging for polymer gel dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol. 47 1881–1890.</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Aurora; Zaiss, Moritz; Esteban-Gómez, David; Angelovski, Goran; Platas-Iglesias, Carlos (2021). "Chapter 4. Metal Ion Complexes in Paramagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (ParaCEST)". Metal Ions in Bio-Imaging Techniques. Springer. pp. 101–135. doi:10.1515/9783110685701-010. S2CID 233710016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Magnetization transfer open-in-new

Magnetization transfer