Gartner hype cycle

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
Gartner's hype cycle framework was introduced in 1995 by analyst Jackie Fenn, who had joined the firm the year before.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a> In her research reports, Fenn identified common patterns related to the maturity of emerging technologies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> Fenn referred to this familiar progression as a "hype cycle" and created a graph depicting its ups and downs with each distinct stage given a title, starting with Technology trigger and ending with Plateau of productivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> The chart was included in a one-off research report, but it was popular with other Gartner analysts and clients and the "Hype Cycle of Emerging Technologies" was soon developed into an annual report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> 

<h2 id="five-phases">Five phases</h2>

Each hype cycle drills down into the five key phases of a technology's life cycle.

1. Technology trigger
A potential technology breakthrough kicks things off. Early proof-of-concept stories and media interest trigger significant publicity. Often no usable products exist and commercial viability is unproven.
2. Peak of inflated expectations
Early publicity produces a number of success stories—often accompanied by scores of failures. Some companies take action; most do not.
3. Trough of disillusionment
Interest wanes as experiments and implementations fail to deliver. Producers of the technology shake out or fail. Investment continues only if the surviving providers improve their products to the satisfaction of early adopters.
4. Slope of enlightenment
More instances of the technology's benefits start to crystallize and become more widely understood. Second- and third-generation products appear from technology providers. More enterprises fund pilots; conservative companies remain cautious.
5. Plateau of productivity
Mainstream adoption starts to take off. Criteria for assessing provider viability are more clearly defined. The technology's broad market applicability and relevance are clearly paying off. If the technology has more than a niche market, then it will continue to grow.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a>
The term "hype cycle" and each of the associated phases are now used more broadly in the <a href="/facts/Marketing/LttVQ66t">marketing</a> of new technologies.

<h2 id="hype-in-new-media">Hype in new media</h2>
Hype (in the more general media sense of the term "hype"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>) has played a large part in the adoption of <a href="/facts/New_media/AhuRPHpN">new media</a>. Analyses of the Internet in the 1990s featured large amounts of hype,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> and that created "debunking" responses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> A longer-term historical perspective on such cycles can be found in the research of the economist <a href="/facts/Carlota_Perez/HNGL5cTu">Carlota Perez</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> Desmond Roger Laurence, in the field of <a href="/facts/Clinical_pharmacology/5sqmF6eV">clinical pharmacology</a>, described a similar process in <a href="/facts/Drug_development/k34jgV4B">drug development</a> in the seventies.

<h2 id="criticisms">Criticisms</h2>
There have been numerous criticisms<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> of the hype cycle, prominent among which are that it is not a cycle, that the outcome does not depend on the nature of the technology itself, that it is not scientific in nature, and that it does not reflect changes over time in the speed at which technology develops. Another is that it is limited in its application, as it prioritizes economic considerations in decision-making processes. It seems to assume that a business' performance is tied to the hype cycle, whereas this may actually have more to do with the way a company devises its branding strategy. A related criticism is that the "cycle" has no real benefits to the development or marketing of new technologies and merely comments on pre-existing trends. Specific disadvantages when compared to, for example, <a href="/facts/Technology_readiness_level/8rspk4mE">technology readiness level</a> are:

<ul><li>The cycle is not scientific in nature, and there is no data or analysis that would justify the cycle.</li>
<li>With the (subjective) terms disillusionment, enlightenment and expectations it cannot be described objectively or clearly where technology now really is.</li>
<li>The terms are misleading in the sense that one gets the wrong idea what they can use a technology for. The user does not want to be disappointed, so should they stay away from technology in the Trough of Disillusionment?</li>
<li>No action perspective is offered to move technology to a next phase.</li>
<li>This appears to be a very simplified impulse response of an elastic system representable by a differential equation. Perhaps more telling would be to formulate a system model with solutions conforming to observable behavior.</li></ul>
An analysis of Gartner Hype Cycles since 2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> shows that few technologies actually travel through an identifiable hype cycle, and that in practice most of the important technologies adopted since 2000 were not identified early in their adoption cycles.
<a href="/facts/The_Economist/KNjzFCVU">The Economist</a> researched the hype cycle in 2024:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a>

<blockquote>We find, in short, that the cycle is a rarity. Tracing breakthrough technologies over time, only a small share—perhaps a fifth—move from innovation to excitement to despondency to widespread adoption. Lots of tech becomes widely used without such a rollercoaster ride. Others go from boom to bust, but do not come back. We estimate that of all the forms of tech which fall into the trough of disillusionment, six in ten do not rise again.
</blockquote>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/AI_winter/DLpU1wxl">AI winter</a>, in referring to periods of disillusionment with artificial intelligence</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Product_lifecycle/G3U6gtBv">Product lifecycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Kondratiev_wave/90RokDEX">Kondratiev wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Roy_Amara/Wo31l4Ge">Roy Amara</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Transient_response/m4Nr61Px">Transient response</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Dunning%25E2%2580%2593Kruger_effect/buqbtVeF">Dunning–Kruger effect</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li>Fenn, Jackie & Raskino, Mark (2008). Mastering the Hype Cycle: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time. <a href="/facts/Harvard_Business_Review/leWeeqyj">Harvard Business Review Press</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4221-2110-8.</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hype cycle.

<ul><li><a href="https://www.gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle">Hype Cycle Research Methodology</a>, the official materials</li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Edwards, Chris (May 2015). "Waiting for the drop". Engineering & Technology. 10 (4): 32–53. doi:10.1049/et.2015.0415. Retrieved April 7, 2025. <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7118566" target="_blank">https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7118566</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Linden, Alexander; Fenn, Jackie (2003-05-30). "Understanding Gartner's hype cycles". Gartner. Archived from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2023-06-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173309/https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/396330" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230627173309/https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/396330</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Edwards, Chris (May 2015). "Waiting for the drop". Engineering & Technology. 10 (4): 32–53. doi:10.1049/et.2015.0415. Retrieved April 7, 2025. <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7118566" target="_blank">https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7118566</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Fenn, Jackie; Raskino, Mark (2008). Mastering the Hype Cycle: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time. Harvard Business Review Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1-4221-2110-8. <a href="978-1-4221-2110-8" target="_blank">978-1-4221-2110-8</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Walton, Nigel; Pyper, Neil (2020). Technology Strategy. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1137605344. <a href="978-1137605344" target="_blank">978-1137605344</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Fenn, Jackie; Raskino, Mark (2008). Mastering the Hype Cycle: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time. Harvard Business Review Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1-4221-2110-8. <a href="978-1-4221-2110-8" target="_blank">978-1-4221-2110-8</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Chaffey, Dave (2016). Digital marketing. Ellis-Chadwick, Fiona (Sixth ed.). Harlow: Pearson. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9781292077611. OCLC 942844494. <a href="9781292077611" target="_blank">9781292077611</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Flew, Terry (2008). New Media: An Introduction (3rd ed.). South Melbourne: OUP Australia and New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-555149-5. <a href="978-0-19-555149-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-555149-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Negroponte, Nicolas (1996-01-03). Being Digital (1st ed.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76290-4. <a href="978-0-679-76290-4" target="_blank">978-0-679-76290-4</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Kelly, Kevin (1997-09-01). "New Rules For The New Economy". Wired. Vol. 5, no. 9. Retrieved 2011-12-30. <a href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.09/newrules.html" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.09/newrules.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Dyson, Esther (1997). Release 2.0: A Design For Living In The Digital Age (1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books. <a href="https://archive.org/details/release20designf00dyso" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/release20designf00dyso</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Flew, Terry (2008). New Media: An Introduction (3rd ed.). South Melbourne: OUP Australia and New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-19-555149-5. <a href="978-0-19-555149-5" target="_blank">978-0-19-555149-5</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Henton, Doug; Held, Kim (2013). "The dynamics of Silicon Valley: Creative destruction and the evolution of the innovation habitat". Social Science Information. 52 (4): 539–557. doi:10.1177/0539018413497542. ISSN 0539-0184. S2CID 145780832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Steinert, Martin (July 2010). "Scrutinizing Gartner's hype cycle approach". ResearchGate. IEEE Xplore. Retrieved 29 September 2021. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224182916" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224182916</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">First published in the 2005 blog:
Veryard, Richard (September 16, 2005). "Technology Hype Curve". Retrieved March 10, 2016. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Veryard" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_Veryard</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Aranda, Jorge (October 22, 2006). "Cheap shots at the Gartner Hype Curve". Retrieved March 10, 2016. <a href="http://catenary.wordpress.com/2006/10/22/cheap-shots-at-the-gartner-hype-curve/" target="_blank">http://catenary.wordpress.com/2006/10/22/cheap-shots-at-the-gartner-hype-curve/</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"8 Lessons from 20 Years of Hype Cycles". LinkedIn Pulse. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2017-01-04. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/8-lessons-from-20-years-hype-cycles-michael-mullany" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/8-lessons-from-20-years-hype-cycles-michael-mullany</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"8 Lessons from 20 Years of Hype Cycles". LinkedIn Pulse. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2017-01-04. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/8-lessons-from-20-years-hype-cycles-michael-mullany" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/8-lessons-from-20-years-hype-cycles-michael-mullany</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">"Artificial intelligence is losing hype". The Economist. August 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/08/19/artificial-intelligence-is-losing-hype" target="_blank">https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/08/19/artificial-intelligence-is-losing-hype</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Gartner hype cycle open-in-new

Gartner hype cycle