Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Molybdenum disulfide
open-in-new
<h2 id="production">Production</h2> <p>MoS2 is naturally found as either <a href="/facts/Molybdenite/jatlEkxR">molybdenite</a>, a crystalline mineral, or jordisite, a rare low temperature form of molybdenite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Molybdenite ore is processed by <a href="/facts/Froth_flotation/xHkwuCn0">flotation</a> to give relatively pure MoS2. The main contaminant is carbon. MoS2 also arises by thermal treatment of virtually all molybdenum compounds with <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_sulfide/UbCqjMMk">hydrogen sulfide</a> or elemental sulfur and can be produced by metathesis reactions from <a href="/facts/Molybdenum_pentachloride/UjtdNXEY">molybdenum pentachloride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><h2 id="structure-and-physical-properties">Structure and physical properties</h2> <h3>Crystalline phases</h3> <p>All forms of MoS2 have a layered structure, in which a plane of molybdenum atoms is sandwiched by planes of sulfide ions. These three strata form a monolayer of MoS2. Bulk MoS2 consists of stacked monolayers, which are held together by weak <a href="/facts/Van_der_Waals_interactions/jyGU8Vh9">van der Waals interactions</a>. </p><p>Crystalline MoS2 exists in one of two phases, 2H-MoS2 and 3R-MoS2, where the "H" and the "R" indicate hexagonal and rhombohedral symmetry, respectively. In both of these structures, each molybdenum atom exists at the center of a <a href="/facts/Trigonal_prism/bNXLVvks">trigonal prismatic</a> <a href="/facts/Coordination_sphere/s3vUKWjp">coordination sphere</a> and is covalently bonded to six sulfide ions. Each sulfur atom has pyramidal coordination and is bonded to three molybdenum atoms. Both the 2H- and 3R-phases are semiconducting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>A third, metastable crystalline phase known as 1T-MoS2 was discovered by intercalating 2H-MoS2 with <a href="/facts/Alkali_metals/IkWbCLk2">alkali metals</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> This phase has trigonal symmetry and is metallic. The 1T-phase can be stabilized through doping with electron donors such as <a href="/facts/Rhenium/TzyqJYEn">rhenium</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> or converted back to the 2H-phase by microwave radiation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The 2H/1T-phase transition can be controlled via the incorporation of sulfur (S) <a href="/facts/Vacancy_defect/kDeBLJIT">vacancies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Allotropes</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Carbon_nanotube/atuDPPaG">Nanotube</a>-like and <a href="/facts/Buckyball/F0VebtPK">buckyball</a>-like molecules composed of MoS2 are known.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h3>Exfoliated MoS2 flakes</h3> <p>While bulk MoS2 in the 2H-phase is known to be an indirect-band gap semiconductor, monolayer MoS2 has a direct band gap. The layer-dependent optoelectronic properties of MoS2 have promoted much research in 2-dimensional MoS2-based devices. 2D MoS2 can be produced by exfoliating bulk crystals to produce single-layer to few-layer flakes either through a dry, micromechanical process or through solution processing. </p><p>Micromechanical exfoliation, also pragmatically called "<a href="/facts/Graphene_production_techniques/u2nCjPKG">Scotch-tape exfoliation</a>", involves using an adhesive material to repeatedly peel apart a layered crystal by overcoming the van der Waals forces. The crystal flakes can then be transferred from the adhesive film to a substrate. This facile method was first used by <a href="/facts/Konstantin_Novoselov/lUm4JtV0">Konstantin Novoselov</a> and <a href="/facts/Andre_Geim/qWjCXzWT">Andre Geim</a> to obtain graphene from graphite crystals. However, it can not be employed for a uniform 1-D layers because of weaker adhesion of MoS2 to the substrate (either silicon, glass or quartz); the aforementioned scheme is good for graphene only.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> While Scotch tape is generally used as the adhesive tape, <a href="/facts/Polydimethylsiloxane/2lPYh00F">PDMS</a> stamps can also satisfactorily cleave MoS2 if it is important to avoid contaminating the flakes with residual adhesive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Liquid-phase exfoliation can also be used to produce monolayer to multi-layer MoS2 in solution. A few methods include lithium <a href="/facts/Intercalation_(chemistry)/YsayFumX">intercalation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> to delaminate the layers and <a href="/facts/Sonication/RfKqX7t4">sonication</a> in a high-surface tension solvent.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mechanical properties</h3> <p>MoS2 excels as a lubricating material (see below) due to its layered structure and low <a href="/facts/Friction/d0108Rpu">coefficient of friction</a>. Interlayer sliding dissipates energy when a shear stress is applied to the material. Extensive work has been performed to characterize the coefficient of friction and shear strength of MoS2 in various atmospheres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Shear_strength/tmS1LR3C">shear strength</a> of MoS2 increases as the coefficient of friction increases. This property is called <a href="/facts/Superlubricity/Arb6Wkee">superlubricity</a>. At ambient conditions, the coefficient of friction for MoS2 was determined to be 0.150, with a corresponding estimated shear strength of 56.0 MPa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Direct methods of measuring the shear strength indicate that the value is closer to 25.3 MPa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The wear resistance of MoS2 in lubricating applications can be increased by <a href="/facts/Doping_(semiconductor)/WrGdtWnm">doping</a> MoS2 with <a href="/facts/Chromium/6sVk6Uu7">Cr</a>. Microindentation experiments on <a href="/facts/Nanopillar/JyGAxCjl">nanopillars</a> of Cr-doped MoS2 found that the yield strength increased from an average of 821 MPa for pure MoS2 (at 0% Cr) to 1017 MPa at 50% Cr.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The increase in yield strength is accompanied by a change in the failure mode of the material. While the pure MoS2 nanopillar fails through a plastic bending mechanism, brittle fracture modes become apparent as the material is loaded with increasing amounts of dopant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>The widely used method of micromechanical exfoliation has been carefully studied in MoS2 to understand the mechanism of delamination in few-layer to multi-layer flakes. The exact mechanism of cleavage was found to be layer dependent. Flakes thinner than 5 layers undergo homogenous bending and rippling, while flakes around 10 layers thick delaminated through interlayer sliding. Flakes with more than 20 layers exhibited a kinking mechanism during micromechanical cleavage. The cleavage of these flakes was also determined to be reversible due to the nature of van der Waals bonding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In recent years, MoS2 has been utilized in flexible electronic applications, promoting more investigation into the elastic properties of this material. Nanoscopic bending tests using <a href="/facts/Atomic-force_microscopy/JDbdsvdy">AFM</a> cantilever tips were performed on micromechanically exfoliated MoS2 flakes that were deposited on a holey substrate.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The Young's modulus of monolayer flakes was 270 GPa,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> while the thicker flakes were stiffer, with a Young's modulus of 330 GPa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Molecular dynamic simulations found the in-plane Young's modulus of MoS2 to be 229 GPa, which matches the experimental results within error.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>Bertolazzi and coworkers also characterized the failure modes of the suspended monolayer flakes. The strain at failure ranges from 6 to 11%. The average yield strength of monolayer MoS2 is 23 GPa, which is close to the theoretical fracture strength for defect-free MoS2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The band structure of MoS2 is sensitive to strain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="chemical-reactions">Chemical reactions</h2> <p>Molybdenum disulfide is stable in air and attacked only by aggressive <a href="/facts/Reagent/c3GLInCu">reagents</a>. It reacts with oxygen upon heating forming <a href="/facts/Molybdenum_trioxide/4QpFEqmg">molybdenum trioxide</a>: </p> 2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO2 <p><a href="/facts/Chlorine/y27UwYBM">Chlorine</a> attacks molybdenum disulfide at elevated temperatures to form <a href="/facts/Molybdenum_pentachloride/UjtdNXEY">molybdenum pentachloride</a>: </p> 2 MoS2 + 7 Cl2 → 2 MoCl5 + 2 S2Cl2 <h3>Intercalation reactions</h3> <p>Molybdenum disulfide is a host for formation of <a href="/facts/Intercalation_compounds/YsayFumX">intercalation compounds</a>. This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> One example is a lithiated material, Li<i>x</i>MoS2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> With <a href="/facts/N-Butyllithium/v4Rz4Dc1">butyl lithium</a>, the product is LiMoS2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <h3>Lubricant</h3> <p>Due to weak <a href="/facts/Van_der_Waals_force/jyGU8Vh9">van der Waals</a> interactions between the sheets of sulfide atoms, MoS2 has a low <a href="/facts/Coefficient_of_friction/d0108Rpu">coefficient of friction</a>. MoS2 in particle sizes in the range of 1–100 μm is a common <a href="/facts/Dry_lubricant/N4GgvV41">dry lubricant</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Few alternatives exist that confer high lubricity and stability at up to 350 °C in oxidizing environments. Sliding friction tests of MoS2 using a <a href="/facts/Pin_on_disc_tester/WdWCSzaS">pin on disc tester</a> at low loads (0.1–2 N) give friction coefficient values of <0.1.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>MoS2 is often a component of blends and composites that require low friction. For example, it is added to graphite to improve sticking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> A variety of <a href="/facts/Oil/fsgX2IRM">oils</a> and <a href="/facts/Grease_(lubricant)/SoG6pwuV">greases</a> are used, because they retain their lubricity even in cases of almost complete oil loss, thus finding a use in critical applications such as <a href="/facts/Aircraft_engine/XJo2Bd2e">aircraft engines</a>. When added to <a href="/facts/Plastic/Kla5QItn">plastics</a>, MoS2 forms a <a href="/facts/Composite_material/UBysQldh">composite</a> with improved strength as well as reduced friction. Polymers that may be filled with MoS2 include <a href="/facts/Nylon/hBvG9bCw">nylon</a> (<a href="/facts/Trade_name/0tbWP1Sn">trade name</a> <a href="/facts/Nylatron/XCVVNeHw">Nylatron</a>), <a href="/facts/Teflon/jesBNXKq">Teflon</a> and <a href="/facts/Vespel/A1CUrsDh">Vespel</a>. Self-lubricating composite coatings for high-temperature applications consist of molybdenum disulfide and <a href="/facts/Titanium_nitride/vxbbBgNz">titanium nitride</a>, using <a href="/facts/Chemical_vapor_deposition/7khLxeU5">chemical vapor deposition</a>. </p><p>Examples of applications of MoS2-based lubricants include <a href="/facts/Two-stroke_engine/Al4uUeo9">two-stroke engines</a> (such as motorcycle engines), bicycle <a href="/facts/Coaster_brakes/Ub9gyTv3">coaster brakes</a>, automotive <a href="/facts/Constant-velocity_joint/f030EPmw">CV</a> and <a href="/facts/Universal_joint/UkDnAv2q">universal joints</a>, ski waxes<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Bullet/VgJXCI0b">bullets</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Other layered inorganic materials that exhibit lubricating properties (collectively known as <a href="/facts/Solid_lubricant/N4GgvV41">solid lubricants</a> (or dry lubricants)) includes graphite, which requires volatile additives and hexagonal <a href="/facts/Boron_nitride/kumlPQRg">boron nitride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <h3>Catalysis</h3> <p>MoS2 is employed as a <a href="/facts/Catalyst/LPBS7TQC">cocatalyst</a> for desulfurization in <a href="/facts/Petrochemistry/XsTh4gyy">petrochemistry</a>, for example, <a href="/facts/Hydrodesulfurization/CTXmxBQu">hydrodesulfurization</a>. The effectiveness of the MoS2 catalysts is enhanced by <a href="/facts/Doping_(semiconductor)/WrGdtWnm">doping</a> with small amounts of <a href="/facts/Cobalt/gqhScEw4">cobalt</a> or <a href="/facts/Nickel/KwMCHYRP">nickel</a>. The intimate mixture of these sulfides is <a href="/facts/Catalyst_support/zLpv8hJB">supported</a> on <a href="/facts/Alumina/wXM9P6pI">alumina</a>. Such catalysts are generated in situ by treating molybdate/cobalt or nickel-impregnated alumina with H2S or an equivalent reagent. Catalysis does not occur at the regular sheet-like regions of the crystallites, but instead at the edge of these planes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> </p><p>MoS2 finds use as a <a href="/facts/Hydrogenation/l7EzNSA7">hydrogenation</a> catalyst for <a href="/facts/Organic_synthesis/aprl6Iq7">organic synthesis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> As it is derived from a common <a href="/facts/Transition_metal/0slGWoLQ">transition metal</a>, rather than a <a href="/facts/Group_10/oIUwy5mC">group 10</a> metal, MoS2 is chosen when price or resistance to sulfur <a href="/facts/Catalyst_poisoning/mU3dwzez">poisoning</a> are of primary concern. MoS2 is effective for the hydrogenation of <a href="/facts/Nitro_compounds/pem2BhMY">nitro compounds</a> to <a href="/facts/Amines/SN7W44fv">amines</a> and can be used to produce <a href="/facts/Secondary_(chemistry)/KoxMGUgz">secondary</a> amines via <a href="/facts/Reductive_amination/U6duvSnx">reductive amination</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> The catalyst can also effect <a href="/facts/Hydrogenolysis/v8VT0Bx2">hydrogenolysis</a> of <a href="/facts/Organosulfur_compounds/sUxSSXwD">organosulfur compounds</a>, <a href="/facts/Aldehyde/xSIRkW03">aldehydes</a>, <a href="/facts/Ketone/BqQXpLo4">ketones</a>, <a href="/facts/Phenols/xs1CtNTa">phenols</a> and <a href="/facts/Carboxylic_acids/U4xuMosy">carboxylic acids</a> to their respective <a href="/facts/Alkane/Qam7Hvmf">alkanes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> However, it suffers from low activity, often requiring hydrogen <a href="/facts/Pressure/eyc37GRG">pressures</a> above 96 MPa and temperatures above 185 °C. </p> <h2 id="research">Research</h2> <p>MoS2 plays an important role in <a href="/facts/Condensed_matter_physics/EBVI5nmL">condensed matter physics</a> research.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Hydrogen evolution</h3> <p>MoS2 and related molybdenum sulfides are efficient catalysts for <a href="/facts/Hydrogen_evolution_reaction/ApN1STxx">hydrogen evolution</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Electrolysis_of_water/Vb0hYQPW">electrolysis of water</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> thus, are possibly useful to produce hydrogen for use in <a href="/facts/Fuel_cell/UcMYnCW3">fuel cells</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Oxygen reduction and evolution</h3> <p>MoS2@Fe-<i>N</i>-C core/shell<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> nanosphere with atomic Fe-doped surface and interface (MoS2/Fe-<i>N</i>-C) can be used as a used an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) bifunctionally because of reduced energy barrier due to Fe-N4 dopants and unique nature of MoS2/Fe-<i>N</i>-C interface. </p> <h3>Microelectronics</h3> <p>As in <a href="/facts/Graphene/QDGUBaPt">graphene</a>, the layered structures of MoS2 and other <a href="/facts/Transition_metal/0slGWoLQ">transition metal</a> <a href="/facts/Dichalcogenide/GTXXbDoV">dichalcogenides</a> exhibit electronic and optical properties<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> that can differ from those in bulk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Bulk MoS2 has an indirect band gap of 1.2 eV,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> while <a href="/facts/Transition_metal_dichalcogenide_monolayers/hz7oyw2H">MoS2 monolayers</a> have a direct 1.8 eV <a href="/facts/Band_gap/IjIeh95l">electronic bandgap</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> supporting switchable transistors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Photodetectors/7cSkXS6s">photodetectors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> </p><p>MoS2 nanoflakes can be used for solution-processed fabrication of layered <a href="/facts/Memristor/BrFKeE7l">memristive</a> and memcapacitive devices through engineering a MoO<i>x</i>/MoS2 heterostructure sandwiched between silver electrodes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> MoS2-based <a href="/facts/Memristor/BrFKeE7l">memristors</a> are mechanically flexible, optically transparent and can be produced at low cost. </p><p>The sensitivity of a graphene <a href="/facts/Field-effect_transistor/TerYC6Nz">field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <a href="/facts/Bio-FET/GgMPKWNk">biosensor</a> is fundamentally restricted by the zero band gap of graphene, which results in increased leakage and reduced sensitivity. In digital electronics, transistors control current flow throughout an integrated circuit and allow for amplification and switching. In biosensing, the physical gate is removed and the binding between embedded receptor molecules and the charged target biomolecules to which they are exposed modulates the current.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </p><p>MoS2 has been investigated as a component of flexible circuits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>In 2017, a 115-transistor, 1-bit <a href="/facts/Microprocessor/Fx9CaQht">microprocessor</a> implementation was fabricated using two-dimensional MoS2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </p><p>MoS2 has been used to create 2D 2-terminal <a href="/facts/Memristor/BrFKeE7l">memristors</a> and 3-terminal <a href="/facts/Memtransistor/T6YCFlHq">memtransistors</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h3>Valleytronics</h3> <p>Due to the lack of spatial inversion symmetry, odd-layer MoS2 is a promising material for <a href="/facts/Valleytronics/UbNzK72G">valleytronics</a> because both the CBM and VBM have two energy-degenerate valleys at the corners of the first Brillouin zone, providing an exciting opportunity to store the information of 0s and 1s at different discrete values of the crystal momentum. The <a href="/facts/Berry_curvature/KyRdmmYP">Berry curvature</a> is even under spatial inversion (P) and odd under time reversal (T), the valley Hall effect cannot survive when both P and T symmetries are present. To excite valley Hall effect in specific valleys, circularly polarized lights were used for breaking the T symmetry in atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> In monolayer MoS2, the T and mirror symmetries lock the spin and valley indices of the sub-bands split by the spin-orbit couplings, both of which are flipped under T; the spin conservation suppresses the inter-valley scattering. Therefore, monolayer MoS2 have been deemed an ideal platform for realizing intrinsic valley Hall effect without extrinsic symmetry breaking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h3>Photonics and photovoltaics</h3> <p>MoS2 also possesses mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and can emit light, opening possible applications such as photodetectors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> MoS2 has been investigated as a component of photoelectrochemical (e.g. for photocatalytic hydrogen production) applications and for microelectronics applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <h3>Superconductivity of monolayers</h3> <p>Under an electric field MoS2 monolayers have been found to superconduct at temperatures below 9.4 K.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Molybdenum_diselenide/fzAc3TxR">Molybdenum diselenide</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li>Wood, Charlie (2022-08-16). <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/">"Physics Duo Finds Magic in Two Dimensions"</a>. <i>Quanta Magazine</i>. Retrieved 2022-08-19.</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Molybdenum disulfide. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Sebenik, Roger F. et al. (2005) "Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_655 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Kobayashi, K.; Yamauchi, J. (1995). "Electronic structure and scanning-tunneling-microscopy image of molybdenum dichalcogenide surfaces". Physical Review B. 51 (23): 17085–17095. Bibcode:1995PhRvB..5117085K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.51.17085. PMID 9978722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Jordisite". www.mindat.org. <a href="https://www.mindat.org/min-2114.html" target="_blank">https://www.mindat.org/min-2114.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Murphy, Donald W.; Interrante, Leonard V.; Kaner; Mansuktto (1995). "Metathetical Precursor Route to Molybdenum Disulfide". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 30. pp. 33–37. doi:10.1002/9780470132616.ch8. ISBN 9780470132616. <a href="9780470132616" target="_blank">9780470132616</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry - 8th edition (in German). <a href="https://www.springer.com/series/562" target="_blank">https://www.springer.com/series/562</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wypych, Fernando; Schöllhorn, Robert (1992-01-01). "1T-MoS2, a new metallic modification of molybdenum disulfide". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (19): 1386–1388. doi:10.1039/C39920001386. ISSN 0022-4936. <a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/is/content/articlehtml/1992/c3/c39920001386" target="_blank">http://pubs.rsc.org/is/content/articlehtml/1992/c3/c39920001386</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Enyashin, Andrey N.; Yadgarov, Lena; Houben, Lothar; Popov, Igor; Weidenbach, Marc; Tenne, Reshef; Bar-Sadan, Maya; Seifert, Gotthard (2011-12-22). "New Route for Stabilization of 1T-WS2 and MoS2 Phases". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115 (50): 24586–24591. arXiv:1110.3848. doi:10.1021/jp2076325. ISSN 1932-7447. S2CID 95117205. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Xu, Danyun; Zhu, Yuanzhi; Liu, Jiapeng; Li, Yang; Peng, Wenchao; Zhang, Guoliang; Zhang, Fengbao; Fan, Xiaobin (2016). "Microwave-assisted 1T to 2H phase reversion of MoS 2 in solution: a fast route to processable dispersions of 2H-MoS 2 nanosheets and nanocomposites". Nanotechnology. 27 (38): 385604. Bibcode:2016Nanot..27L5604X. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385604. ISSN 0957-4484. PMID 27528593. S2CID 23849142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Gan, Xiaorong; Lee, Lawrence Yoon Suk; Wong, Kwok-yin; Lo, Tsz Wing; Ho, Kwun Hei; Lei, Dang Yuan; Zhao, Huimin (2018-09-24). "2H/1T Phase Transition of Multilayer MoS 2 by Electrochemical Incorporation of S Vacancies". ACS Applied Energy Materials. 1 (9): 4754–4765. doi:10.1021/acsaem.8b00875. ISSN 2574-0962. S2CID 106014720. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.8b00875" target="_blank">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaem.8b00875</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Tenne, R.; Redlich, M. (2010). "Recent progress in the research of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles and inorganic nanotubes". Chemical Society Reviews. 39 (5): 1423–34. doi:10.1039/B901466G. PMID 20419198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. (2004-10-22). "Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films". Science. 306 (5696): 666–669. arXiv:cond-mat/0410550. Bibcode:2004Sci...306..666N. doi:10.1126/science.1102896. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15499015. S2CID 5729649. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Poot, Menno; Steele, Gary A.; van der Zant, Herre S. J.; Agraït, Nicolás; Rubio-Bollinger, Gabino (2012-02-07). "Elastic Properties of Freely Suspended MoS2 Nanosheets". Advanced Materials. 24 (6): 772–775. arXiv:1202.4439. Bibcode:2012AdM....24..772C. doi:10.1002/adma.201103965. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 22231284. S2CID 205243099. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Wan, Jiayu; Lacey, Steven D.; Dai, Jiaqi; Bao, Wenzhong; Fuhrer, Michael S.; Hu, Liangbing (2016-12-05). "Tuning two-dimensional nanomaterials by intercalation: materials, properties and applications". Chemical Society Reviews. 45 (24): 6742–6765. doi:10.1039/C5CS00758E. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 27704060. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Coleman, Jonathan N.; Lotya, Mustafa; O’Neill, Arlene; Bergin, Shane D.; King, Paul J.; Khan, Umar; Young, Karen; Gaucher, Alexandre; De, Sukanta (2011-02-04). "Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials". Science. 331 (6017): 568–571. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..568C. doi:10.1126/science.1194975. hdl:2262/66458. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21292974. S2CID 23576676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Zhou, Kai-Ge; Mao, Nan-Nan; Wang, Hang-Xing; Peng, Yong; Zhang, Hao-Li (2011-11-11). "A Mixed-Solvent Strategy for Efficient Exfoliation of Inorganic Graphene Analogues". Angewandte Chemie. 123 (46): 11031–11034. Bibcode:2011AngCh.12311031Z. doi:10.1002/ange.201105364. ISSN 1521-3757. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Donnet, C.; Martin, J. M.; Le Mogne, Th.; Belin, M. (1996-02-01). "Super-low friction of MoS2 coatings in various environments". Tribology International. 29 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/0301-679X(95)00094-K. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Donnet, C.; Martin, J. M.; Le Mogne, Th.; Belin, M. (1996-02-01). "Super-low friction of MoS2 coatings in various environments". Tribology International. 29 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/0301-679X(95)00094-K. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Oviedo, Juan Pablo; KC, Santosh; Lu, Ning; Wang, Jinguo; Cho, Kyeongjae; Wallace, Robert M.; Kim, Moon J. (2015-02-24). "In Situ TEM Characterization of Shear-Stress-Induced Interlayer Sliding in the Cross Section View of Molybdenum Disulfide". ACS Nano. 9 (2): 1543–1551. doi:10.1021/nn506052d. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 25494557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Tedstone, Aleksander A.; Lewis, David J.; Hao, Rui; Mao, Shi-Min; Bellon, Pascal; Averback, Robert S.; Warrens, Christopher P.; West, Kevin R.; Howard, Philip (2015-09-23). "Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide and the Effect of Doping: An in Situ TEM Study". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (37): 20829–20834. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b06055. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 26322958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.5b06055" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.5b06055</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Tedstone, Aleksander A.; Lewis, David J.; Hao, Rui; Mao, Shi-Min; Bellon, Pascal; Averback, Robert S.; Warrens, Christopher P.; West, Kevin R.; Howard, Philip (2015-09-23). "Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide and the Effect of Doping: An in Situ TEM Study". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 7 (37): 20829–20834. doi:10.1021/acsami.5b06055. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 26322958. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.5b06055" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.5b06055</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Tang, Dai-Ming; Kvashnin, Dmitry G.; Najmaei, Sina; Bando, Yoshio; Kimoto, Koji; Koskinen, Pekka; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Yakobson, Boris I.; Sorokin, Pavel B. (2014-04-03). "Nanomechanical cleavage of molybdenum disulphide atomic layers". Nature Communications. 5: 3631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3631T. doi:10.1038/ncomms4631. PMID 24698887. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms4631" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms4631</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Poot, Menno; Steele, Gary A.; van der Zant, Herre S. J.; Agraït, Nicolás; Rubio-Bollinger, Gabino (2012-02-07). "Elastic Properties of Freely Suspended MoS2 Nanosheets". Advanced Materials. 24 (6): 772–775. arXiv:1202.4439. Bibcode:2012AdM....24..772C. doi:10.1002/adma.201103965. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 22231284. S2CID 205243099. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Bertolazzi, Simone; Brivio, Jacopo; Kis, Andras (2011). "Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS2". ACS Nano. 5 (12): 9703–9709. doi:10.1021/nn203879f. PMID 22087740. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Bertolazzi, Simone; Brivio, Jacopo; Kis, Andras (2011). "Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS2". ACS Nano. 5 (12): 9703–9709. doi:10.1021/nn203879f. PMID 22087740. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Castellanos-Gomez, Andres; Poot, Menno; Steele, Gary A.; van der Zant, Herre S. J.; Agraït, Nicolás; Rubio-Bollinger, Gabino (2012-02-07). "Elastic Properties of Freely Suspended MoS2 Nanosheets". Advanced Materials. 24 (6): 772–775. arXiv:1202.4439. Bibcode:2012AdM....24..772C. doi:10.1002/adma.201103965. ISSN 1521-4095. PMID 22231284. S2CID 205243099. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Jiang, Jin-Wu; Park, Harold S.; Rabczuk, Timon (2013-08-12). "Molecular dynamics simulations of single-layer molybdenum disulphide (MoS2): Stillinger-Weber parametrization, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity". Journal of Applied Physics. 114 (6): 064307–064307–10. arXiv:1307.7072. Bibcode:2013JAP...114f4307J. doi:10.1063/1.4818414. ISSN 0021-8979. S2CID 119304891. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Bertolazzi, Simone; Brivio, Jacopo; Kis, Andras (2011). "Stretching and Breaking of Ultrathin MoS2". ACS Nano. 5 (12): 9703–9709. doi:10.1021/nn203879f. PMID 22087740. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170263</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Li, H.; Wu, J.; Yin, Z.; Zhang, H. (2014). "Preparation and Applications of Mechanically Exfoliated Single-Layer and Multilayer MoS2 and WSe2 Nanosheets". Acc. Chem. Res. 47 (4): 1067–75. doi:10.1021/ar4002312. PMID 24697842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Amorim, B.; Cortijo, A.; De Juan, F.; Grushin, A.G.; Guinea, F.; Gutiérrez-Rubio, A.; Ochoa, H.; Parente, V.; Roldán, R.; San-Jose, P.; Schiefele, J.; Sturla, M.; Vozmediano, M.A.H. (2016). "Novel effects of strains in graphene and other two dimensional materials". Physics Reports. 1503: 1–54. arXiv:1503.00747. Bibcode:2016PhR...617....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.12.006. S2CID 118600177. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Zhang, X.; Lai, Z.; Tan, C.; Zhang, H. (2016). "Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets: Preparation, Hybridization, and Applications". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (31): 8816–8838. doi:10.1002/anie.201509933. PMID 27329783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Stephenson, T.; Li, Z.; Olsen, B.; Mitlin, D. (2014). "Lithium Ion Battery Applications of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Nanocomposites". Energy Environ. Sci. 7: 209–31. doi:10.1039/C3EE42591F. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Benavente, E.; Santa Ana, M. A.; Mendizabal, F.; Gonzalez, G. (2002). "Intercalation chemistry of molybdenum disulfide". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 224 (1–2): 87–109. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00392-7. hdl:10533/173130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Müller-Warmuth, W. & Schöllhorn, R. (1994). Progress in intercalation research. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-2357-0. <a href="978-0-7923-2357-0" target="_blank">978-0-7923-2357-0</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Sebenik, Roger F. et al. (2005) "Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_655 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Claus, F. L. (1972), "Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Solids", New York: Academic Press, Bibcode:1972slsl.book.....C <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Miessler, Gary L.; Tarr, Donald Arthur (2004). Inorganic Chemistry. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-035471-6. <a href="978-0-13-035471-6" target="_blank">978-0-13-035471-6</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Shriver, Duward; Atkins, Peter; Overton, T. L.; Rourke, J. P.; Weller, M. T.; Armstrong, F. A. (17 February 2006). Inorganic Chemistry. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4878-6. <a href="978-0-7167-4878-6" target="_blank">978-0-7167-4878-6</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>High Performance, Dry Powdered Graphite with sub-micron molybdenum disulfide. pinewoodpro.com <a href="http://www.pinewoodpro.com/graphite-nyoil.php" target="_blank">http://www.pinewoodpro.com/graphite-nyoil.php</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>"On dry lubricants in ski waxes" (PDF). Swix Sport AX. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716174041/http://www.swixsport.com/dav/8dde5f4784.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110716174041/http://www.swixsport.com/dav/8dde5f4784.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Barrels retain accuracy longer with Diamond Line". Norma. Retrieved 2009-06-06. <a href="http://www.norma.cc/en/Ammunition-Academy/Barrel-wear/" target="_blank">http://www.norma.cc/en/Ammunition-Academy/Barrel-wear/</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Bartels, Thorsten; et al. (2002). "Lubricants and Lubrication". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_423. ISBN 978-3527306732. <a href="978-3527306732" target="_blank">978-3527306732</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Topsøe, H.; Clausen, B. S.; Massoth, F. E. (1996). Hydrotreating Catalysis, Science and Technology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Nishimura, Shigeo (2001). Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis (1st ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 43–44 & 240–241. ISBN 9780471396987. <a href="9780471396987" target="_blank">9780471396987</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Dovell, Frederick S.; Greenfield, Harold (1964). "Base-Metal Sulfides as Reductive Alkylation Catalysts". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 29 (5): 1265–1267. doi:10.1021/jo01028a511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Nishimura, Shigeo (2001). Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis (1st ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 43–44 & 240–241. ISBN 9780471396987. <a href="9780471396987" target="_blank">9780471396987</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Wood, Charlie (2022-08-16). "Physics Duo Finds Magic in Two Dimensions". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-19. <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/" target="_blank">https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics-duo-finds-magic-in-two-dimensions-20220816/</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Kibsgaard, Jakob; Jaramillo, Thomas F.; Besenbacher, Flemming (2014). "Building an appropriate active-site motif into a hydrogen-evolution catalyst with thiomolybdate [Mo3S13]2− clusters". Nature Chemistry. 6 (3): 248–253. Bibcode:2014NatCh...6..248K. doi:10.1038/nchem.1853. PMID 24557141. <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/889641" target="_blank">https://zenodo.org/record/889641</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Laursen, A. B.; Kegnaes, S.; Dahl, S.; Chorkendorff, I. (2012). "Molybdenum Sulfides – Efficient and Viable Materials for Electro- and Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution". Energy Environ. Sci. 5 (2): 5577–91. doi:10.1039/c2ee02618j. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>"Superior hydrogen catalyst just grows that way" (news release). share-ng.sandia.gov. Sandia Labs. Retrieved December 5, 2017. a spray-printing process that uses molybdenum disulfide to create a "flowering" hydrogen catalyst far cheaper than platinum and reasonably close in efficiency. <a href="https://share-ng.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/superior-catalyst/#.Wia84bbMw5s" target="_blank">https://share-ng.sandia.gov/news/resources/news_releases/superior-catalyst/#.Wia84bbMw5s</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Yan, Yan; Liang, Shuang; Wang, Xiang; Zhang, Mingyue; Hao, Shu-Meng; Cui, Xun; Li, Zhiwei; Lin, Zhiqun (2021-10-05). "Robust wrinkled MoS 2 /N-C bifunctional electrocatalysts interfaced with single Fe atoms for wearable zinc-air batteries". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (40): e2110036118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11810036Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.2110036118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8501804. PMID 34588309. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8501804" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8501804</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Wang, Q. H.; Kalantar-Zadeh, K.; Kis, A.; Coleman, J. N.; Strano, M. S. (2012). "Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (11): 699–712. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..699W. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.193. PMID 23132225. S2CID 6261931. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/182177" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/182177</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Ganatra, R.; Zhang, Q. (2014). "Few-Layer MoS2: A Promising Layered Semiconductor". ACS Nano. 8 (5): 4074–99. doi:10.1021/nn405938z. PMID 24660756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>Zhu, Wenjuan; Low, Tony; Lee, Yi-Hsien; Wang, Han; Farmer, Damon B.; Kong, Jing; Xia, Fengnian; Avouris, Phaedon (2014). "Electronic transport and device prospects of monolayer molybdenum disulphide grown by chemical vapour deposition". Nature Communications. 5: 3087. arXiv:1401.4951. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3087Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms4087. PMID 24435154. S2CID 6075401. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>Hong, Jinhua; Hu, Zhixin; Probert, Matt; Li, Kun; Lv, Danhui; Yang, Xinan; Gu, Lin; Mao, Nannan; Feng, Qingliang; Xie, Liming; Zhang, Jin; Wu, Dianzhong; Zhang, Zhiyong; Jin, Chuanhong; Ji, Wei; Zhang, Xixiang; Yuan, Jun; Zhang, Ze (2015). "Exploring atomic defects in molybdenum disulphide monolayers". Nature Communications. 6: 6293. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6293H. doi:10.1038/ncomms7293. PMC 4346634. PMID 25695374. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346634" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346634</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Splendiani, A.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Y.; Li, T.; Kim, J.; Chim, J.; F.; Wang, Feng (2010). "Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2". Nano Letters. 10 (4): 1271–1275. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.1271S. doi:10.1021/nl903868w. PMID 20229981. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Radisavljevic, B.; Radenovic, A.; Brivio, J.; Giacometti, V.; Kis, A. (2011). "Single-layer MoS2 transistors". Nature Nanotechnology. 6 (3): 147–150. Bibcode:2011NatNa...6..147R. doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.279. PMID 21278752. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Lopez-Sanchez, O.; Lembke, D.; Kayci, M.; Radenovic, A.; Kis, A. (2013). "Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS2". Nature Nanotechnology. 8 (7): 497–501. Bibcode:2013NatNa...8..497L. doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.100. PMID 23748194. S2CID 5435971. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/183895" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/183895</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Ganatra, R.; Zhang, Q. (2014). "Few-Layer MoS2: A Promising Layered Semiconductor". ACS Nano. 8 (5): 4074–99. doi:10.1021/nn405938z. PMID 24660756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Rao, C. N. R.; Ramakrishna Matte, H. S. S.; Maitra, U. (2013). "Graphene Analogues of Inorganic Layered Materials". Angew. Chem. 52 (50) (International ed.): 13162–85. doi:10.1002/anie.201301548. PMID 24127325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Bessonov, A. A.; Kirikova, M. N.; Petukhov, D. I.; Allen, M.; Ryhänen, T.; Bailey, M. J. A. (2014). "Layered memristive and memcapacitive switches for printable electronics". Nature Materials. 14 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2015NatMa..14..199B. doi:10.1038/nmat4135. PMID 25384168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"Ultrasensitive biosensor from molybdenite semiconductor outshines graphene". R&D Magazine. 4 September 2014. <a href="http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/09/ultrasensitive-biosensor-molybdenite-semiconductor-outshines-graphene?et_cid=4135513&et_rid=677699018&location=top" target="_blank">http://www.rdmag.com/news/2014/09/ultrasensitive-biosensor-molybdenite-semiconductor-outshines-graphene?et_cid=4135513&et_rid=677699018&location=top</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Akinwande, Deji; Petrone, Nicholas; Hone, James (2014-12-17). "Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics". Nature Communications. 5: 5678. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5678A. doi:10.1038/ncomms6678. PMID 25517105. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6678" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6678</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Chang, Hsiao-Yu; Yogeesh, Maruthi Nagavalli; Ghosh, Rudresh; Rai, Amritesh; Sanne, Atresh; Yang, Shixuan; Lu, Nanshu; Banerjee, Sanjay Kumar; Akinwande, Deji (2015-12-01). "Large-Area Monolayer MoS2 for Flexible Low-Power RF Nanoelectronics in the GHz Regime". Advanced Materials. 28 (9): 1818–1823. doi:10.1002/adma.201504309. PMID 26707841. S2CID 205264837. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201504309" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.201504309</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Wachter, Stefan; Polyushkin, Dmitry K.; Bethge, Ole; Mueller, Thomas (2017-04-11). "A microprocessor based on a two-dimensional semiconductor". Nature Communications. 8: 14948. arXiv:1612.00965. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814948W. doi:10.1038/ncomms14948. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5394242. PMID 28398336. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394242" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5394242</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>"Memtransistors advance neuromorphic computing | NextBigFuture.com". NextBigFuture.com. 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-02-27. <a href="https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/02/memtransistors-advance-neuromorphic-computing.html" target="_blank">https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/02/memtransistors-advance-neuromorphic-computing.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Mak, Kin Fai; He, Keliang; Shan, Jie; Heinz, Tony F. (2012). "Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity". Nature Nanotechnology. 7 (8): 494–498. arXiv:1205.1822. Bibcode:2012NatNa...7..494M. doi:10.1038/nnano.2012.96. PMID 22706698. S2CID 23248686. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2012.96" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2012.96</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Wu, Zefei; Zhou, Benjamin T.; Cai, Xiangbin; Cheung, Patrick; Liu, Gui-Bin; Huang, Meizhen; Lin, Jiangxiazi; Han, Tianyi; An, Liheng; Wang, Yuanwei; Xu, Shuigang; Long, Gen; Cheng, Chun; Law, Kam Tuen; Zhang, Fan (2019-02-05). "Intrinsic valley Hall transport in atomically thin MoS2". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 611. arXiv:1805.06686. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..611W. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08629-9. PMC 6363770. PMID 30723283. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6363770" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6363770</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Coxworth, Ben (September 25, 2014). "Metal-based graphene alternative "shines" with promise". Gizmag. Retrieved September 30, 2014. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/molybdenum-di-sulphide-metal-graphene/33980" target="_blank">http://www.gizmag.com/molybdenum-di-sulphide-metal-graphene/33980</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Radisavljevic, B.; Radenovic, A.; Brivio, J.; Giacometti, V.; Kis, A. (2011). "Single-layer MoS2 transistors". Nature Nanotechnology. 6 (3): 147–150. Bibcode:2011NatNa...6..147R. doi:10.1038/nnano.2010.279. PMID 21278752. <a href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049" target="_blank">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/164049</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Taniguchi, Kouji; Matsumoto, Akiyo; Shimotani, Hidekazu; Takagi, Hidenori (July 23, 2012). "Electric-field-induced superconductivity at 9.4 K in a layered transition metal disulphide MoS2". Applied Physics Letters. 101 (4): 042603. Bibcode:2012ApPhL.101d2603T. doi:10.1063/1.4740268 – via aip.scitation.org (Atypon). <a href="https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4740268" target="_blank">https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4740268</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>