Argus retinal prosthesis

<h2 id="medical-use">Medical use</h2>
The Argus II is specifically designed to treat people with <a href="/facts/Retinitis_pigmentosa/eIbETPzm">retinitis pigmentosa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> The device was approved with data from a single-arm <a href="/facts/Clinical_trial/q8LMr832">clinical trial</a> that enrolled thirty people with severe retinitis pigmentosa; the longest follow-up on a trial subject was 38.3 months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a> People in the trial received the implant in only one eye and tests were conducted with the device switched on, or switched off as a control.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a> With the device switched on, about 23% of the subjects had improvements in their <a href="/facts/Visual_acuity/1hj2u0ej">ability to see</a>; all had been at 2.9 or higher on the <a href="/facts/LogMAR_chart/rnhArNYJ">LogMAR scale</a> and improvements ranged from just under 2.9 to 1.6 LogMAR – the equivalent of 20/1262 reading ability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>: 18  96% of the subjects were better able to identify a white square on a black computer screen; 57% were more able to determine the direction in which a white bar moved across a black computer screen. With the device switched on, about 60% were able to accurately walk to a door that was 20 feet (6 m) away, as opposed to only 5% with the device switched off; 93% had no change in their perception of light.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>: 18 

<h2 id="side-effects">Side effects</h2>
Among the thirty subjects in the clinical trial, there were nine serious adverse events recorded, including lower than normal <a href="/facts/Intraocular_pressure/VVnweTza">intraocular pressure</a>, erosion of the <a href="/facts/Conjunctiva/3UTlea10">conjunctiva</a>, <a href="/facts/Wound_dehiscence/Pjfwrzdd">reopening of the surgical wound</a>, <a href="/facts/Endophthalmitis/J3FQXcn6">inflammation inside the eye</a>, and <a href="/facts/Retinal_detachments/NSt6HYtQ">retinal detachments</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>: 19  There is also a risk of bacterial infection from the implanted cables that connect the implant to the signal processor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>

<h2 id="surgical-procedure">Surgical procedure</h2>
The implantation procedure takes several hours, with the person receiving the implant under <a href="/facts/General_anaesthesia/bv3Yzcz7">general anaesthesia</a>. The surgeon <a href="/facts/Vitrectomy/2PImvuVA">removes the vitreous humor</a> and any membranes on the retina where the implant will be placed. The implant is attached to the surface of the retina with a tack. The cables connecting the implant to the processor are run through the <a href="/facts/Pars_plana/IzzVany6">pars plana</a>, a region near where the <a href="/facts/Iris_(anatomy)/e774BXL8">iris</a> and <a href="/facts/Sclera/cDKSYShM">sclera</a> touch.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>

<h2 id="device">Device</h2>
The Argus implant's primary external element is a <a href="/facts/Digital_camera/LSGTserm">digital camera</a> mounted on eyeglass frames, which obtains images of the user's surroundings; signals from the camera are transmitted wirelessly to a computerised image processor. The processor is in turn connected by cables to the implant itself, which is surgically implanted on the surface of the person's retina and tacked into place. The implant consists of 60 <a href="/facts/Electrode/251PaKX8">electrodes</a>, each 200 <a href="/facts/Micron/7eDFxD2L">microns</a> in diameter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>
The resolution of the 6 dot by 10 dot rectangular grid image (produced by the 6 by 10 array of 60 electrode, of which 55 are enabled ) in a person's vision is very low relative to normal visual acuity. This allows visual detection of edges of large areas of high contrast, such as door frames and sidewalks, to give the individual the capability to navigate in their environment more safely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
The implant's manufacturer, Second Sight Medical Products, was founded in <a href="/facts/Sylmar/zQ0IoDYR">Sylmar</a>, California, in 1998, by Alfred Mann, Samuel Williams, and Gunnar Bjorg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> Williams, an investor in a <a href="/facts/Cochlear_implant/Cz022Fd5">cochlear implant</a> company operated by Mann, approached Mann about founding a company to develop a similar product for the eye, and Mann called a meeting with the two of them and Robert Greenberg, who worked at Mann's foundation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> Greenberg had previously worked on retinal prosthetics as a graduate student at <a href="/facts/Johns_Hopkins_University/56US0mHw">Johns Hopkins University</a>, wrote the business plan, and was appointed as CEO of the new company when it was launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Greenberg led the company as CEO through 2015 (and was chairman of the board through 2018). The first version of the prosthesis, the Argus I, was clinically tested on six people starting in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> The second version, the Argus II, was designed to be smaller and easier to implant, and was co-invented by Mark Humayun of the <a href="/facts/USC_Eye_Institute/J1sjtMGb">USC Eye Institute</a>, who had been involved in the clinical testing of the Argus I.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> The Argus II was first tested in <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> in 2006, and then a 30-person clinical trial was conducted in 10 medical centers across Europe and the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>

<h2 id="society-and-culture">Society and culture</h2>
<h3>Regulatory status</h3>
The Argus II received approval for commercial use in the European Union in March 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> In February 2013, the FDA approved the Argus II under a <a href="/facts/Humanitarian_device_exemption/RKdr4URk">humanitarian device exemption</a>, authorizing its use for up to 4,000 people in the US per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h3>Pricing and insurance</h3>
The Argus II was initially available at a limited number of clinics in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a>, at an EU market price of US$115,000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> When the Argus II launched in the United States in February 2013, Second Sight announced that it would be priced at around $150,000, excluding the cost of surgery and usage training.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> In August 2013, Second Sight announced that reimbursement payments had been approved for the Argus II for blind <a href="/facts/Medicare_(United_States)/vLKMBktB">Medicare</a> recipients in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a>

<h2 id="research">Research</h2>
A trial in England funded by <a href="/facts/NHS_England/D7VyMdzt">NHS England</a> for ten patients began in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h2 id="aftermath">Aftermath</h2>
In 2020, Second Sight stopped providing technical support for the Argus, as well as for the successor device, Argus II, and for the brain implant, Orion; an investigation by <a href="/facts/IEEE_Spectrum/tmbdcCq5">IEEE Spectrum</a> revealed that users risk – and in some cases, have already experienced – a return to blindness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Second Sight merged with Nano Precision Medical in August 2023<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a> with a commitment to provide technical support for the Argus II.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Bionic_contact_lens/MXIsE3Fv">Bionic contact lens</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://secondsight.com/">Second Sight official website</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Renaissance Capital (November 19, 2014). "Second Sight sees double: Year's 6th IPO to soar 100% on day one". Retrieved February 10, 2023. <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/second-sight-sees-double-years-6th-ipo-soar-100-day-one-2014-11-19" target="_blank">https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/second-sight-sees-double-years-6th-ipo-soar-100-day-one-2014-11-19</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Strickland, Eliza; Harris, Mark (February 15, 2022). "Their Bionic Eyes Are Now Obsolete and Unsupported". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved February 17, 2022. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Harris, Mark (August 15, 2023). "Second Sight's Implant Technology Gets a Second Chance - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE. Retrieved August 18, 2023. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Interventional Procedures Programme. December 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2" target="_blank">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Interventional Procedures Programme. December 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2" target="_blank">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Interventional Procedures Programme. December 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2" target="_blank">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Interventional Procedures Programme. December 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2" target="_blank">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">"IPG519: Interventional procedure overview of insertion of an epiretinal prosthesis for retinitis pigmentosa". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Interventional Procedures Programme. December 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2" target="_blank">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg519/evidence/insertion-of-an-epiretinal-prosthesis-for-retinitis-pigmentosa-overview2</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"FDA clears Argus II 'bionic eye' for sale in the US (video)". Engadget. February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013. <a href="https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/15/fda-clears-argus-ii-bionic-eye-for-sale-in-the-us-video/" target="_blank">https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/15/fda-clears-argus-ii-bionic-eye-for-sale-in-the-us-video/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Doctors Users Manual" (PDF). FDA. July 29, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2019. <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf11/h110002c.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf11/h110002c.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">White, Ronald D. (March 16, 2015). "With 'bionic eye' booming, Second Sight is on analysts' radar". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-stock-spotlight-eyes-20150316-story.html" target="_blank">http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-stock-spotlight-eyes-20150316-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Graham-Rowe, Duncan (August 6, 2010). "Visions of the future". Wired UK. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/09/features/visions-of-the-future/viewall" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/09/features/visions-of-the-future/viewall</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Wiltz, Chris (March 6, 2013). "Argus II Bionic Eye Gives Second Sight to the Blind". Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.mddionline.com/article/argus-ii-bionic-eye-gives-second-sight-blind" target="_blank">http://www.mddionline.com/article/argus-ii-bionic-eye-gives-second-sight-blind</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">McKeegan, Noel (February 19, 2008). "Second Sight announces milestone in groundbreaking retinal implant trial". Gizmag. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/" target="_blank">http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">"A Bionic Eye That Restores Sight". The Atlantic. August 31, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2015. <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/08/a-bionic-eye-that-restores-sight/378628/" target="_blank">https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/08/a-bionic-eye-that-restores-sight/378628/</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">McKeegan, Noel (February 19, 2008). "Second Sight announces milestone in groundbreaking retinal implant trial". Gizmag. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/" target="_blank">http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Graham-Rowe, Duncan (August 6, 2010). "Visions of the future". Wired UK. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/09/features/visions-of-the-future/viewall" target="_blank">https://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2010/09/features/visions-of-the-future/viewall</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">McKeegan, Noel (February 19, 2008). "Second Sight announces milestone in groundbreaking retinal implant trial". Gizmag. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/" target="_blank">http://www.gizmag.com/retinal-implant-treats-blindness/8841/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">"A Bionic Eye Comes to Market". MIT Technology Review. March 7, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129073152/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/423216/a-bionic-eye-comes-to-market/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130129073152/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/423216/a-bionic-eye-comes-to-market/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Chuang, AT; Margo, CE; Greenberg, PB (July 2014). "Retinal implants: a systematic review". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98 (7): 852–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303708. PMID 24403565. S2CID 25193594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">"FDA approves first retinal implant for rare eye disease". Reuters. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2013. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-secondsight-fda-eyeimplant-idUSBRE91D1AK20130214" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/article/us-secondsight-fda-eyeimplant-idUSBRE91D1AK20130214</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">"FDA approves first retinal implant for adults with rare genetic eye disease". Food and Drug Administration. February 14, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2015. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm339824.htm" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm339824.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">"A Bionic Eye Comes to Market". MIT Technology Review. March 7, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129073152/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/423216/a-bionic-eye-comes-to-market/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130129073152/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/423216/a-bionic-eye-comes-to-market/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Belluck, Pam (February 14, 2013). "Device Offers Partial Vision for the Blind". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2015. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/health/fda-approves-technology-to-give-limited-vision-to-blind-people.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/health/fda-approves-technology-to-give-limited-vision-to-blind-people.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">"Medicare Designates Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System as New Technology and Provides Payment". Second Sight. August 15, 2013. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202214326/http://secondsight.com/argus-ii-retinal-prosthesis-system-en.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190202214326/http://secondsight.com/argus-ii-retinal-prosthesis-system-en.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">"Blind NHS patients to get bionic eyes". IT Pro. December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016. <a href="http://www.itpro.co.uk/public-sector/healthcare/27828/blind-nhs-patients-to-get-bionic-eyes" target="_blank">http://www.itpro.co.uk/public-sector/healthcare/27828/blind-nhs-patients-to-get-bionic-eyes</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Strickland, Eliza; Harris, Mark (February 15, 2022). "Their Bionic Eyes Are Now Obsolete and Unsupported". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved February 17, 2022. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye-obsolete</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Harris, Mark (August 15, 2023). "Second Sight's Implant Technology Gets a Second Chance - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE. Retrieved August 18, 2023. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/bionic-eye</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">"Second Sight Agrees to Merger to Maintain Retinal and Cortical Prostheses Programs". fightingblindness.org. February 24, 2022. <a href="https://www.fightingblindness.org/news/second-sight-agrees-to-merger-to-maintain-retinal-and-cortical-prostheses-programs-830" target="_blank">https://www.fightingblindness.org/news/second-sight-agrees-to-merger-to-maintain-retinal-and-cortical-prostheses-programs-830</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Argus retinal prosthesis open-in-new

Argus retinal prosthesis