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Message in a bottle
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<h2 id="history-and-uses">History and uses</h2> <p>Bottled messages may date to about 310 BC, in water current studies reputed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> to have been carried out by Greek philosopher <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The Japanese medieval epic <i><a href="/facts/The_Tale_of_the_Heike/JArNWd4d">The Tale of the Heike</a></i> records the story of an exiled poet who, in about 1177 AD, launched wooden planks on which he had inscribed poems describing his plight.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> In the sixteenth century, <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Queen Elizabeth I</a> reputedly created an official position of "Uncorker of Ocean Bottles", and—thinking some bottles might contain secrets from British spies or fleets—decreed that anyone else opening the bottles could face the <a href="/facts/Capital_punishment/4pbmeUIb">death penalty</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> (However, it has been argued that this is a myth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a>) In the nineteenth century, literary works such as <a href="/facts/Edgar_Allan_Poe/BwBzd1sG">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s 1833 "<a href="/facts/MS._Found_in_a_Bottle/a9StEEnY">MS. Found in a Bottle</a>" and <a href="/facts/Charles_Dickens/B54mQHJs">Charles Dickens</a>' 1860 "<a href="/facts/A_Message_from_the_Sea/EsKHq8WS">A Message from the Sea</a>" inspired an enduring popular passion for sending bottled messages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>Scientific experiments involving drift objects—more generally called determinate drifters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a>—provide information about currents and help researchers develop ocean circulation maps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> For example, experiments conducted in the mid-1700s by <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a> and others indicated the existence and approximate location of the <a href="/facts/Gulf_Stream/hJCFM34w">Gulf Stream</a>, with scientific confirmation following in the mid-1800s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Using a network of <a href="/facts/Beachcombing/axWabM0u">beachcomber</a> informants, rear admiral Alexander Becher is believed to be the first (from 1808–1852) to study travel of so-called "bottle papers" around an <a href="/facts/Ocean_gyre/2luvr3Cp">ocean gyre</a> (a large circulating current system).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In the late 1800s, <a href="/facts/Albert_I%2c_Prince_of_Monaco/xVT6Kac0">Albert I, Prince of Monaco</a> determined that the Gulf Stream branched into the <a href="/facts/North_Atlantic_Current/sIPJEafl">North Atlantic Drift</a> and the <a href="/facts/Azores_Current/lbfJutFr">Azores Current</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> In the 1890s, Scottish scientist T. Wemyss Fulton released floating bottles and wooden slips to chart <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a> surface currents for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Releasing bottles designed to remain a short distance above the sea bed, British marine biologist <a href="/facts/George_Parker_Bidder_III/BQgk9Usc">George Parker Bidder III</a> first proved in the early twentieth century that deep sea currents flowed from east to west in the <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> and that <a href="/facts/Bottom_feeder/87emcQuq">bottom feeders</a> prefer to move against the current.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey/8XhGwogo">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a> (USC&GS) used drift bottles from 1846 to 1966.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> More recently, technologies involving satellite tags, fixed current profilers and satellite communication have permitted more efficient analysis of ocean currents: at any given time, thousands of modern "<a href="/facts/Drifter_(floating_device)/gCpSqwyM">drifters</a>" transmit current position, temperature, velocity, etc., to satellites, thus avoiding conventional drift bottles' dependence on serendipitous finds and cooperation by conscientious citizens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>Drift bottle studies have provided a simple way to learn about non-tidal movement of waters containing eggs and larvae of commercially important fishes, for sharing among fisheries scientists and oceanographers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Such experiments simulate the travel of pollutants<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> such as oil spills,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> study formation of <a href="/facts/Ocean_gyre/2luvr3Cp">ocean gyre</a> <a href="/facts/Garbage_patch/IT9BY8Ag">garbage patches</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch/Wa6IIGNu">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and suggest travel paths of <a href="/facts/Invasive_species/Ya1v6RGx">invasive species</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Persistent currents are detected to allow ships to ride favorable currents and avoid opposing currents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Projected travel paths of navigation hazards, such as <a href="/facts/Naval_mine/jo9uVY9U">naval mines</a>, advise safer shipping routes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Even in inland waterways, <a href="/facts/Drifter_(floating_device)/gCpSqwyM">drifters</a> wirelessly deliver real-time data on water quality, GPS location, and water velocity, for early warning against flash floods, measuring pollution run-off, and monitoring algal blooms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Outside science, people have launched bottled messages to find <a href="/facts/Pen_pal/YoG2da3g">pen pals</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> "bottle preachers"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> have sent "sermon bottles",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Propaganda/nGeaIHVJ">propaganda</a>-bearing bottles have been directed at foreign shores,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> and survivors have sent poetic loving tributes to departed loved ones<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> or sent their <a href="/facts/Cremation/2SkhoCly">cremated remains (ashes)</a> on a final journey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>It was estimated in 2009 that since the mid-1900s, six million bottled messages had been released, including 500,000 from oceanographers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="bottle-design-and-recovery-rates">Bottle design and recovery rates</h2> <p>Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are <i>more</i> influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of <a href="/facts/Plastic_pollution/oLNNHQrG">plastic waste</a> that is less dense than glass containers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>An early-20th-century "bottom" (or <a href="/facts/Seabed/VvxuEWJu">seabed</a>) drift bottle design by <a href="/facts/George_Parker_Bidder_III/BQgk9Usc">George Parker Bidder III</a> involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> A mushroom-shaped seabed drifter design has also been used.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Seabed drifters are designed to be scooped up by a <a href="/facts/Fishing_trawler/wocnjHEz">trawler</a> or wash up on shore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Water pressure pressing on the cork or other closure was thought to keep a bottle better sealed;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> some designs included a wooden stick to stop the cork from imploding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> Vessels of less scientific designs have survived for extended periods, including a <a href="/facts/Baby_food/G8EleSXk">baby food</a> bottle<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> a <a href="/facts/Ginger_beer/Wqpt3k1w">ginger beer</a> bottle,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> and a <a href="/facts/7-Up/ndczDHQt">7-Up</a> bottle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p><p>A low percentage of bottles—thought by some to be less than 3 percent—are actually recovered, so they are released in large numbers, sometimes in the thousands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Reported recovery rates for large-scale scientific studies vary based on the ocean of release, and range from 11 percent (<a href="/facts/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution/qqmQY6PN">Woods Hole</a>, 156,276 bottles from 1948 to 1962, Atlantic), to 10 percent (Woods Hole, 165,566 bottles from 1960 to 1970, Atlantic), to 3.4 percent (<a href="/facts/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography/WJX2h16Y">Scripps Institution</a>, 148,384 bottles from 1954 to 1971, Pacific).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Oceanographic drift card recovery rates have ranged from 50 percent if released in densely populated areas (<a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a>, <a href="/facts/Puget_Sound/A7TgLsHA">Puget Sound</a>) to 1 percent in uninhabited areas (<a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctica</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Recovery rates decrease as bottles are released further from shore, with oceanographer <a href="/facts/Curtis_Ebbesmeyer/Us5eMI76">Curtis Ebbesmeyer</a> developing a rule of thumb that bottles released more than 160 kilometres (100 miles) from shore have recovery rates below 10 percent, and "only a few percent" of those released more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) from shore are recovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> About 90 percent of marine debris washes up on less than 10 percent of the world's coastlines, favoring beaches perpendicular to the dominant ocean current.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Objects with similar buoyancy characteristics tend to collect together.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>A Scripps scientist said that marine organisms grow on the bottles, causing them to sink within eight to ten months unless washed ashore earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> An unknown number are found but not reported.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="time-and-distance">Time and distance</h2> <p>Some drift bottles were not found for more than a century after being launched.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <p>Floating objects may ride <a href="/facts/Ocean_gyre/2luvr3Cp">gyres</a> (large circulating current systems) that are present in each ocean, and may be transferred from one ocean's gyre to another's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> Further, objects may be sidetracked by wind, storms, countercurrents, and ocean current variation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> Accordingly, drift bottles have traveled large distances,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> with drifts of 6,500–9,700 kilometres (4,000–6,000 miles) and more—sometimes traveling 160 kilometres (100 miles) per day—not uncommon.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> Bottles have traveled from the Beaufort Sea above northern Alaska and northwestern Canada to northern Europe; from Antarctica to Tasmania; from Mexico to the Philippines; from Canada's Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay to Irish, French, Scottish, and Norwegian beaches;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> from the Galapagos Islands to Australia;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> and from New Zealand to Spain (practically <a href="/facts/Antipodes/TqunGjML">antipodes</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Based on empirical data collected since 1901, a computer program called OSCURS (Ocean Surface Current Simulator) digitally simulates motion and timing of floating objects in and between ocean gyres.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </p><p>Despite being launched substantial <i>time periods</i> before being found, some bottles have been found physically close to their original launch points, such as a message launched by two girls in 1915 and found in 2012 near <a href="/facts/Harsens_Island/2B8EFfHJ">Harsens Island</a>, Michigan, U.S.,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> and a ten-year-old girl's message launched into the Indian River Bay in Delaware, U.S. in 1971 and found in adjacent Delaware Seashore State Park in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="historical-examples">Historical examples</h2> <p><i>Historical examples are listed in chronological order, based on year of recovery (when applicable):</i> </p> <h3>Early examples</h3> <ul><li>It is reputed<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> that about 310 BC, Aristotle's protégé Greek philosopher <a href="/facts/Theophrastus/YEeQeInW">Theophrastus</a> used bottled messages to determine if the <a href="/facts/Mediterranean_Sea/Vr2pzVbM">Mediterranean Sea</a> was formed by the <a href="/facts/Inflow_(hydrology)/4BBMRVga">inflowing</a> <a href="/facts/Atlantic_Ocean/EI4uChIb">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>When <a href="/facts/Christopher_Columbus/8hLAb46S">Christopher Columbus</a> encountered a severe storm while returning from America, he is said to have written on parchment what he had found in the New World and requested it be forwarded to King <a href="/facts/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon/lt1dHN67">Ferdinand</a> and Queen <a href="/facts/Isabella_I_of_Castile/R3wN94z3">Isabella</a>, enclosed the parchment in a waxed cloth and placed it into a large wooden barrel to be cast into the sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> The communication was never found.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li>On April 15, 1841, the <i>Wellington</i>, W.C. Kendrick, Commander, bound "from Madras and Cape bound to London", launched a bottled message in the mid-Atlantic (at 13° N) "for the purpose of throwing some light on the ocean currents".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>In 1847, from the brig <i>Eagle</i> laden with corn for the starving Irish in Waterford, Ireland, master Gregg dropped a bottled message with his location (42.40N, 54.10W) on March 27, requesting the find be sent to the <i>Nautical Magazine</i> (London) for publication to provide information on Atlantic currents. The bottle was retrieved on July 20 by Capt. Robert Oke on the revenue cutter <i>Caledonia</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> off the coast of Newfoundland (46.36N, 55.30W).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>In 1856, a bottle was found on the <a href="/facts/Hebrides/zsj2EcdF">Hebrides</a> coast, Scotland, containing a note stating a ship, believed to be the <i><a href="/facts/SS_Pacific_(1849)/z3v1nIWD">SS Pacific</a></i>, had sunk after a collision with an <a href="/facts/Iceberg/2xFa1Xb2">iceberg</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>In February 1862, the <i>Bashford Hall</i> "sent afloat a message in a bottle describing her perilous state." However, she arrived safely at Falmouth, England on March 6, 1862.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>After the January 11, 1866 sinking of the <a href="/facts/SS_London_(1864)/TkJgKW7U">SS <i>London</i></a> in the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Biscay/nlsdKMBg">Bay of Biscay</a>, bottled messages—reported as "farewell messages from passengers... to friends and relatives in England"—were reportedly found in months following.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>In 1875, ship's steward Van Hoydek and cabin boy Henry Trusillo of the British sailing ship <i>Lennie</i> released 24 bottled messages into the <a href="/facts/Bay_of_Biscay/nlsdKMBg">Bay of Biscay</a>, telling of the murder by mutineers of their captain and officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> French authorities soon received the message, rescued Hoydek and Trusillo, and brought the mutineers to justice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>In 1876, on the remote Scottish island of <a href="/facts/St_Kilda%2c_Scotland/NynpnX0l">St Kilda</a>, freelance journalist John Sands and marooned Austrian sailors deployed two messages requesting the Austrian Consul rescue them with provisions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The messages, each enclosed in a cocoa tin attached to a sheep's bladder for flotation in an arrangement later called a "St. Kilda <a href="/facts/Mail_boat/YKeE670Y">mail boat</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> were discovered in <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a> within nine days and in <a href="/facts/Ross%2c_Scotland/Vb4sQg3J">Ross-Shire</a> after 22 days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> Since that time, sending "St. Kilda mail" has become a recreational ritual for island visitors, the containers often riding the <a href="/facts/Gulf_Stream/hJCFM34w">Gulf Stream</a> to the British mainland, <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a>, <a href="/facts/Orkney/CDuLIPfu">Orkney</a> and <a href="/facts/Scandinavia/KpLQ40kl">Scandinavia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>20th century</h3> <ul><li>Message-bearing bottles from <a href="/facts/RMS_Titanic/loD4esxz"><i>Titanic</i></a> (1912)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/RMS_Lusitania/cfIL9RHl"><i>Lusitania</i></a> (1915)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> have been widely recounted as fact, but even before these bottles were found <i>The Irish News</i> stated in April 1912 that "very many" such stories turn out to be "cruel hoaxes".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li>In February 1916, when German <a href="/facts/Zeppelin_LZ_54/xsth3tq3">Zeppelin L 19</a> experienced unfavorable weather, battle damage and multiple engine failure after attacking the British <a href="/facts/The_Midlands/8mgY3qAe">Midlands</a>, its commander's last message to superiors and the crew's final letters to relatives were released into the North Sea to be found on a Swedish coast six months later.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> The written descriptions of how a British fishing trawler had refused to rescue the downed Zeppelin's crew—the trawler captain claiming he feared the German airmen would overpower his own unarmed crew—contributed to an enduring international controversy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li>On December 23, 1927, <a href="/facts/Frances_Wilson_Grayson/IHPMrKJ8">Frances Wilson Grayson</a>, niece of U.S. President <a href="/facts/Woodrow_Wilson/zE4yxK2X">Woodrow Wilson</a>, was to attempt to be the first woman to make a transatlantic flight (non-solo). However, her Sikorsky amphibian plane disappeared en route from New York's <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a> to <a href="/facts/Harbour_Grace/LBX9Hqhw">Harbour Grace</a>, Newfoundland, and was never found. A bottled message was found in <a href="/facts/Salem_Harbor/aE1ITdrL">Salem Harbor</a>, Massachusetts, in January 1929, the unauthenticated message reading, "1928, we are freezing. Gas leaked out. We are drifting off Grand Banks. Grayson."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li>In December 1928, a trapper working at the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Agawa_River/V7MNslDB">Agawa River</a>, Ontario, found a bottled note from Alice Bettridge, an assistant stewardess in her early twenties who initially survived the December 1927 sinking in a blizzard of the freighter <i><a href="/facts/SS_Kamloops/KU9SNNWD">Kamloops</a></i> and, before she herself perished, wrote "I am the last one left alive, freezing and starving to death on <a href="/facts/Isle_Royale/VmPGSjWK">Isle Royale</a> in Lake Superior. I just want mom and dad to know my fate."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li> <li>In 1929, a bottle that came to be known as the Flying Dutchman was released by a German marine science expedition with instructions for any finders to report the find but return the bottle to the sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> Found at several locations in succession, the Flying Dutchman traveled 25,750 kilometres (16,000 miles) from its release point in the southern <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a>, to <a href="/facts/Cape_Horn/pQweprXb">Cape Horn</a> in South America, and back through the Indian Ocean to its last reported find in 1935 on the west coast of Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li> <li>On the night of March 28, 1941 in the last moments of the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan/4dF6wKBd">Battle of Cape Matapan</a>, aboard the sinking cruiser <i><a href="/facts/Italian_cruiser_Fiume/sLbHqmf9">Fiume</a></i>, Italian sailor Francesco Chirico wrote a farewell message and threw it overboard in a bottle. Chirico's message, including a note, "Please give news to my dear mother that I die for the homeland...", was found in 1952 near <a href="/facts/Villasimius/SPX6WRM0">Villasimius</a>, <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li>On January 7, 1943, a <a href="/facts/Schweppes/nVAa2w5y">Schweppes</a> lemonade bottle was found near <a href="/facts/Woolnorth/aHvBUtyQ">Woolnorth</a> in northwestern <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a>, containing a penciled message thrown overboard on April 17, 1916, by Australian soldier John Oppy as his troop ship passed between <a href="/facts/Encounter_Bay/LJTCLPPt">Encounter Bay</a> and <a href="/facts/Kangaroo_Island/YPHk4M2H">Kangaroo Island</a>, South Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a> Oppy himself survived to see the message returned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>On Christmas Day 1945, 21-year-old medical corpsman <a href="/facts/Frank_Hayostek/Ybjvx3xK">Frank Hayostek</a> threw a message-laden aspirin bottle from his <a href="/facts/Liberty_ship/JuXDDY97">Liberty ship</a> as it approached New York, the bottle being found eight months later near <a href="/facts/Dingle/F588N9Vo">Dingle</a>, <a href="/facts/County_Kerry/gjVWlWC2">County Kerry</a>, by Irish milkmaid Breda O'Sullivan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a> Her mailed reply began a correspondence that inspired Hayostek to save money for airfare to visit O'Sullivan in 1952.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> Intense media attention for the "impossibly romantic story",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> including <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> stories, overshadowed their two-week visit, the two parting but corresponding until they married other people in 1958 and 1959.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> Media attention endured through the sixtieth anniversary of their meeting,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a> 2–3 years after their deaths.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li>In 1955, a bottle from a 1903 German <a href="/facts/Antarctica/bEM5Lem5">Antarctic</a> expedition was found in <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, about 5,500 kilometres (3,400 miles) from its launch point between the <a href="/facts/Kerguelen_Islands/w3rpWVNf">Kerguelen Islands</a> and <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a>; however, <a href="/facts/Hydrography/FP9yHxSv">hydrographers</a> surmise it had drifted around the world many times.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li>In 1956, Swedish sailor Åke Viking<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> sent a bottled message "To Someone Beautiful and Far Away" that reached a 17-year-old Sicilian girl named Paolina, sparking a correspondence that culminated in their marriage in 1958.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a> The affair attracted so much attention that 4,000 people celebrated their wedding.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li>In 1959 <a href="/facts/Guinness_Brewery/sFQTt9K2">Guinness Brewery</a> launched 150,000 bottles into the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in a promotional campaign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a> It was reported that <a href="/facts/Inuit/wJaIGexN">Inuit</a> hunters on <a href="/facts/Coats_Island/4nXB1Ceq">Coats Island</a>, in Canada's <a href="/facts/Hudson_Bay/KApYeskW">Hudson Bay</a>, found 80 of the bottles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li>In 1969, a Canadian scientific expedition dropped a message bottle through a hole in the drift ice at the approximate North Pole. The bottle was found in 1972 in northeast Iceland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li> <li>In May 1976, <i><a href="/facts/National_Geographic_World/7uVUfDRK">National Geographic World</a></i> magazine released 1,000 bottles—250 per week—from the cruise ship <a href="/facts/MS_Formosa_Queen/bQ4mJ8o5">Song of Norway</a>, with instructions in five languages to fill out and return cards, in order to help map ocean currents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></li> <li>In 1978, a Russian researcher discovered a bottled message in the <a href="/facts/Franz_Josef_Land/3vInE0uH">Franz Josef Land</a>, north of mainland Russia, that was deposited by <a href="/facts/Karl_Weyprecht/tQCqefJH">Karl Weyprecht</a>, leader of the 1872–1874 <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_Expedition/VKojjePk">Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition</a> which sought a <a href="/facts/Northeast_Passage/zecK461v">Northeast Passage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></li> <li>A message that an American couple released from a cruise ship approaching <a href="/facts/Hawaii/ImxFefeK">Hawaii</a> in 1979 was found off <a href="/facts/Songkhla_Province/WfYUah94">Songkhla Beach, Thailand</a> by a former South Vietnamese soldier and his family as they fled that country's communist regime by boat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a> A correspondence relationship began in 1983, and the couple worked with <a href="/facts/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service/roMtGEV5">U.S. Immigration</a> to help the Vietnamese family obtain <a href="/facts/Refugee/VISfRRnT">refugee status</a> in 1985 and move to the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></li> <li>In 1991, a bottled message found on <a href="/facts/Vancouver_Island/p2zvIBpr">Vancouver Island</a>, Canada, urged the release of Chinese dissident <a href="/facts/Wei_Jingsheng/YEwhTTmb">Wei Jingsheng</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a> According to oceanographer <a href="/facts/Curtis_Ebbesmeyer/Us5eMI76">Curtis Ebbesmeyer</a>, the bottle was likely released in 1980 near <a href="/facts/Quemoy_Island/MQzaJoLB">Quemoy Island</a>, one of many <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> propaganda bottles launched toward mainland <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></li> <li>In what was described as "perhaps the most famous message in a bottle love story",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a> in March 1999 a green ginger beer bottle was dredged up by a fisherman off the <a href="/facts/Essex/cuUqAlzH">Essex</a> coast, the bottle containing an 84-year-old letter tossed into the <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a> on September 9, 1914, by British soldier Private Thomas Hughes days before he was killed in fighting in France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a> Hughes' letter, written for delivery to his wife who had died in 1979, was delivered instead to his then 86-year-old daughter in <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> by the fisherman himself, who with his own wife was flown to New Zealand at the expense of <a href="/facts/New_Zealand_Post/tx1YuSKH">New Zealand Post</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>21st century</h3> <ul><li>A teardrop-shaped bottle was found in March 2002 on a beach in <a href="/facts/Kent/aYfQI6Fc">Kent</a>, England, containing an unsigned letter from a French woman expressing her enduring grief over the death of her son at age 13.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a> British author <a href="/facts/Karen_Liebreich/ncHPGshS">Karen Liebreich</a> spent years of research, unsuccessfully trying to find the mother and eventually publishing a book called <i>The Letter in the Bottle</i> (2006).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a> The book was published in French in 2009, sparking huge media coverage<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> that alerted the mother for the first time that her letter had actually been discovered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a> Saying she initially felt violated by publication of her personal suffering, on condition of continued anonymity, she agreed to tell Liebreich the details of her son's 1981 death in a bicycle accident, her decades of suffering afterwards, and the story surrounding release of her letter from an <a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a> ferry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2005, three days after eighty-eight migrants were abandoned by <a href="/facts/People_smuggling/FqTF2JB2">human smugglers</a> on a disabled boat, the migrants tied an SOS-bearing bottle to a long line of a passing fishing vessel, whose captain alerted authorities to rescue the migrants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></li> <li>On December 10, 2006, a bottom drift bottle, released on April 25, 1914, northeast of the <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a> Islands by the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, U.K., was recovered by a Shetland fisherman, after the bottle had spent over 92 years at sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></li> <li>In October 2011 in waters off <a href="/facts/Somalia/3wQYwIdS">Somalia</a>, the crew of the <a href="/facts/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia/e9E7wegD">pirated</a> cargo ship <i>Montecristo</i> used a bottle with a flashing beacon to alert <a href="/facts/NATO/dCeTddMY">NATO</a> ships that they had retreated to an armored room, permitting a military rescue operation to proceed with knowledge that the crew was not being held hostage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2012 a fisherman recovered a bottom drift bottle that had been released 98 years earlier, on June 10, 1914,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a> one of 1,890 released by the Glasgow School of Navigation to test undercurrents in the seas around Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a> The 2012 find occurred east of <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a> by the <i>Copious,</i> the same fishing vessel involved in the 2006 find.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></li> <li>In a 2013 promotional campaign, Norwegian soft drink company <a href="/facts/Solo_(Norwegian_soft_drink)/jFW8ykYD">Solo</a> released a 26-foot, 2.7-ton replica soda bottle outfitted with a customized camera, navigation lights, an <a href="/facts/Automatic_identification_system/9yyPSH9p">automatic identification system</a>, a radar reflector, and GPS tracking technology, all powered by solar panels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a> The craft drifted from <a href="/facts/Tenerife/FlyhXV7M">Tenerife</a>, <a href="/facts/Canary_Islands/7lfpqymu">Canary Islands</a>, while broadcasting its location, but its electronics were stolen by pirates before its five-month trip terminated at <a href="/facts/Los_Roques_archipelago/b77w0nFk">Los Roques archipelago</a> near Venezuela.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></li> <li>In April 2013, a kite-surfer near the mouth of Croatia's <a href="/facts/Neretva/R0jUSYGn">Neretva</a> River recovered a bottle containing a message purporting to have been sent in 1985 from <a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a> to fulfill a promise by a "Jonathon" to write to one "Mary".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a> The message received international media attention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></li> <li>In March 2014, a fisherman on the <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a> near <a href="/facts/Kiel/77oB2pHt">Kiel</a> recovered a drift bottle containing a Danish postcard dated May 17, 1913, and signed by a then-20-year-old baker's son named Richard Platz, who asked for it to be delivered to his <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a> address.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a> Researchers located Platz's granddaughter, by then 62, and delivered the 101-year-old message to her, Platz himself having died in 1946.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li>An April 2015 find on the North Sea island of <a href="/facts/Amrum/tERvw23n">Amrum</a>, Germany, of a 108-year-old bottle sent by the <a href="/facts/Marine_Biological_Association_of_the_United_Kingdom/m2QHL3uf">Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom</a> in Plymouth, was one of 1,020 released into the North Sea between 1904 and 1906 by former association president <a href="/facts/George_Parker_Bidder_III/BQgk9Usc">George Parker Bidder III</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></li> <li>In 2016, Cuban migrants who had fled Cuba in a homemade boat, launched a bottled <a href="/facts/SOS/q6uYE9W7">SOS</a> message complaining of their treatment while being detained for 42 days aboard a <a href="/facts/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter/W82XU9S3">United States Coast Guard Cutter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></li> <li>In late 2016, a <a href="/facts/Barnacle/cF33rlfE">barnacle</a>-encrusted, <a href="/facts/Kelp/uE5Bz8B2">kelp</a>-tangled <a href="/facts/GoPro/hpxk5c7r">GoPro</a> video camera was recovered, the camera's <a href="/facts/Memory_card/Rwy2lKS2">memory card</a> preserving footage showing the prelude to the camera's being swept overboard four years earlier, and also recording its first two hours underwater off <a href="/facts/Fingal_Bay/hIpLB5PX">Fingal Bay</a>, Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></li> <li>In 2017, a small unmanned boat made by high school students and having solar panels, sensors and camera, drifted on an unexpected path from near <a href="/facts/Maine/7ww4UY8B">Maine</a>, to approach Spain and Portugal, then drift westward back into the Atlantic and northward to be discovered in <a href="/facts/Benbecula/szWQ97pL">Benbecula</a> in the western isles of Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a> The boat had a waterproof pod containing a chip that collected sensor data.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></li> <li>In July 2017, a Scottish <a href="/facts/Widow/BnRePUKg">widower</a> seeking female companionship set 2,000 bottled messages adrift at various locations around the U.K., and though claiming he received responses from 50 women, ceased the practice in response to public complaints and an investigation by the <a href="/facts/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency/9h3PuuR2">Scottish Environment Protection Agency</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></li> <li>In January 2018, a couple walking on a beach in <a href="/facts/Western_Australia/1ouCbwNh">Western Australia</a> discovered a bottled message that had been launched on June 12, 1886, from the German <a href="/facts/Barque/np4CEhBy">barque</a> <a href="/facts/Paula_(1876_barque)/B2Jh1p0K"><i>Paula</i></a> conducting drift bottle experiments for the German Naval Observatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a> The message's authenticity was corroborated through the ship captain's original Meteorological Journal, and, at 131 years' duration, eclipsed the previous corroborated record duration of 108 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a> The bottle's thick glass and its opening's narrow bore are thought to have protected the paper from the elements.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></li> <li>In the summer of 2018, a bottled typewritten message dated March 26, 1930, was discovered in the roof of the twelfth-century <a href="/facts/Goslar_Cathedral/oC6mtA4A">Goslar Cathedral</a> in <a href="/facts/Goslar/QWPol4lg">Goslar, Germany</a>, signed by four roofers who bemoaned the economic state of that country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a> The bottle was discovered by a roofer who was the grandson of one of the signatories, who had been an 18-year-old roofing apprentice in 1930.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a> Goslar's mayor replaced the bottle with a copy of the 1930 message, adding his own confidential message.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></li> <li>In May 2019, a <a href="/facts/Gatorade/PB0WR3Ad">Gatorade</a> bottle with a four-page letter, written in Spanish, was found in Brown Bay, near <a href="/facts/Mount_Gambier%2c_South_Australia/3331er0z">Mount Gambier, South Australia</a>. The letter had been sent from <a href="/facts/Caleta_C%25C3%25B3rdoba/czTTVr81">Caleta Córdoba</a>, near <a href="/facts/Comodoro_Rivadavia/aP5pIKMw">Comodoro Rivadavia</a>, Argentina by a mother and two children as a loving tribute to their husband and father who had died of a stroke a year earlier.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></li> <li>In June 2019, three hikers trapped above a waterfall on <a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a>'s <a href="/facts/Arroyo_Seco_(Salinas_River_tributary)/r5krJ0Fl">Arroyo Seco tributary</a> released a <a href="/facts/Nalgene/Qyvf2mLR">Nalgene</a> bottled SOS message that was quickly discovered a quarter mile (0.4 km) downstream, allowing them to be rescued by helicopter the following morning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></li> <li>In late 2019, a bottled message launched on August 1, 1994, by 12-year-old Ryan Mead was found near the mouth of the <a href="/facts/Taramakau_River/V2Vt1w3U">Taramakau River</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a>, the find occurring mere months after Mead died at age 37 in a freak accident inhaling fumes while laying carpet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></li> <li>In early 2025, a note was found in a violin crafted by a Polish Jew in the <a href="/facts/Dachau_concentration_camp/4J2trGtn">Dachau concentration camp</a>: "Trial instrument, made under difficult conditions with no tools and materials. Dachau. Anno 1941, Franciszek Kempa." The note is interpreted to be that of a master violin maker explaining how he was forced to build an instrument that did not meet his own standards. Kempa survived the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="long-duration-events">Long-duration events</h2> <p>Table listing long-duration (>25-year) events involving messages in bottles (scroll): </p> (Still-living individuals are not identified by name unless they are independently notable.)<table><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Sender</th><th scope="col">Date released</th><th scope="col">Place released</th><th scope="col">Date found</th><th scope="col">Place found</th><th scope="col">Duration (years)</th><th scope="col">Ref.</th></tr><tr><td>Pierre-Jacques Féret</td><td>1825-01</td><td>Cité de Limes [fr] near <a href="/facts/Dieppe/ceqIubV1">Dieppe</a> s</td><td>2024-09</td><td>Cité de Limes [fr] near <a href="/facts/Dieppe/ceqIubV1">Dieppe</a></td><td>199</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Chunosuke Matsuyama, seaman</td><td>1784</td><td>Island in Pacific</td><td>1935</td><td>Hiraturemura, <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td>151</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>James Ritchie and John Grieve</td><td>1887-10-06</td><td><a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> s</td><td>2022-11-13</td><td>Under floorboards of house</td><td>135</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lighthouse engineers</td><td>1892-09-04</td><td><a href="/facts/Rhins_of_Galloway/zEXK1tx5">Rhins of Galloway</a> (lighthouse) s</td><td>2024-11</td><td><a href="/facts/Corsewall_Lighthouse/UbWQ74dg">Corsewall Lighthouse</a></td><td>132</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>German sailing <a href="/facts/Barque/np4CEhBy">barque</a> <a href="/facts/Paula_(1876_barque)/B2Jh1p0K"><i>Paula</i></a></td><td>1886-06-12</td><td>Indian Ocean, 950 km off <a href="/facts/Western_Australia/1ouCbwNh">Western Australia</a></td><td>2018-01</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Wedge_Island_(Western_Australia)/tauArtQ2">Wedge Island</a>, Western Australia</td><td>131.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Theatre builders</td><td>1906-10</td><td><a href="/facts/King%2527s_Theatre%2c_Edinburgh/AS4nD76n">King's Theatre, Edinburgh</a>, Scotland s</td><td>2024-12-06</td><td>Behind decorative crown</td><td>118</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Bricklayers Wm Hanley, James Lennon</td><td>1907-07-03</td><td><a href="/facts/Montclair_State_University/6omgCEvG">Montclair State University</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">N.J.</a>s</td><td>2019</td><td>Wall in College Hall</td><td>112</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/George_Parker_Bidder_III/BQgk9Usc">George Parker Bidder</a>, <a href="/facts/Marine_Biological_Association_of_the_United_Kingdom/m2QHL3uf">Marine Biological Association of the U.K.</a></td><td>1906-11-30</td><td><a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a></td><td>2015-04-17</td><td><a href="/facts/Amrum/tERvw23n">Amrum</a>, Germany</td><td>108</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Karl_Weyprecht/tQCqefJH">Karl Weyprecht</a>, co-leader, <a href="/facts/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition/VKojjePk">Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition</a></td><td>1874</td><td>Lamont, <a href="/facts/Franz_Josef_Land/3vInE0uH">Franz Josef Land</a>, Russia s</td><td>1978-08</td><td>Lamont, <a href="/facts/Franz_Josef_Land/3vInE0uH">Franz Josef Land</a>, Russia</td><td>104</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>School administrators</td><td>1920-09-30</td><td>School cornerstone s</td><td>2024-04</td><td><a href="/facts/Owatonna_Senior_High_School/B66EClTd">Owatonna High School</a>, Minnesota, U.S.</td><td>103.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Richard Platz</td><td>1913-05-17</td><td><a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a></td><td>2014-03</td><td>Baltic Sea near <a href="/facts/Kiel/77oB2pHt">Kiel</a></td><td>101</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Glasgow School of Navigation</td><td>1914-06-10</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a></td><td>2012-04</td><td>East of <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a></td><td>98</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Selina Pramstaller, Tillie Esper</td><td>1915</td><td><a href="/facts/Harsens_Island/2B8EFfHJ">Harsens Island</a>, Michigan, U.S.</td><td>2012</td><td><a href="/facts/Harsens_Island/2B8EFfHJ">Harsens Island</a>, Michigan, U.S.</td><td>96</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>George Morrow</td><td>1926-11</td><td><a href="/facts/Cheboygan%2c_Michigan/PX9me4Jj">Cheboygan, MI, U.S.</a> (presumed)</td><td>2021-06</td><td><a href="/facts/Cheboygan_River/NN1RXz4h">Cheboygan River</a></td><td>94.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen</td><td>1914-04-25</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a></td><td>2006-12-10</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Shetland/8YfMHIlV">Shetland</a></td><td>92</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Erich Sanitter, <a href="/facts/Wa%25C5%2582brzych/XGxQ19Bj">Waldenburg</a></td><td>1929-07-08</td><td><a href="/facts/Bay_of_Danzig/d8GJNo0k">Bay of Danzig</a></td><td>2019-10</td><td><a href="/facts/Vistula_Lagoon/qy0Dccdk">Vistula Lagoon</a></td><td>90</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Willi Brandt, roofer, age 18</td><td>1930-03-26</td><td><a href="/facts/Goslar/QWPol4lg">Goslar, Germany</a> s</td><td>2018</td><td><a href="/facts/Goslar_Cathedral/oC6mtA4A">Goslar Cathedral</a> roof</td><td>88</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Carl Ott (business owner)</td><td>1930-05-20</td><td>Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. s</td><td>2017-02</td><td>Construction site</td><td>86</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Thomas Hughes, WWI soldier</td><td>1914-09-09</td><td><a href="/facts/English_Channel/UPjaSEXf">English Channel</a></td><td>1999-03</td><td>Essex, <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a></td><td>84</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dachau_concentration_camp/4J2trGtn">Dachau</a> prisoner Franciszek Kempa</td><td>1941</td><td>Inside violin s</td><td>2025 (before 28 April)</td><td>Art dealer in Hungary</td><td>83</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>"Flying Squad" <a href="/facts/Woodworking_joints/7gnWtUoA">joinery</a> team</td><td>1934-07-16</td><td>Viewforth, <a href="/facts/Edinburgh/PcsoaK9h">Edinburgh</a> s</td><td>2016-11</td><td>Wall of building</td><td>82</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>John Stapleton Jr. age 14</td><td>1938-09-05</td><td><a href="/facts/Jersey/3lBLWgpg">Jersey</a>, <a href="/facts/Channel_Islands/JWuJ3Ups">Channel Islands</a> (deduced)</td><td>2020-02-18</td><td><a href="/facts/Jersey/3lBLWgpg">Jersey</a>, <a href="/facts/Channel_Islands/JWuJ3Ups">Channel Islands</a></td><td>81.4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Navy of Czarist Russia</td><td>1913-07</td><td><a href="/facts/Sea_of_Okhotsk/T4QL1000">Sea of Okhotsk</a>, Russia</td><td>1995</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Cordova%2c_Alaska/h4uurERB">Cordova, Alaska</a></td><td>81</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>(undetermined)</td><td>1935</td><td><a href="/facts/Southampton_Guildhall/0zx9uMYm">Southampton Guildhall</a>, U.K. s</td><td>2016</td><td><a href="/facts/Southampton_Guildhall/0zx9uMYm">Southampton Guildhall</a>, U.K.</td><td>81</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>"Jim" (military man)</td><td>1945-03-04</td><td><a href="/facts/Virginia_Beach%2c_Virginia/bdkeDxXt">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a>, Va, US</td><td>2024-08-07</td><td><a href="/facts/Odessa%2c_Florida/tVxRlwe8">Odessa, Florida</a>, US</td><td>79</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Herbert E. Hillbrick</td><td>1936</td><td><a href="/facts/P%2526O_(company)/IRwBAoF8">P&O cruise ship</a></td><td>2012</td><td><a href="/facts/Ninety_Mile_Beach%2c_New_Zealand/o8aegBPB">Ninety Mile Beach, NZ</a></td><td>76</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Victor Elliott, age 13</td><td>1944-04-25</td><td><a href="/facts/Ralston%2c_Oklahoma/GmPFqM2R">Ralston, Oklahoma</a></td><td>2017-11-11</td><td><a href="/facts/Fort_Smith%2c_Arkansas/tRrUjbwG">Fort Smith, Arkansas</a></td><td>73</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Lt. Col. Eugene J. McNamara</td><td>1948</td><td>Grand Hotel, <a href="/facts/Yokohama/q5RcVlLf">Yokohama</a> s</td><td>2016</td><td>New Grand Hotel</td><td>68</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Auschwitz_concentration_camp/6o3xax0D">Auschwitz</a> prisoners, age 18–20</td><td>1944-09-09</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Auschwitz_concentration_camp/6o3xax0D">Auschwitz</a> camp s</td><td>2009-04</td><td>Wall of bomb shelter</td><td>64</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution/qqmQY6PN">WHOI</a></td><td>1956-04-26</td><td>South of <a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a></td><td>2014-01-20</td><td><a href="/facts/Sable_Island/1q3U3rT2">Sable Island</a></td><td>57</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service/vy5b0f0R">U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries</a></td><td>1962-05</td><td>Gulf of Mexico</td><td>2019-01</td><td><a href="/facts/Padre_Island_National_Seashore/L7HtEJPr">Padre Is. Nat. Seashore</a>, Texas</td><td>56.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a>'s NEFSC</td><td>1959-09-19</td><td>Atlantic, off <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a></td><td>2013-12-22</td><td><a href="/facts/Martha%2527s_Vineyard/xGt6P3X2">Martha's Vineyard</a>, Mass.</td><td>54</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Paul Walker, geologist</td><td>1959-07-10</td><td><a href="/facts/Ward_Hunt_Island/WAsYabbM">Ward Hunt Island</a>, N. Canada s</td><td>2013</td><td><a href="/facts/Ward_Hunt_Island/WAsYabbM">Ward Hunt Island</a>, N. Canada</td><td>54</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>German Antarctic Expedition</td><td>1903</td><td>Btw. <a href="/facts/Kerguelen_Islands/w3rpWVNf">Kerguelen Is.</a>, <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a></td><td>1955</td><td><a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>52</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Paul Tsiatsios, motel owner</td><td>1960+</td><td><a href="/facts/New_Hampshire/DljxSg3H">New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</td><td>2011</td><td><a href="/facts/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands/LsEcDYXp">Turks and Caicos</a></td><td>51</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Soviet fishing vessel <i>Sulak</i></td><td>1969-06-20</td><td>Pacific Ocean</td><td>2019-08-05</td><td><a href="/facts/Shishmaref%2c_Alaska/urmcX3RB">Shishmaref, Alaska</a></td><td>50</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>13-year-old ship passenger</td><td>1969-11-17</td><td>100 mi. E. of <a href="/facts/Fremantle/33FXfayE">Fremantle</a>, W. Aus.</td><td>2019-07</td><td><a href="/facts/Eyre_Peninsula/ySvD3kN3">Eyre Peninsula</a>, S. Aus.</td><td>49</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Construction workers</td><td>1967-05-19</td><td><a href="/facts/Toowoomba/LALVSbFH">Toowoomba</a>, <a href="/facts/Queensland/lXBlIeY3">QLD</a>, Australia s</td><td>2016-09-08</td><td>Embedded in concrete</td><td>49</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration/IvcuqNJg">NOAA</a> Fisheries</td><td>1966</td><td><a href="/facts/Bristol_Bay/L26Qu7n8">Bristol Bay</a>, Alaska, U.S.</td><td>2013</td><td><a href="/facts/Cold_Bay%2c_Alaska/rNCv6Myk">Cold Bay, Alaska</a>, U.S.</td><td>47</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>High school science class</td><td>1972-12-01</td><td><a href="/facts/Fire_Island/amSC6BxQ">Fire Island</a>, N.Y., U.S.</td><td>2019-08</td><td><a href="/facts/Brookhaven%2c_New_York/cpluznzn">Brookhaven, L.I., N.Y., U.S.</a></td><td>46.7</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>"Donkeyman" James Robertson</td><td>1970-09-16</td><td>North Sea (assumed)</td><td>2017-01</td><td><a href="/facts/Norderney/ukTMMsoS">Norderney</a>, Germany</td><td>46.2</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Girl, age 6</td><td>1971-09-06</td><td><a href="/facts/Indian_River_Bay/UFQfKrXY">Indian River Bay</a>, Delaware, U.S.</td><td>2016-04-22</td><td><a href="/facts/Delaware_Seashore_State_Park/nnyp006n">Del. Seashore State Park</a></td><td>44</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Boy, age 14</td><td>1971-01-15</td><td><a href="/facts/Cove_Bay/rNVsyCsh">Cove Bay</a>, Aberdeen, U.K.</td><td>2015</td><td><a href="/facts/Rattray_Head/Ae5Msqbs">Rattray Head</a>, Aberdeenshire</td><td>44</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Girl, age 11</td><td>1974-08-29</td><td><a href="/facts/Peninsula_Township%2c_Michigan/y33yG1SU">Old Mission Peninsula, Michigan</a></td><td>2015</td><td><a href="/facts/Peninsula_Township%2c_Michigan/y33yG1SU">Old Mission Peninsula, Michigan</a></td><td>41</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Two junior high school girls</td><td>1975</td><td><a href="/facts/Washington_(state)/7tCrTFnN">Washington</a> state, U.S.</td><td>2015-04-04</td><td><a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Alaska/2z2bXRWy">Gulf of Alaska</a>, U.S.</td><td>40</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Print shop worker, age 31</td><td>1983</td><td><a href="/facts/Omaha%2c_Nebraska/05378f5l">Omaha, Nebraska</a></td><td>2020-03</td><td><a href="/facts/Rock_Port%2c_Missouri/q25Vkqg7">Rock Port, Missouri</a></td><td>37</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>High School Nat. Sci. Club</td><td>1984-07</td><td><a href="/facts/Ch%25C5%258Dshi/2ds86eD2">Chōshi</a>, Japan</td><td>2021</td><td><a href="/facts/Hawaiian_Paradise_Park%2c_Hawaii/9rW4IFfU">Hawaiian Paradise Park</a></td><td>37</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Boy, age 16</td><td>1980-05-13</td><td><a href="/facts/Albany%2c_Western_Australia/F9ATQVmR">Albany, W. Australia</a></td><td>2016-06</td><td><a href="/facts/Eucla%2c_Western_Australia/Cx9xwKKY">Eucla, W. Australia</a></td><td>36</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Vacationer</td><td>1981-06-10</td><td><a href="/facts/Fernandina_Beach%2c_Florida/5Y09cljo">Fernandina Beach, Florida</a></td><td>2017-06-17</td><td><a href="/facts/Little_St._Simons_Island/Qtl1oE74">Little St. Simons Island</a>, Georgia</td><td>36</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Alaina Beresford, age 12</td><td>1994</td><td><a href="/facts/Portknockie/dMpNM1gm">Portknockie</a>, Moray, Scotland</td><td>2025</td><td>Lisshelløya island, <a href="/facts/Vega_Municipality/7w4sgtd6">Vega</a>, Norway</td><td>31</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>School; <a href="/facts/Forfar/hKS939FJ">Forfar</a>, Scotland</td><td>1987 (est)</td><td><a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a></td><td>2017-09-29</td><td><a href="/facts/Key_Largo/o8zRJSDU">Key Largo</a>, Fla. U.S.</td><td>30</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Girl, age 8</td><td>1988-09-26</td><td><a href="/facts/Edisto_Beach%2c_South_Carolina/nofjVyp2">Edisto Beach, South Carolina</a></td><td>2017-10</td><td><a href="/facts/Sapelo_Island/DQXIfuc6">Sapelo Island</a>, Georgia</td><td>29</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Boy, age 12</td><td>1989-07</td><td><a href="/facts/Detroit_River/rMNMstoh">Detroit River</a></td><td>2017-07-12</td><td><a href="/facts/Amherstburg/LNpXPI9u">Amherstburg</a>, Ontario</td><td>28</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>"Jonathon"</td><td>1985</td><td><a href="/facts/Nova_Scotia/RcmIvd1A">Nova Scotia</a> (purported)</td><td>2013-04-17</td><td><a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a></td><td>28</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Father, daughter, age 4</td><td>1992</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/La_Cloche_Silhouette_Trail/VLXUBYTK">Baie Fine</a>, <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a></td><td>2020-03</td><td>Hiawatha Isl(near <a href="/facts/Manitoulin_Island/Qlt5pn6D">Manitoulin Isl</a>, <a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ont</a>)</td><td>28</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Jack Oppy, Australian soldier</td><td>1916-04-17</td><td>Between <a href="/facts/Encounter_Bay/LJTCLPPt">Encounter Bay</a> & <a href="/facts/Kangaroo_Island/YPHk4M2H">Kangaroo Island</a>, S. Australia</td><td>1943-01-07</td><td>Woolnorth, NW <a href="/facts/Tasmania/q3dubPTt">Tasmania</a></td><td>26.7</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Manitoba/QuCdIDYB">Manitoba</a>, Canada resident</td><td>1985</td><td><a href="/facts/Lake_Winnipeg/34A1d8rr">Lake Winnipeg</a></td><td>2011</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Libau%2c_Manitoba/w6xAVqnt">Libau, Manitoba</a></td><td>26</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Fifth grade class</td><td>1993-05</td><td><a href="/facts/Delaware_River_(Kansas)/mSBwUJ5n">Delaware River (Kansas)</a></td><td>2019</td><td><a href="/facts/Chester%2c_Illinois/y5Tzd0ye">Chester, Illinois</a></td><td>25</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>Ryan Mead, age 12</td><td>1994-08-01</td><td>Near <a href="/facts/Greymouth/DNJRhIrL">Greymouth</a>, <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a></td><td>2019</td><td>Mouth of <a href="/facts/Taramakau_River/V2Vt1w3U">Taramakau River</a>, NZ</td><td>25</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> s <i>denotes stationary messages (placed on land, not in a body of water).</i> <h2 id="popular-perceptions">Popular perceptions</h2> <p>Besides interest in <a href="/facts/Citizen_science/rAr1o0Y5">citizen science</a> drift-bottle experiments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a> message-in-a-bottle lore has often been of a romantic or poetic nature.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a> Such messages have been romanticized in literature, from <a href="/facts/Edgar_Allan_Poe/BwBzd1sG">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s 1833 story "<a href="/facts/MS._Found_in_a_Bottle/a9StEEnY">MS. Found in a Bottle</a>" through <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Sparks/XXIQCTWh">Nicholas Sparks</a>' 1998 <a href="/facts/Message_in_a_Bottle_(novel)/elzz4TJB"><i>Message in a Bottle</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a> Clint Buffington, subject of the 2019 documentary <a href="/facts/Short_film/PUW6IRku">short film</a> <i>The Tides That Bind / A Message in a Bottle Story,</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a> surmised in an interview with <i>The Guardian</i> that sending a bottled message expresses a hope to find connection in a fear-filled world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a> In <i>Newsweek</i> Ryan Bort recounted various historical messages as being cries for help, or "final, poetic words of resignation left behind for (an) indifferent sea", or from "lonely, lovelorn souls, searching for serendipity", or a search for "affirmation ... that comes from somewhere other than yourself".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a> Bort described sending a message in a bottle as a romantic act that has "such a delicious potential for magic" or as "surrendering a part of yourself to something larger", concluding that "every message in a bottle is a prayer".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a> </p><p>Finding a bottled message has generally been viewed positively, the finder of a 98-year-old message referring to his find as winning the lottery.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a> However, intense media attention over a personal relationship that resulted from one woman's find, is said to have caused her to remark that had she known what would happen, she would have left the bottle on the beach.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a> Another woman said she initially felt shocked and violated by publication of the personal suffering she had expressed in a bottled letter that she never expected would be found or read.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="similar-methods-using-other-media">Similar methods using other media</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Balloon_mail/xbwpXM7V">Balloon mail</a> and <a href="/facts/Time_capsule/pnhArR02">Time capsule</a></p> <p>The term "message in a bottle" has been applied to techniques of communication that do not literally involve a <a href="/facts/Bottle/TfyKYYKb">bottle</a> or a water-based method of conveyance, such as the <a href="/facts/Europa_Clipper/LuaX203A">Europa Clipper</a> plaque (2024),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Pioneer_plaque/Wnkd8b7R">Pioneer plaque</a> (1972, 1973), the <a href="/facts/Voyager_Golden_Record/tH3VD4qK">Voyager Golden Record</a> (1977), and even radio-borne messages (see <a href="/facts/Cosmic_Call/X4bWHSvk">Cosmic Call</a>, <a href="/facts/Teen_Age_Message/wN41XHGR">Teen Age Message</a>, <a href="/facts/A_Message_from_Earth/FywPqWz5">A Message from Earth</a>), all directed into space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Balloon_mail/xbwpXM7V">Balloon mail</a> involves sending undirected messages through the air rather than into bodies of water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a> For example, during the Prussian <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%25E2%2580%25931871)/csrKPCLT">Siege of Paris (1870–1871)</a> about 2.5 million letters were sent by hot air balloon, the only way Parisians' letters could reach the rest of France.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a> </p><p>Stationary <a href="/facts/Time_capsule/pnhArR02">time capsules</a> have been termed "messages in a bottle", such as a 1935 message in a lemonade bottle correctly portending difficult times, which was found in 2016 by masons restoring damaged Portland stone at <a href="/facts/Southampton_Guildhall/0zx9uMYm">Southampton Guildhall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a> A geologist left a bottled message in 1959 in a <a href="/facts/Cairn/wlwuhNvp">cairn</a> on isolated <a href="/facts/Ward_Hunt_Island/WAsYabbM">Ward Hunt Island</a> (Canada, 83°N latitude), allowing its finders in 2013 to determine that a nearby glacier had <a href="/facts/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850/3RVRal9J">retreated</a> over 60 metres (200 ft) in the intervening 54 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> More durable examples of time capsules are the <a href="/facts/Westinghouse_Time_Capsules/ob6qbh0b">Westinghouse Time Capsules</a> of the <a href="/facts/1939_New_York_World%2527s_Fair/M8h3jfm9">1939</a> and <a href="/facts/1964_New_York_World%2527s_Fair/jKDrw9bk">1964 New York World's Fairs</a>, intended to be opened 5,000 years after their creation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a> </p><p>Prisoners from the <a href="/facts/Auschwitz_concentration_camp/6o3xax0D">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> concealed bottles containing sketches<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a> and writings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a> that were found after World War II. </p><p>Certain emergency medical services urge patients to record information describing their medical conditions, medications and drug allergies, emergency contacts,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a> as well as <a href="/facts/Advance_healthcare_directive/lG5n3AYB">advance healthcare directives</a> for when the patients are incapacitated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a> or suffer from dementia or learning difficulties,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a> and place the record as a special "message in a bottle" stored in (conventionally) a refrigerator, where paramedics can quickly locate it.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="environmental-issues">Environmental issues</h2> <p>Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a> Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a> </p><p>Some agencies continue to use drift bottles into the 21st century, but with increased awareness that man-made floating items can harm marine life or constitute waste material,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a> biodegradable drift <i>cards</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a> and biodegradable wooden drifters<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a> with non-toxic ink<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a> are gaining favor. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Beachcombing/axWabM0u">Beachcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Drifter_(oceanography)/gCpSqwyM">Drifter (oceanography)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_time_capsules/fzhpXXch">Earth's black box</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Flotsam%2c_jetsam%2c_lagan_and_derelict/9uWl2V7J">Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Friendly_Floatees_spill/F6blo4z5">Friendly Floatees</a>, plastic bath toys accidentally released in the Pacific in 1992<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ice_rafting/4rd9lFgB">Ice rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/John_C._Swallow/3DbEKks8">Swallow float</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Publications</h3> <ul><li>Brown, Paul (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPxMDwAAQBAJ"><i>Messages from the Sea: Letters and Notes from a Lost Era Found in Bottles and on Beaches Around the World</i></a>. Superelastic. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780995541214.</li> <li>Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06-155841-2.</li> <li>Kraske, Robert (1977). <a href="https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras"><i>The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles</i></a>. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8407-6575-8.</li> <li>Moody, Skye (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56"><i>Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam</i></a>. Sasquatch Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1570617386. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904221424/https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2016.</li></ul> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Message in a bottle. Look up <i>message in a bottle</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Wollan, Malia (March 27, 2015). "How to Find a Message in a Bottle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/how-to-find-a-message-in-a-bottle.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/how-to-find-a-message-in-a-bottle.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Melanie, Hall (October 13, 2016). "Tackling plastic waste in oceans with 'wooden message in a bottle'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. <a href="http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567" target="_blank">http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 229. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 54–55. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Kraske 1977, pp. 53–56. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Buffington, Clint. "Queen Elizabeth's "Official Uncorker of Ocean Bottles"". <a href="https://messageinabottlehunter.com/message-in-a-bottle-myths/queen-elizabeth-official-uncorker-of-ocean-bottles" target="_blank">https://messageinabottlehunter.com/message-in-a-bottle-myths/queen-elizabeth-official-uncorker-of-ocean-bottles</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55–56, attributing to Becher, Alexander (1843, 1852). Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 50. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. <a href="http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/" target="_blank">http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55–56, attributing to Becher, Alexander (1843, 1852). Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Moody 2010, II. Adrift at Sea. - Moody, Skye (2010). Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1570617386. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Message in a bottle". News Releases: Scottish Government. August 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. <a href="https://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2012/08/messagebottle30082012" target="_blank">https://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2012/08/messagebottle30082012</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Huggler, Justin (August 20, 2015). "World's oldest message in a bottle washes up in Germany after 108 years at sea". The Telegraph. 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ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Kraske 1977, p. 89. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Huggler, Justin (August 20, 2015). "World's oldest message in a bottle washes up in Germany after 108 years at sea". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11815044/Worlds-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-washes-up-in-Germany-after-108-years-at-sea.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11815044/Worlds-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-washes-up-in-Germany-after-108-years-at-sea.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>"'World's oldest' message in a bottle arrives home". The Local. Germany. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. <a href="http://www.thelocal.de/20140408/granddaughter-gets-100-year-old-message-in-bottle-reaches-granddaughter" target="_blank">http://www.thelocal.de/20140408/granddaughter-gets-100-year-old-message-in-bottle-reaches-granddaughter</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>"Oldest message in a bottle found on beach". BBC News. March 6, 2018. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-43299283" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-43299283</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Katz, Brigit (March 7, 2018). "131-Year-Old Message in a Bottle Found on Australian Beach". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/131-year-old-message-bottle-found-australian-beach-180968381/" target="_blank">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/131-year-old-message-bottle-found-australian-beach-180968381/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf" target="_blank">http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf" target="_blank">http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). "Why ocean scientists hope someone gets your message in a bottle". The National Post (reprinting from The Conversation). Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2020. <a href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle?http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle" target="_blank">http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle?http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>Lederer, Muriel (Fall 1971). "Letters from the Sea" (PDF). University of Florida Digital Collections: The Panama Canal Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2016. <a href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/66/00002/UF00097366_00002.pdf" target="_blank">http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/66/00002/UF00097366_00002.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>White, Jorgia (February 27, 2016). "Queensland police officer finds message in a bottle". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. <a href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-police-officer-finds-message-in-a-bottle-20160227-gn5g63.html" target="_blank">http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-police-officer-finds-message-in-a-bottle-20160227-gn5g63.html</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Carter, Charlotte (March 14, 2018). "Message in the bottle from Whangarei to Spain may be a record breaker". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. <a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12012437" target="_blank">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12012437</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Ingraham Jr., W. James. "Getting to Know OSCURS, REFM's Ocean Surface Current Simulator". Alaska Fisheries Science Center (NOAA). Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Originally published in the Alaska Fisheries Science Center Quarterly Report, April–May–June, 1997. Program limited North Pacific from 10° N latitude to the Bering Strait. <a href="http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/docs/oscurs/get_to_know.htm" target="_blank">http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/docs/oscurs/get_to_know.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Ng, Christina (June 20, 2013). "Michigan Message in a Bottle Mystery Solved". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/michigan-message-bottle-mystery-solved/story?id=19438661" target="_blank">https://abcnews.go.com/US/michigan-message-bottle-mystery-solved/story?id=19438661</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>Carroll, Hannah (June 11, 2016). "45-year-old message in a bottle found, brings nostalgia". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. <a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/11/45-year-old-message-in-a-bottle-found-brings-nosta/" target="_blank">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/11/45-year-old-message-in-a-bottle-found-brings-nosta/</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 229. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Bergreen, Laurence (September 25, 2012). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 (Reprint ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143122104. "Part One: Discovery" (exact page does not show in Google Books preview). <a href="978-0143122104" target="_blank">978-0143122104</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>Bergreen, Laurence (September 25, 2012). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 (Reprint ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143122104. "Part One: Discovery" (exact page does not show in Google Books preview). <a href="978-0143122104" target="_blank">978-0143122104</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>The Times-Picayune. October 26, 1841. Page 2. No author listed. Republished information that appears to have originated in Guayama, Puerto Rico. Quote: "Ship Wellington of London, W.C. Kendrick, Commander, From Madras and Cape bound to London. Lat. 13 degrees 58' North, Long. 35 degrees 30' West. This bottle is dispatched for the purpose of throwing some light on the ocean currents, and it is earnestly requested that the time and place of finding it may be publicly made known. At Sea, April 15th, 1841." <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>Tocque, Philip (1878). Newfoundland: As it was and as it is in 1877. Toronto, Ont.: J.B. Magurn. <a href="http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns/id/127344" target="_blank">http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns/id/127344</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>"Memoranda". Morning Courier. St. John's, Newfoundland. 14 Aug 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 7 March 2017. |via=Memorial University of Newfoundland Digital Archives Initiative <a href="http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/morncourier/id/930/rec/1" target="_blank">http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/compoundobject/collection/morncourier/id/930/rec/1</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Coogan, Jim (2014). "A Message From the Sea". barnstablepatriot.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024184337/http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/home2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15011" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20141024184337/http://www.barnstablepatriot.com/home2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15011</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>"Reminisecence of the Lost Steamship Pacific.; Interesting Statement". The New York Times. 7 August 1861. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. From the London Shipping Gazette <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/07/archives/reminisecence-of-the-lost-steamship-pacific-interesting-statement.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/07/archives/reminisecence-of-the-lost-steamship-pacific-interesting-statement.html</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Belfast News-Letter. May 12, 1862. Page 5. Belfast, North Ireland. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>The Hamilton Spectator. Page 3. May 12, 1866. No author listed. Quotes: "The Argus contains an account of certain bottles found on the French coast of the terrible Bay of Biscay." A retelling of this account reveals that the bottles contained "farewell messages from passengers by the London to friends and relatives in England." According to one D.W. Lemmon, presumed drowned: "The ship is sinking," he wrote, "no hope of being saved." Mr. H.F.D. Denis wrote "Adieu, father, brothers and sisters, and my dear Edith. Steamer London, Bay of Biscay. Ship too heavily laden for its size, and too crank. Windows stove in. Water coming in everywhere. God bless my poor orphans. Storm not too violent for a ship in good condition." <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>"Mutiny and Murder on the High Seas". The Western Star. National Library of Australia (NLA) Trove digitized newspapers. May 13, 1876. <a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97420881" target="_blank">http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97420881</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>"Mutiny and Murder on the High Seas". The Western Star. National Library of Australia (NLA) Trove digitized newspapers. May 13, 1876. <a href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97420881" target="_blank">http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97420881</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Kraske 1977, pp. 57–59. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>Murray, Keegan (March 27, 2016). "Sandwick bairns find 'St Kilda Mailboat'". The Shetland Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat" target="_blank">http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>"St Kilda Mail Boat reaches Norway". Stornoway Gazette. October 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015. <a href="http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/what-s-on/leisure-time/st-kilda-mail-boat-reaches-norway-1-3930408" target="_blank">http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/what-s-on/leisure-time/st-kilda-mail-boat-reaches-norway-1-3930408</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Murray, Keegan (March 27, 2016). "Sandwick bairns find 'St Kilda Mailboat'". The Shetland Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat" target="_blank">http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Murray, Keegan (March 27, 2016). "Sandwick bairns find 'St Kilda Mailboat'". The Shetland Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat" target="_blank">http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2016/03/27/sandwick-bairns-find-st-kilda-mailboat</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>Moloney, Senan (April 2, 2016). "Faces of the Titanic: Jeremiah Burke sent a message in a bottle before his death". IrishCentral.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Moloney quotes passages from other newspapers, including The Irish News. <a href="http://www.irishcentral.com/news/faces-of-the-titanic-jeremiah-burke-lost-his-life-at-19-put-a-message-in-a-bottle-before-he-died-146337625-237439851.html" target="_blank">http://www.irishcentral.com/news/faces-of-the-titanic-jeremiah-burke-lost-his-life-at-19-put-a-message-in-a-bottle-before-he-died-146337625-237439851.html</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>Moloney, Senan (April 2, 2016). "Faces of the Titanic: Jeremiah Burke sent a message in a bottle before his death". IrishCentral.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Moloney quotes passages from other newspapers, including The Irish News. <a href="http://www.irishcentral.com/news/faces-of-the-titanic-jeremiah-burke-lost-his-life-at-19-put-a-message-in-a-bottle-before-he-died-146337625-237439851.html" target="_blank">http://www.irishcentral.com/news/faces-of-the-titanic-jeremiah-burke-lost-his-life-at-19-put-a-message-in-a-bottle-before-he-died-146337625-237439851.html</a> <a href="#fnref:93" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:94"><p>"Das Tragödie von L19 (The tragedy of L19)" (in German). Zeppelin-Museums Tondern (Denmark). Archived from the original on July 2, 2002. Retrieved June 10, 2010. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020702171704/http://www.zeppelin-museum.dk/D/german/historie/l-19/l-19.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20020702171704/http://www.zeppelin-museum.dk/D/german/historie/l-19/l-19.html</a> <a href="#fnref:94" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:95"><p>"Last Messages from "L 19"". Flightglobal. August 17, 1916. p. 707. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. <a href="http://flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200709.html" target="_blank">http://flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200709.html</a> <a href="#fnref:95" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:96"><p>See "Inside Out investigates why air raid on Midlands led to British fisherman being accused of war crimes". BBC. February 15, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2005. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/02_february/15/io_airraids.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/02_february/15/io_airraids.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:96" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:97"><p>Chase, Sean (December 9, 2010). "Vanished at sea -the doomed obsession of Frances Wilson Grayson". The Daily Observer. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. <a href="http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2010/12/09/vanished-at-sea-the-doomed-obsession-of-frances-wilson-grayson" target="_blank">http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2010/12/09/vanished-at-sea-the-doomed-obsession-of-frances-wilson-grayson</a> <a href="#fnref:97" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:98"><p>"A shipwreck, a young woman and a message in a bottle". SooToday.com. May 26, 2019. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. From the archives of the Sault Ste. Marie Public Library. Handwriting confirmed by parents. <a href="https://www.sootoday.com/columns/remember-this/a-shipwreck-a-young-woman-and-a-message-in-a-bottle-1473946" target="_blank">https://www.sootoday.com/columns/remember-this/a-shipwreck-a-young-woman-and-a-message-in-a-bottle-1473946</a> <a href="#fnref:98" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:99"><p>Moody 2010, II. Adrift at Sea. - Moody, Skye (2010). Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1570617386. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56</a> <a href="#fnref:99" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:100"><p>Moody 2010, II. Adrift at Sea. - Moody, Skye (2010). Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1570617386. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56</a> <a href="#fnref:100" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:101"><p>Sansone, Vito (October 2, 2018). "Il messaggio in bottiglia del marinai" [The sailor's message in the bottle]. La Città di Salerno (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. <a href="https://www.lacittadisalerno.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/il-messaggio-in-bottiglia-del-marinaio-1.2036523" target="_blank">https://www.lacittadisalerno.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/il-messaggio-in-bottiglia-del-marinaio-1.2036523</a> <a href="#fnref:101" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:102"><p>"After Twentyseven Years in Ocean / Bottle Found With Soldier's Note in It / Now Back in Hands of the Writer, Jack Oppy, of Condobolin". Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder. Condobolin, NSW, Australia. February 1, 1943. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. <a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/214439959" target="_blank">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/214439959</a> <a href="#fnref:102" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:103"><p>"After Twentyseven Years in Ocean / Bottle Found With Soldier's Note in It / Now Back in Hands of the Writer, Jack Oppy, of Condobolin". Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder. Condobolin, NSW, Australia. February 1, 1943. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. <a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/214439959" target="_blank">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/214439959</a> <a href="#fnref:103" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:104"><p>Quinlan, Ailin (August 5, 2012). "The GI and the Irish colleen". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html" target="_blank">http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html</a> <a href="#fnref:104" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:105"><p>Quinlan, Ailin (August 5, 2012). "The GI and the Irish colleen". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html" target="_blank">http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html</a> <a href="#fnref:105" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:106"><p>See "Message in a Bottle". Documentary on One. RTÉ Radio One. August 4, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Site includes downloadable mp3 podcast. <a href="https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan" target="_blank">https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan</a> <a href="#fnref:106" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:107"><p>Quinlan, Ailin (August 5, 2012). "The GI and the Irish colleen". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html" target="_blank">http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html</a> <a href="#fnref:107" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:108"><p>See "Message in a Bottle". Documentary on One. RTÉ Radio One. August 4, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Site includes downloadable mp3 podcast. <a href="https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan" target="_blank">https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan</a> <a href="#fnref:108" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:109"><p>"Message in a Bottle". RTE. March 25, 2014. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/2012/1228/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan/" target="_blank">https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/2012/1228/647286-documentary-podcast-message-in-a-bottle-frank-hayostek-breda-osullivan/</a> <a href="#fnref:109" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:110"><p>Quinlan, Ailin (August 5, 2012). "The GI and the Irish colleen". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. <a href="http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html" target="_blank">http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/the-gi-and-the-irish-colleen-26883730.html</a> <a href="#fnref:110" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:111"><p>"Bottles washed up on beaches with various corked messages". The Canberra Times. National Library of Australia (NLA). August 7, 1991. p. 23. 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Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. • Confirmed accurate, with a 1959 quotation from The American Weekly, at "Man Meets Wife Via Message-in-a-Bottle", hoaxes.org, August 18, 2007 (archive). <a href="http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/message-in-a-bottle-8-striking-stories-of-letters-sent-to-sea" target="_blank">http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/message-in-a-bottle-8-striking-stories-of-letters-sent-to-sea</a> <a href="#fnref:113" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:114"><p>Randazzo, Antonio (2008). "Sposi in bottiglia Siracusa (Spouse in a Bottle -- Syracuse)". Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Images also here. <a href="http://www.antoniorandazzo.it/ricordando/sposi-in-bottiglia-siracusa.html" target="_blank">http://www.antoniorandazzo.it/ricordando/sposi-in-bottiglia-siracusa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:114" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:115"><p>Zevi, Tullia (August 14, 1958). 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From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf" target="_blank">http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>Roots, Fred (14 March 2017). "Why the North Pole matters: An important history of challenges and global fascination". Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. <a href="https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/why-the-north-pole-matters-an-important-history-of-challenges-and-global-fascination/" target="_blank">https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/why-the-north-pole-matters-an-important-history-of-challenges-and-global-fascination/</a> <a href="#fnref:118" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:119"><p>"Fishing for Bottles". Wilson Daily Times. Associated Press. 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"brief report ... deposited by Weyprecht under a heap of stones on Lamont Island, well packaged in a hollowed out piece of wood, which in turn was put into a stoneware vessel" (translated). <a href="https://epic.awi.de/28564/1/Polarforsch2005_1_7.pdf" target="_blank">https://epic.awi.de/28564/1/Polarforsch2005_1_7.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:120" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:121"><p>"Polarforschung Gestern / Historischer Teil über Carl Weyprecht und die Expedition von 1872-1874 (Polar research yesterday Historical part about Carl Weyprecht and the expedition from 1872-1874)". Carl-Weyprecht.org (in German). 2013. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. (publication date estimated based on earliest Archive.org archive) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811231525/http://www.carl-weyprecht.org/ausstellung.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150811231525/http://www.carl-weyprecht.org/ausstellung.html</a> <a href="#fnref:121" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:122"><p>Becklund, Laurie (April 26, 1985). "Bobbing Message at Sea Alters Viet Refugees' Lives : Note in Bottle--a Ticket to Freedom". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-26-mn-20828-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-26-mn-20828-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:122" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:123"><p>Becklund, Laurie (April 26, 1985). "Bobbing Message at Sea Alters Viet Refugees' Lives : Note in Bottle--a Ticket to Freedom". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. <a href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-26-mn-20828-story.html" target="_blank">https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-26-mn-20828-story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:123" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:124"><p>Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf" target="_blank">http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:124" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:125"><p>Heidorn, Keith C. (March 17, 1999). "Of Shoes And Ships And Rubber Ducks And A Message In A Bottle". IslandNet.com. "The Weather Doctor" section. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Article updated October 2010. <a href="http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/shoes.htm" target="_blank">http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/shoes.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:125" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:126"><p>Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. <a href="http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf" target="_blank">http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:126" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:127"><p>Heidorn, Keith C. (March 17, 1999). "Of Shoes And Ships And Rubber Ducks And A Message In A Bottle". IslandNet.com. "The Weather Doctor" section. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. 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Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. • Some references (example: Commonwealth War Graves Commission) state that Hughes died twelve days later, not two days later as most popularly reported. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/346879.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/346879.stm</a> <a href="#fnref:131" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:132"><p>Daoust, Phil (August 13, 2010). "I found a message in a bottle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/14/karen-liebreich-letter-in-a-bottle" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/14/karen-liebreich-letter-in-a-bottle</a> <a href="#fnref:132" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:133"><p>Liebreich, Karen (June 27, 2010). "The mystery of the message in the bottle". The Daily Telegraph. 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CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:271"><p>Sinclair, Jesara (July 30, 2018). "Why throwing a message in a bottle into the ocean might be a bad idea". CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:272"><p>Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). 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"Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:275"><p>Melanie, Hall (October 13, 2016). "Tackling plastic waste in oceans with 'wooden message in a bottle'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. <a href="http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567" target="_blank">http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:276"><p>Sinclair, Jesara (July 30, 2018). "Why throwing a message in a bottle into the ocean might be a bad idea". CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Archived from the original on August 27, 2018. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-messages-bottles-ocean-plastic-pollution-1.4761138</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:277"><p>Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). 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