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Tudela, Misamis Occidental
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Spanish colonial era</h3> <p>Founded by Padre Antonio Olleta as the visita of Tudela and by 1884 it was already a pueblo with four barrios.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Named after <a href="/facts/Tudela%2c_Navarre/y6IyoHnA">Tudela, Navarre, Spain</a>, the hometown of Padre Olleta.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>American colonial era</h3> <p>The present territory of Tudela was once part of the former municipality of <i>Loculan</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Through <i>Act No. 951</i>, issued by the <a href="/facts/Philippine_Commission/bhP2G1Wo">Philippine Commission</a> on October 21, 1903, which reduced the number of municipalities in <a href="/facts/Misamis_(province)/SFguWavv">the then-undivided Misamis province</a> from 24 to 10, Loculan was effectively abolished after being joined with <a href="/facts/Ozamiz/3YvVHn7m">the municipality of Misamis</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>During <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%25E2%2580%25931946)/SnMSxLQu">the American occupation</a>, the inhabitants in Loculan petitioned to be separated from Misamis and organized into two independent municipalities. Thus, <a href="/facts/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines/yVmkBsAC">Governor-General</a> <a href="/facts/Francis_Burton_Harrison/69o1SmRx">Francis Burton Harrison</a> (through the efforts of Senator Jose F. Clarin) issued <i><a href="/facts/Executive_order_(Philippines)/DL1p7tK2">Executive Order</a> (EO) No. 61</i> on December 28, 1920, creating the municipality of Tudela, along with <a href="/facts/Clarin%2c_Misamis_Occidental/7HaWJJHB">Clarin</a>; <a href="/facts/Barrio/JwUm9V5h">Barrio</a> Tudela became <a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">the seat of government</a>. The organization became effective on the first day of 1921.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The first appointed Municipal President was Primitivo Ninang and its first Vice President was Pirigrin Sengidas. The following councilors appointed were Pio Adecir, Simeon Fuentes, Gregorio Madula, Casimeo Rubio, Julio Maliao, Florentino Olarte, Felix Codilla, and Isidro Sol. </p><p>The first appointed Municipal Secretary was Jose M. Castaños, known as “Secretario Municipal Interino”. The Provincial Fiscal nominated him and it was approved by Municipal Council Res. No. 123, series of 1923. </p><p>Spanish Language was used in the preparation of minutes, resolutions and ordinances from 1921 up to 1928 and in the later part of 1929 during the term of Ulpiano Balazo as Municipal President. </p> <h3>Territorial changes</h3> <p>Its territorial jurisdiction has been reduced. In April 1924, by virtue of <i>EO No. 20</i>, Barrio Balicaocao was transferred to Clarin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> In 1982, through <i><a href="/facts/Batas_Pambansa/vBEUYmSs">Batas Pambansa</a> Blg. 171</i>, <a href="/facts/Barangay/TJ60z5zY">Barangays</a> Tuno, Lalud, and Lampasan were annexed to the newly-created Don Mariano Marcos (now <a href="/facts/Don_Victoriano/lJbRdLdl">Don Victoriano</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Martial law</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship/38aguMhY">Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship</a></p> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos/P603IxsA">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/facts/Subanen_people/nXWIfAXM">Subanen people</a></p> <p>A notable incident in Tudela during the Marcos dictatorship took place on Aug. 24, 1981, when members of a pseudo-religious paramilitary sect strafed the house of the Gumapons, a <a href="/facts/Subanon_people/nXWIfAXM">Subanon</a> family, in Sitio Gitason, Barrio Lampasan. Ten of the twelve persons in the house, including an infant, were killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p>Tudela is bounded on the north by the municipality of <a href="/facts/Sinacaban/Xb9e6E5Q">Sinacaban</a>, to the south by the municipality of <a href="/facts/Clarin%2c_Misamis_Occidental/7HaWJJHB">Clarin</a>, to the east by <a href="/facts/Iligan_Bay/DFuptjnW">Iligan Bay</a>, and to the west by the municipality of <a href="/facts/Don_Victoriano/lJbRdLdl">Don Victoriano</a> and <a href="/facts/Mount_Malindang/U938qPGc">Mount Malindang</a>. It is 20-minute drive from <a href="/facts/Ozamiz_City/3YvVHn7m">Ozamiz City</a> to the south, and 45-minutes drive from <a href="/facts/Oroquieta_City/1ejHlMJD">Oroquieta City</a> to the north. </p> <h3>Barangays</h3> <p>Tudela is politically subdivided into 33 <a href="/facts/Barangay/TJ60z5zY">barangays</a>. Each barangay consists of <a href="/facts/Purok/7LEkP89V">puroks</a> while some have <a href="/facts/Sitios/UCF39xdL">sitios</a>. </p> <ul><li>Balon</li> <li>Barra</li> <li>Basirang</li> <li>Bongabong</li> <li>Buenavista</li> <li>Cabol-anonan</li> <li>Cahayag</li> <li>Camating</li> <li>Canibungan Proper</li> <li>Casilak San Agustin</li> <li>Centro Hulpa (<a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">Poblacion</a>)</li> <li>Centro Napu (<a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">Poblacion</a>)</li> <li>Centro Upper (<a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">Poblacion</a>)</li> <li>Colambutan Bajo</li> <li>Colambutan Settlement</li> <li>Duanguican</li> <li>Gala</li> <li>Gumbil</li> <li>Locso-on</li> <li>Maikay</li> <li>Maribojoc</li> <li>Mitugas</li> <li>Nailon</li> <li>Namut</li> <li>Napurog</li> <li>Pan-ay Diot</li> <li>San Nicolas</li> <li>Sebac</li> <li>Silongon</li> <li>Sinuza</li> <li>Taguima</li> <li>Tigdok</li> <li>Yahong</li></ul> <h3>Climate</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Tudela, Misamis Occidental</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month</th><th scope="col">Jan</th><th scope="col">Feb</th><th scope="col">Mar</th><th scope="col">Apr</th><th scope="col">May</th><th scope="col">Jun</th><th scope="col">Jul</th><th scope="col">Aug</th><th scope="col">Sep</th><th scope="col">Oct</th><th scope="col">Nov</th><th scope="col">Dec</th><th scope="col">Year</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th><td>28(82)</td><td>28(82)</td><td>29(84)</td><td>31(88)</td><td>31(88)</td><td>30(86)</td><td>30(86)</td><td>30(86)</td><td>30(86)</td><td>30(86)</td><td>29(84)</td><td>28(82)</td><td>30(85)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th><td>23(73)</td><td>23(73)</td><td>23(73)</td><td>23(73)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>24(75)</td><td>23(73)</td><td>24(74)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average <a href="/facts/Precipitation/uq3nGQc8">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th><td>69(2.7)</td><td>44(1.7)</td><td>37(1.5)</td><td>29(1.1)</td><td>87(3.4)</td><td>137(5.4)</td><td>131(5.2)</td><td>141(5.6)</td><td>143(5.6)</td><td>134(5.3)</td><td>68(2.7)</td><td>53(2.1)</td><td>1,073(42.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Average rainy days</th><td>9.9</td><td>7.6</td><td>7.4</td><td>8.1</td><td>21.6</td><td>26.5</td><td>26.4</td><td>26.6</td><td>25.8</td><td>24.3</td><td>15.1</td><td>10.4</td><td>209.7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14">Source: Meteoblue<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> Population census of Tudela<table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±% p.a.</th></tr><tr><th>1939 </th><td>11,057</td><td>— </td></tr><tr><th>1948 </th><td>11,477</td><td>+0.42%</td></tr><tr><th>1960 </th><td>13,361</td><td>+1.27%</td></tr><tr><th>1970 </th><td>17,877</td><td>+2.95%</td></tr><tr><th>1975 </th><td>19,625</td><td>+1.89%</td></tr><tr><th>1980 </th><td>21,893</td><td>+2.21%</td></tr><tr><th>1990 </th><td>19,070</td><td>−1.37%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±% p.a.</th></tr><tr><th>1995 </th><td>22,805</td><td>+3.41%</td></tr><tr><th>2000 </th><td>23,047</td><td>+0.23%</td></tr><tr><th>2007 </th><td>25,113</td><td>+1.19%</td></tr><tr><th>2010 </th><td>27,371</td><td>+3.18%</td></tr><tr><th>2015 </th><td>28,932</td><td>+1.06%</td></tr><tr><th>2020 </th><td>28,599</td><td>−0.23%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/facts/Philippine_Statistics_Authority/TMMIvT98">Philippine Statistics Authority</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 2020 census, the population of Tudela, Misamis Occidental, was 28,599 people,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> with a density of 290 inhabitants per square kilometre or 750 inhabitants per square mile. </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p>Places of worship: </p> <ul><li>San Isidro Labrador Parish Church (Roman Catholic) - Purok 1, Upper Centro</li> <li>United Church of Christ in the Philippines - Upper Centro</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kingdom_Hall/AkjKlaFA">Kingdom Hall</a> of <a href="/facts/Jehovah%2527s_Witnesses/MCSKHs8S">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> - Purok 1, Taguima</li> <li>Seventh Day Adventist Church - Basirang; Nailon</li> <li>Kristohanon (Church of Tudela) - Purok 1, Barra</li> <li>Liberty Bible Baptist Church (Bible Baptist) - Taguima</li> <li>Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) - Hulpa</li> <li>Church of the Back to Christ Royal Family in the 7th Millenium - Silongon</li> <li>Grace Gospel Church of Christ, TCM - Cabol-anonan</li> <li>Grace Banner Fellowship, TCM - Purok 7, Balon</li> <li>Christ's Banner Fellowship - Nailon</li> <li>Assembly Of God - Purok 3, Centro Napu</li></ul> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>Poverty incidence of Tudela</p> <table><tbody><tr><td>1020304050602000 45.472003 53.182006 43.702009 38.012012 38.072015 34.492018 24.382021 23.48<p>Source: <a href="/facts/Philippine_Statistics_Authority/TMMIvT98">Philippine Statistics Authority</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The majority hardly depends on agriculture and fishing. Commerce is also progressive in this municipality. There are many Tudelanhon businessmen. People in the municipality and of the neighboring barangays of Clarin and Sinacaban towns depend on the local market, instead of going to Ozamiz City, the economic hub in the province. </p><p>Crops: <a href="/facts/Palay/wvL1hBCz">Palay</a>, <a href="/facts/Maize/lJ6c5xMH">corn</a>, <a href="/facts/Banana/D6r2qPPq">banana</a>, kamoteng-kahoy (<a href="/facts/Cassava/KvjKQDkV">cassava</a>), <a href="/facts/Sweet_potato/CFN3IMdj">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/facts/Coconut/RUYNhNo2">coconut</a>, fruits (<a href="/facts/Mango/JxM1qusg">mango</a>, <a href="/facts/Durian/WIaKDSRe">durian</a>, <a href="/facts/Lanzones/gmAnX0kv">lanzones</a>), and vegetables. </p><p>Products: <a href="/facts/Aquaculture/MYdIMfbt">aquaculture</a> products: <a href="/facts/Shrimps/QeWUDe2b">shrimps</a>, <a href="/facts/Prawns/br8vDAIB">prawns</a>, <a href="/facts/Crabs/GvkhXnSK">crabs</a>, <a href="/facts/Tilapia/AI1hJJRS">tilapia</a>, bangus (<a href="/facts/Milkfish/lqD5MX2Q">milkfish</a>); furniture; poultry products; breads and pastries; fishes and <a href="/facts/Seashell/5AyVlBwo">shells</a>. </p> <h2 id="tourism">Tourism</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Misamis_Occidental_Aquamarine_Park/0xbcGUwz">Misamis Occidental Aquamarine Park</a>: located along the mangroves of Tigdok and Libertad Bajo, baranggays of Tudela and Sinacaban, respectively - a wildlife park that serves as sanctuary for other endangered animals like the <a href="/facts/Monkey-eating_eagle/eqVSylRT">monkey-eating eagle</a> and the <a href="/facts/Tarsier/7aSJXf8R">tarsier</a>, also found in the forests of nearby Mount Malindang National Park.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Binalbal_Festival/4UVaHNWl">Binalbal Festival</a> - held every January 1, one of the oldest and longest running festival in the municipality as it traced back its origin as early as the 1920s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>Araw ng Tudela - held every December 28</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mount_Malindang/U938qPGc">Mount Malindang</a> National Park</li> <li>Barra Beach, Barra, Tudela, Misamis Occidental</li> <li>Camarin Beach, Camarin, Cabol-anonan, Tudela, Misamis Occidental</li> <li>Tudela Market Place</li> <li>Bagsakan Center</li> <li>Subanen Village, Tonggo, Namut, Tudela, Misamis Occidental</li></ul> <h2 id="government">Government</h2> <p>The governance of the Municipality of Tudela was managed by elected, appointed and OIC Mayors from 1921 up to the present, as follows: </p> <ul><li>1921-1928 - Primitivo Ninang, first appointed</li> <li>1928-1935 - Ulpiano Balazo, appointed</li> <li>1935-1937 - Alberto Raagas, appointed</li> <li>1938-1940 - Jose Singson, elected</li> <li>1940-1943 - Alberto Raagas, elected</li> <li>1943-1946 - Eladio Lagura, elected</li> <li>1946-1947 - Eligio Dajao, appointed</li> <li>Feb. 1947 - Dec.1947 - Antonio Enriquez, appointed</li> <li>1948-1959 - Gregorio Gamotin, elected</li> <li>1960-1986 - Antero Singidas, elected</li> <li>1986-1988 - Bernadette P. Encinareal, OIC</li> <li>Dec. 1988 - Feb. 1989 - Panfilo S. Olarte, OIC</li> <li>Mar. 1989 - Apr. 1989 - Nilo Y. Obut, OIC</li> <li>1989- 1992 - Bernadette P. Encinareal, elected</li> <li>1992- 2001 - Felix L. Sarigumba, elected</li> <li>2001-2007 - Nilo Y. Obut, elected</li> <li>2007-2016 - Estela Obut-Estaño, elected</li> <li>2016-to date - Samuel L. Parojinog, elected</li></ul> <h2 id="infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <h3>Transportation</h3> Air Tudela is accessible by plane and served by <a href="/facts/Ozamiz_City_Airport/SDpGC6jw">Ozamiz City Airport</a>, a short ride of tricycle from the airport to the Ozamiz City Integrated Bus Terminal (IBJT) also known as "Agora Terminal" where a Tudela modified public utility vehicle called "balik-balik" awaits and bound to Tudela.: Sea Served by <a href="/facts/Port_of_Ozamiz/3VdgrDcj">Port of Ozamiz City</a>, then same as at the airport scenario which you have to ride a tricycle going to the Agora Terminal and another ride on a balik-balik bound for Tudela.: Land The public mode of transportation within this municipality is usually by tricycle and habal-habal, while the balik-balik is a means of transport to and from Ozamiz City, the nearest city.: <h3>Utilities</h3> Communication Telecommunications and internet are available. Mobile phone networks (<a href="/facts/Smart_Communications/Y2RfyW93">Smart</a>, <a href="/facts/Globe_Telecom/DFvMzW2m">Globe</a>, <a href="/facts/Sun_Cellular/txuHbYmS">Sun Cellular</a> (now part of <a href="/facts/Smart_Communications/Y2RfyW93">Smart</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Dito_Telecommunity/VLpoJjxk">DITO Telecommunity</a>) operate extensively in the municipality. <a href="/facts/Philippine_Postal_Corporation/1jqWR2Fg">PhilPost</a> has its office in the Municipal Hall. Most of the municipality is serviceable by commercial couriers (e.g. <a href="/facts/LBC_Express/FhGhIqxX">LBC</a>, JRS Express, <a href="/facts/Air21/fCQx6J3P">Air21</a>, <a href="/facts/2GO_Group/d07KaGqC">2GO</a>, etc.) based in <a href="/facts/Ozamiz/3YvVHn7m">Ozamiz City</a>. Electricity All 33 barangays are energized by <a href="/facts/Misamis_Occidental_II_Electric_Cooperative/8KNjWI18">Misamis Occidental II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (MOELCI II)</a>. Water <a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">Poblacion</a> area is served by Misamis Occidental Water District (MOWD).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Rural barangays have their own water systems funded by the government. <h2 id="education">Education</h2> <h3>Preschool</h3> <p>Every barangay in the municipality has their own <a href="/facts/Day_Care_Center/ILBlaVb0">Day Care Center</a> under the supervision of the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development/LvsJLJj3">Department of Social Welfare and Development</a>. </p> <ul><li>San Isidro Academy Pre-school Department</li> <li>Ozamiz Elementary School Pre-school Department</li> <li>there are also church-operated pre-schools in the <a href="/facts/Poblacion/qW1Uw2FU">Poblacion</a>.</li> <li>Tudela Liberty Baptist Christian School Pre-school Department</li></ul> <h3>Elementary</h3> <ul><li>Balon Elementary School</li> <li>Barra Elementary School</li> <li>Basirang Elementary School</li> <li>Bongabong Elementary School</li> <li>Cabol-Anonan Elementary School</li> <li>Camating Elementary School</li> <li>Colambutan Bajo Elementary School</li> <li>Sebac Elementary School</li> <li>Tudela Central Elementary School</li> <li>Tigdok Elementary School</li> <li>Tonggo Elementary School</li> <li>Upper Centro Elementary School</li></ul> <h3>Secondary</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Tudela_National_Comprehensive_High_School/941hrprx">Tudela National Comprehensive High School</a>.</li> <li>San Isidro Academy of Tudela Inc.</li> <li><a href="https://nmcci-ph.education/">Northwestern Mindanao Christian Colleges, Inc.</a>. Founded as Northern Mindanao Academy in 1946.</li> <li>Colambotan Bajo National High School. The first public secondary school in the municipality.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/barangays/100421000®code=10&provcode=04">Philippine Standard Geographic Code</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/">Philippine Census Information</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpmsv2/cmshome/index.php?pageID=23&frmIdDcfCode=7&fLguType=CM&frmIdRegion=13&frmIdProvince=71&frmIdLgu=1392">Local Governance Performance Management System</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Census of Population (2020). "Region X (Northern Mindanao)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021. <a href="https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%252010.xlsx" target="_blank">https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%252010.xlsx</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Binalbal Festival Archived 2005-01-25 at the Wayback Machine <a href="http://www.asianjournal.com/cgi-bin/view_info.cgi?code=00003018&category=AC" target="_blank">http://www.asianjournal.com/cgi-bin/view_info.cgi?code=00003018&category=AC</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Tudela Binalbal Festival Official Souvenir, published January 1, 2003, (Local Government Unit of Tudela, Misamis Occidental); Panfilo S. Olarte, Secretary to the Sanggunian 1988-2003 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Naval, Lhem (2017). "Grand Old Northwest Foundation and Development of Towns and parishes in Misamis Occidental". Misamis Occidental: Historical Vignettes of Grand Northwest (2nd ed.). Baliangao, Misamis Occidental, Philippines: Synoptika Publishers. ISBN 9781365724350. <a href="9781365724350" target="_blank">9781365724350</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Naval, Lhem (2017). "Who is Apolinario Tudela? The Historical Beginnings of Tudela". Misamis Occidental: Historical Vignettes of Grand Northwest (2nd ed.). Baliangao, Misamis Occidental, Philippines: Synoptika Publishers. ISBN 9781365724350. <a href="9781365724350" target="_blank">9781365724350</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Executive orders and proclamations (1920). Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1921. pp. 98–100. Retrieved March 11, 2024 – via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.org/details/ExecutiveOrdersNos.165-1920" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/ExecutiveOrdersNos.165-1920</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Act No. 951: "Act No. 951". Legislative Digital Resources. Senate of the Philippines. October 21, 1903. Retrieved March 11, 2024. "Act No. 951". jurisprudence.ph. October 21, 1903. Retrieved March 11, 2024. <a href="https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%20951" target="_blank">https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%20951</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Executive orders and proclamations (1920). Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1921. pp. 98–100. 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