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Fork (blockchain)
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<h2 id="types-of-forks">Types of forks</h2> <p>Forks can be classified as <i>accidental</i> or <i>intentional</i>. <i>Accidental fork</i> happens when two or more <a href="/facts/Bitcoin_network/B9gu2Y7N">miners</a> find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called <i>orphaned</i> blocks). </p><p>Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows: </p> <h3>Source code fork</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Fork_(software_development)/D6khxhpr">Fork (software development)</a></p> <p>A <i>source code fork</i> or <i>project fork</i> is when developers take a copy of source code from one cryptocurrency project and start independent development on it, creating a separate and new piece of blockchain. Such examples are; <a href="/facts/Litecoin/X3F07LX0">Litecoin</a> a source code fork of <a href="/facts/Bitcoin/UJvqfray">Bitcoin</a>, <a href="/facts/Monero/KAQXR18X">Monero</a> fork of Bytecoin and <a href="/facts/Dogecoin/8DzHX9PX">Dogecoin</a> fork of Litecoin. </p> <h3>Hard fork</h3> <p>A <i>hard fork</i> is a change to the blockchain protocol that is not backward compatible and requires all users to upgrade their software in order to continue participating in the network. In a hard fork, the network splits into two separate versions: one that follows the new rules and one that follows the old rules. </p><p>For example, Ethereum was hard forked in 2016 to "make whole" the investors in <a href="/facts/The_DAO_(organization)/DfrarLh3">The DAO</a>, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and <a href="/facts/Ethereum_Classic/dDHs349X">Ethereum Classic</a> chains. In 2014 the <a href="/facts/Nxt/oLhoNWaI">Nxt</a> community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major <a href="/facts/Cryptocurrency_exchange/PBbzsc11">cryptocurrency exchange</a>. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>A more recent hard-fork example is of Bitcoin in 2017, which resulted in a split creating <a href="/facts/Bitcoin_Cash/pK9rGWN0">Bitcoin Cash</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The network split was mainly due to a disagreement in how to increase the transactions per second to accommodate for demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h3>Soft fork</h3> <p>A <i>soft fork</i> is a backward-compatible change to the blockchain protocol that allows new rules to be introduced without requiring all users to upgrade their software. In a soft fork, a majority of the network’s miners implement the new rules and begin following the updated version of the blockchain. The rest of the network can continue to follow the blockchain, but they will be unable to validate that new blocks follow the updated rules. Because a soft fork is backward-compatible, it does not result in the creation of a new blockchain or the splitting of the network. Instead, it allows the network to gradually transition to the new rules while still maintaining compatibility with the old rules. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="cryptocurrency-splits">Cryptocurrency splits</h2> <p>A <i>permanent chain split</i> is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Taxation</h3> <p>The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from <a href="/facts/Nation_state/1T5FVEJP">state</a> to state. A few examples include: </p> <h4>Australian Taxation Office (ATO)</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Australian_Taxation_Office/L3yQ04E2">ATO</a> does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h4>HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC)</h4> <p>The UK <a href="/facts/HM_Revenue_%2526_Customs/H6NQKDN1">HMRC</a> does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new <a href="/facts/Cryptoasset/Rg6JAS8y">cryptoassets</a> is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>As of September 2021, it is believed that more than 2.3 million people in the UK own a cryptoasset. As these assets do not physically exist, HMRC has been forced to issue guidance stating that cryptoassets will follow the residence of the beneficial owner. Residents in the UK who trade cryptoassets, no matter where these assets are "held", will be liable to UK taxes. However, there is a growing belief that this guidance may well be challenged in the courts. This could impact future HMRC tax income from those not domiciled in the UK for tax purposes."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h4>Internal Revenue Service (IRS)</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Federal_government_of_the_United_States/VJCxUaf7">US</a> <a href="/facts/Internal_Revenue_Service/GBdRoslU">Internal Revenue Service</a> (IRS) classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxable events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in possession of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_bitcoin_forks/s6y9pbgV">List of bitcoin forks</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Antonopoulos, Andreas (2017). Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain (2 ed.). USA: O' Reilly media, inc. p. Glossary. ISBN 978-1491954386. <a href="978-1491954386" target="_blank">978-1491954386</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Alternatively, this situation is called a blockchain split[2] or a blockchain divergence.[3] If permanent, it is also referred to as a cryptocurrency split. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Croman, Kyle; Eyal, Ittay (2016). "On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains" (PDF). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. pp. 106–125. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8. ISBN 978-3-662-53356-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019. <a href="978-3-662-53356-7" target="_blank">978-3-662-53356-7</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Jordan Pearson (14 October 2016). "'Bitcoin Unlimited' Hopes to Save Bitcoin from Itself". Motherboard. Vice Media LLC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/bitcoin-unlimited-hopes-to-save-bitcoin-from-itself-block-size/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/bitcoin-unlimited-hopes-to-save-bitcoin-from-itself-block-size/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Oscar Williams-Grut and Rob Price (26 March 2017). "A Bitcoin civil war is threatening to tear the digital currency in 2 — here's what you need to know". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoins-hard-fork-bitcoin-unlimited-segregated-witness-explained-2017-3" target="_blank">http://www.businessinsider.com/bitcoins-hard-fork-bitcoin-unlimited-segregated-witness-explained-2017-3</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Lee, Timothy (12 March 2013). "Major glitch in Bitcoin network sparks sell-off; price temporarily falls 23%". Arstechnica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2018. <a href="https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/03/major-glitch-in-bitcoin-network-sparks-sell-off-price-temporarily-falls-23/" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/03/major-glitch-in-bitcoin-network-sparks-sell-off-price-temporarily-falls-23/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Smith, Oli (21 January 2018). "Bitcoin price RIVAL: Cryptocurrency 'faster than bitcoin' will CHALLENGE market leaders". Express. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2021. <a href="https://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/907536/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-market-leader-cash-ripple-ethereum" target="_blank">https://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/907536/cryptocurrency-bitcoin-market-leader-cash-ripple-ethereum</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Bitcoin split in two, here's what that means". CNN. 2017-08-01. Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2021-04-07. <a href="https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/01/technology/business/bitcoin-cash-new-currency/index.html" target="_blank">https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/01/technology/business/bitcoin-cash-new-currency/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>"What is Fork? Fork in 3 Title". CryptocurrencyTick. 2022-12-24. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2022-12-24. <a href="https://www.cryptocurrencytick.com/what-is-fork/" target="_blank">https://www.cryptocurrencytick.com/what-is-fork/</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Transacting with cryptocurrency". ato.gov.au. Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Transacting with cryptocurrency". ato.gov.au. Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Transacting with cryptocurrency". ato.gov.au. Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Transacting with cryptocurrency". ato.gov.au. Australian Taxation Office. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180910031808/https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Gen/Tax-treatment-of-crypto-currencies-in-Australia---specifically-bitcoin/?page=2#Chainsplits</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Cryptoassets for individuals". www.gov.uk. HM Revenue & Customs. 2018-12-19. Archived from the original on 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-on-cryptoassets/cryptoassets-for-individuals" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-on-cryptoassets/cryptoassets-for-individuals</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Taxing Cryptoasset Profits". www.wilkinssouthworth.co.uk. Wilkins Southworth. 2021-09-01. Archived from the original on 2022-03-02. Retrieved 2021-09-01. <a href="https://www.wilkinssouthworth.co.uk/articles-seminars/taxation-of-cryptoassets" target="_blank">https://www.wilkinssouthworth.co.uk/articles-seminars/taxation-of-cryptoassets</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"26 CFR 1.61-1: Gross income" (PDF). www.irs.gov. Internal Revenue Service. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-11. <a href="https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rr-19-24.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rr-19-24.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Davison, Laura; Versprille, Allyson (9 October 2019). "Cryptocurrency Investors Get New IRS Income-Reporting Rules". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019. <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/cryptocurrency-investors-get-new-irs-income-reporting-rules" target="_blank">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-09/cryptocurrency-investors-get-new-irs-income-reporting-rules</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>