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Sphalerite
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<h2 id="crystal-habit-and-structure">Crystal habit and structure</h2> <p>Sphalerite crystallizes in the <a href="/facts/Face-centered_cubic/92Co7BKM">face-centered cubic</a> <a href="/facts/Cubic_crystal_system/92Co7BKM">zincblende</a> crystal structure,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> which was named after the mineral. This structure is a member of the hextetrahedral crystal class (<a href="/facts/Space_group/2XQx0J7M">space group</a> <i>F</i>43m). In the crystal structure, both the sulfur and the zinc or iron ions occupy the points of a face-centered cubic lattice, with the two lattices displaced from each other such that the zinc and iron are tetrahedrally coordinated to the sulfur ions, and <i>vice versa</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Minerals similar to sphalerite include those in the sphalerite group, consisting of sphalerite, <a href="/facts/Coloradoite/nojxTKUw">colaradoite</a>, <a href="/facts/Hawleyite/KxbcUW93">hawleyite</a>, <a href="/facts/Metacinnabar/8L6QB4Au">metacinnabar</a>, <a href="/facts/Stilleite/oXSqm6Dd">stilleite</a> and <a href="/facts/Tiemannite/4Kk3AVok">tiemannite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> The structure is closely related to the structure of <a href="/facts/Diamond/IBUdnd1y">diamond</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Hexagonal_(crystal_system)/sSSok8wo">hexagonal</a> polymorph of sphalerite is <a href="/facts/Wurtzite/QPwdFcCx">wurtzite</a>, and the trigonal polymorph is matraite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Wurtzite is the higher temperature polymorph, stable at temperatures above 1,020 °C (1,870 °F).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> The lattice constant for zinc sulfide in the zinc blende crystal structure is 0.541 <a href="/facts/Nanometer/a98sjHyu">nm</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Sphalerite has been found as a <a href="/facts/Pseudomorph/vSd9JdAY">pseudomorph</a>, taking the crystal structure of <a href="/facts/Galena/eSaK62FA">galena</a>, <a href="/facts/Tetrahedrite/FfLq9tGy">tetrahedrite</a>, <a href="/facts/Baryte/G6frVDl5">barite</a> and <a href="/facts/Calcite/gKMHYQJo">calcite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> Sphalerite can have Spinel Law twins, where the twin axis is [111]. </p><p>The chemical formula of sphalerite is (Zn,Fe)S; the iron content generally increases with increasing formation temperature and can reach up to 40%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The material can be considered a ternary compound between the binary endpoints <a href="/facts/Zinc_sulfide/K8l5AF3K">ZnS</a> and <a href="/facts/Iron(II)_sulfide/byDMQhD8">FeS</a> with composition ZnxFe(1-x)S, where x can range from 1 (pure ZnS) to 0.6. </p><p>All natural sphalerite contains concentrations of various impurities, which generally substitute for zinc in the cation position in the lattice; the most common cation impurities are <a href="/facts/Cadmium/wXkV2eIX">cadmium</a>, <a href="/facts/Mercury_(element)/WlxfoHva">mercury</a> and <a href="/facts/Manganese/j9ELd1TL">manganese</a>, but <a href="/facts/Gallium/EucevDs9">gallium</a>, <a href="/facts/Germanium/wtoALHGs">germanium</a> and <a href="/facts/Indium/zRq3stVb">indium</a> may also be present in relatively high concentrations (hundreds to thousands of ppm).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Cadmium can replace up to 1% of zinc and manganese is generally found in sphalerite with high iron abundances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Sulfur in the anion position can be substituted for by <a href="/facts/Selenium/k975NApC">selenium</a> and <a href="/facts/Tellurium/v7QvfIvS">tellurium</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The abundances of these impurities are controlled by the conditions under which the sphalerite formed; formation temperature, pressure, element availability and fluid composition are important controls.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <h3>Physical properties</h3> <p>Sphalerite possesses perfect dodecahedral <a href="/facts/Cleavage_(crystal)/p4YHe01X">cleavage</a>, having six cleavage planes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> In pure form, it is a semiconductor, but transitions to a conductor as the iron content increases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the <a href="/facts/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness/wXBMcVIm">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>It can be distinguished from similar minerals by its perfect cleavage, its distinctive resinous luster, and the reddish-brown streak of the darker varieties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p> <h3>Optical properties</h3> <p>Pure <a href="/facts/Zinc_sulfide/K8l5AF3K">zinc sulfide</a> is a <a href="/facts/Wide-bandgap_semiconductor/UdF7rCrp">wide-bandgap semiconductor</a>, with bandgap of about 3.54 electron volts, which makes the pure material transparent in the visible spectrum. Increasing iron content will make the material opaque, while various impurities can give the crystal a variety of colors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> In thin section, sphalerite exhibits very high positive <a href="/facts/Optical_relief/yqVRNfqD">relief</a> and appears colorless to pale yellow or brown, with no <a href="/facts/Pleochroism/EJJclyzk">pleochroism</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Refractive_index/yjkzvgeE">refractive index</a> of sphalerite (as measured via sodium light, average wavelength 589.3 nm) ranges from 2.37 when it is pure ZnS to 2.50 when there is 40% iron content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Sphalerite is isotropic under cross-polarized light, however sphalerite can experience <a href="/facts/Birefringence/J4lLuR3a">birefringence</a> if intergrown with its polymorph wurtzite; the birefringence can increase from 0 (0% wurtzite) up to 0.022 (100% wurtzite).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Depending on the impurities, sphalerite will <a href="/facts/Fluorescence/qsJVT2qP">fluoresce</a> under ultraviolet light. Sphalerite can be <a href="/facts/Triboluminescence/fwAkDFTp">triboluminescent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Sphalerite has a characteristic triboluminescence of yellow-orange. Typically, specimens cut into end-slabs are ideal for displaying this property. </p> <h2 id="varieties">Varieties</h2> <p>Gemmy, colorless to pale green sphalerite from <a href="/facts/Franklin%2c_New_Jersey/4Cj7I39C">Franklin, New Jersey</a> (see <a href="/facts/Franklin_Furnace/JTm9zGtx">Franklin Furnace</a>), are highly fluorescent orange and/or blue under longwave ultraviolet light and are known as <i>cleiophane</i>, an almost pure ZnS variety.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> Cleiophane contains less than 0.1% of iron in the sphalerite crystal structure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> Marmatite or christophite is an opaque black variety of sphalerite and its coloring is due to high quantities of iron, which can reach up to 25%; marmatite is named after <a href="/facts/Marmato%2c_Caldas/LhKoffaT">Marmato</a> mining district in <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a> and christophite is named for the St. Christoph mine in <a href="/facts/Breitenbrunn%2c_Saxony/YxexFPKJ">Breitenbrunn</a>, <a href="/facts/Saxony/PrKscwCP">Saxony</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> Both marmatite and cleiophane are not recognized by the <a href="/facts/International_Mineralogical_Association/BzSmsAYQ">International Mineralogical Association</a> (IMA).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Red, orange or brownish-red sphalerite is termed ruby blende or ruby zinc, whereas dark colored sphalerite is termed black-jack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="deposit-types">Deposit types</h2> <p>Sphalerite is amongst the most common sulfide minerals, and it is found worldwide and in a variety of deposit types.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The reason for the wide distribution of sphalerite is that it appears in many types of deposits; it is found in <a href="/facts/Skarn/CAPVrImS">skarns</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Hydrothermal_mineral_deposit/SWI3pAUp">hydrothermal deposits</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> sedimentary beds,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit/XT014hIu">volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits</a> (VMS),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Carbonate-hosted_lead-zinc_ore_deposits/pbXS3TcS">Mississippi-valley type deposits</a> (MVT),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Granite/G2evuVKo">granite</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sedimentary exhalitive</h3> <p>Approximately 50% of zinc (from sphalerite) and lead comes from <a href="/facts/Sedimentary_exhalative_deposits/jdQBtAeH">Sedimentary exhalative</a> (SEDEX) deposits, which are stratiform Pb-Zn sulfides that form at seafloor vents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> The metals precipitate from hydrothermal fluids and are hosted by shales, carbonates and organic-rich siltstones in <a href="/facts/Back-arc_basin/px4uAEVE">back-arc basins</a> and failed continental rifts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, <a href="/facts/Pyrrhotite/gTgn4Mmf">pyrrhotite</a> and <a href="/facts/Marcasite/vP4CW3QC">marcasite</a>, with minor sulfosalts such as <a href="/facts/Tetrahedrite/FfLq9tGy">tetrahedrite</a>-<a href="/facts/Freibergite/QsRxkBjL">freibergite</a> and <a href="/facts/Boulangerite/REJTD5Fx">boulangerite</a>; the zinc + lead grade typically ranges between 10 and 20%.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> Important SEDEX mines are <a href="/facts/Red_Dog_mine/f0o9Wj1I">Red Dog</a> in <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a>, <a href="/facts/Sullivan_Mine/YImRH6YW">Sullivan Mine</a> in <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/facts/Mount_Isa_Mines/m7zTVxvC">Mount Isa</a> and <a href="/facts/Broken_Hill_ore_deposit/jtAsdPTC">Broken Hill</a> in <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a> and Mehdiabad in <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mississippi-Valley type</h3> <p>Similar to SEDEX, Mississippi-Valley type (MVT) deposits are also a Pb-Zn deposit which contains sphalerite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> However, they only account for 15–20% of zinc and lead, are 25% smaller in tonnage than SEDEX deposits and have lower grades of 5–10% Pb + Zn.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> MVT deposits form from the replacement of carbonate host rocks such as dolostone and limestone by ore minerals; they are located in platforms and foreland thrust belts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Furthermore, they are stratabound, typically Phanerozoic in age and epigenetic (form after the lithification of the carbonate host rocks).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The ore minerals are the same as SEDEX deposits: sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and marcasite, with minor sulfosalts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> Mines that contain MVT deposits include Polaris in the Canadian arctic, Mississippi River in the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a>, Pine Point in Northwest Territories, and Admiral Bay in Australia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p> <h3>Volcanogenic massive sulfide</h3> <p>Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits can be Cu-Zn- or Zn-Pb-Cu-rich, and accounts for 25% of Zn in reserves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> There are various types of VMS deposits with a range of regional contexts and host rock compositions; a common characteristic is that they are all hosted by submarine volcanic rocks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> They form from metals such as copper and zinc being transferred by hydrothermal fluids (modified seawater) which leach them from volcanic rocks in the oceanic crust; the metal-saturated fluid rises through fractures and faults to the surface, where it cools and deposits the metals as a VMS deposit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> The most abundant ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrrhotite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> Mines that contain VMS deposits include <a href="/facts/Kidd_Mine/QX9X0QJQ">Kidd Creek</a> in Ontario, Urals in <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a>, Troodos in <a href="/facts/Cyprus/t9wL6lVK">Cyprus</a>, and Besshi in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <h3>Localities</h3> <p>The top producers of sphalerite include the United States, Russia, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>, <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a>, Australia, <a href="/facts/Canada/cWWFM8oc">Canada</a>, <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>, <a href="/facts/Ireland/35vYxXdP">Ireland</a>, <a href="/facts/Peru/dBt7XrYD">Peru</a>, <a href="/facts/Kazakhstan/Vfs8NI6e">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/facts/England/U9mE5bGL">England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p><p>Sources of high quality crystals include: </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Place</th><th>Country</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Freiberg%2c_Saxony/6SKkRSrN">Freiberg</a>, <a href="/facts/Saxony/PrKscwCP">Saxony</a>, <a href="/facts/Neudorf%2c_Saxony-Anhalt/oDybzywL">Neudorf</a>, <a href="/facts/Harz_Mountains/NWFcnNhd">Harz Mountains</a></td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lengenbach_Quarry/VycoIkb7">Lengenbach Quarry</a>, <a href="/facts/Binntal/m0oCXnwU">Binntal</a>, <a href="/facts/Valais/q0A9bsP5">Valais</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Horn%25C3%25AD_Slavkov/j30KnWjF">Horní Slavkov</a> and <a href="/facts/P%25C5%2599%25C3%25ADbram/EjTkB3Az">Příbram</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Czech_Republic/vJYLD66Q">Czech Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rodna/kzaUjXFM">Rodna</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Romania/yolzk5cN">Romania</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Madan%2c_Smolyan_Province/uchxuJYU">Madan, Smolyan Province</a>, <a href="/facts/Rhodope_Mountains/4cjcMM8H">Rhodope Mountains</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bulgaria/Er5pY3YS">Bulgaria</a></td></tr><tr><td>Aliva mine, <a href="/facts/Picos_de_Europa/3Q6MHKrw">Picos de Europa</a> Mountains, <a href="/facts/Cantabria/lDz1o6p0">Cantabria</a> [Santander] Province</td><td><a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Alston_Moor/1p0zfpx7">Alston Moor</a>, <a href="/facts/Cumbria/pJQ0zhrY">Cumbria</a></td><td>England</td></tr><tr><td>Dalnegorsk, <a href="/facts/Primorskiy_Kray/a0gC2rCJ">Primorskiy Kray</a></td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Watson_Lake%2c_Yukon/6Wrn7sfH">Watson Lake</a>, <a href="/facts/Yukon_Territory/JAGCCGCW">Yukon Territory</a></td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Flin_Flon/RXVs3wVK">Flin Flon</a>, <a href="/facts/Manitoba/QuCdIDYB">Manitoba</a></td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tri-State_district/CKWxtgbK">Tri-State district</a> including deposits near<a href="/facts/Baxter_Springs/RcUUoTzM">Baxter Springs</a>, <a href="/facts/Cherokee_County%2c_Kansas/FChnA1ts">Cherokee County, Kansas</a>;<a href="/facts/Joplin%2c_Missouri/CfzXDWUJ">Joplin</a>, <a href="/facts/Jasper_County%2c_Missouri/Wkt1H9C0">Jasper County, Missouri</a>and <a href="/facts/Picher%2c_Oklahoma/2BEw1qlX">Picher</a>, <a href="/facts/Ottawa_County%2c_Oklahoma/moHLn7Ns">Ottawa County, Oklahoma</a></td><td>US</td></tr><tr><td>Elmwood mine, near <a href="/facts/Carthage%2c_Tennessee/07rUTLsW">Carthage</a>, <a href="/facts/Smith_County%2c_Tennessee/5nwSGDgm">Smith County, Tennessee</a></td><td>US</td></tr><tr><td>Eagle mine, Gilman district, <a href="/facts/Eagle_County%2c_Colorado/d1Y75rII">Eagle County, Colorado</a></td><td>US</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Santa_Eulalia%2c_Chihuahua/GlLGRxCy">Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua</a></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Naica/XHHmH2Cl">Naica</a>, <a href="/facts/Chihuahua_(state)/FCeDVWL0">Chihuahua</a></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Cananea/szoU0456">Cananea</a>, <a href="/facts/Sonora/cmLLIFR9">Sonora</a></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Huaron</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Casapalca</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Huancavelica/TjwycEmy">Huancavelica</a></td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zinkgruvan/sbVnXDIB">Zinkgruvan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <h3>Metal ore</h3> <p>Sphalerite is an important ore of zinc; around 95% of all primary zinc is extracted from sphalerite ore.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> However, due to its variable trace element content, sphalerite is also an important source of several other metals such as cadmium,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> gallium,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> germanium,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> and indium<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> which replace zinc. The ore was originally called <i>blende</i> by miners (from German <i>blind</i> or <i>deceiving</i>) because it resembles galena but yields no lead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h3>Brass and bronze</h3> <p>The zinc in sphalerite is used to produce <a href="/facts/Brass/pe8EHk6x">brass</a>, an alloy of copper with 3–45% zinc.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> Major element alloy compositions of brass objects provide evidence that sphalerite was being used to produce brass by the Islamic as far back as the <a href="/facts/Middle_Ages/RqzEKB9v">medieval ages</a> between the 7th and 16th century CE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> Sphalerite may have also been used during the cementation process of brass in Northern China during the 12th–13th century CE (<a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(1115%25E2%2580%25931234)/yv1tvwzk">Jin Dynasty</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> Besides brass, the zinc in sphalerite can also be used to produce certain types of bronze; bronze is dominantly copper which is alloyed with other metals such as tin, zinc, lead, nickel, iron and arsenic.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Yule_Marble/ICkPzhNm">Yule Marble</a> – sphalerite is found as inclusions in yule marble, which is used as a building material for the <a href="/facts/Lincoln_Memorial/luwwCTEc">Lincoln Memorial</a> and <a href="/facts/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier/GTV7BfvU">Tomb of the Unknown</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Galvanization/htRtThFL">Galvanized iron</a> – zinc from sphalerite is used as a protective coating to prevent corrosion and rusting; it is used on power transmission towers, nails and automobiles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>Batteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gemstone/kHffmvE3">Gemstone</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="gallery">Gallery</h2> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_minerals/4rMMcv2D">List of minerals</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Dana's Manual of Mineralogy <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-471-03288-3</li> <li>Webster, R., Read, P. G. (Ed.) (2000). <i>Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification</i> (5th ed.), p. 386. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7506-1674-1</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sphalerite. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019230935/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/b3.html">The sphalerite structure</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.physorg.com/news85048433.html">Possible relation of Sphalerite to origins of life and precursor chemicals in 'Primordial Soup'</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/sphaleri/sphaleri.htm">Minerals.net</a></li> <li><a href="http://simplethinking.com/palache/sphalerite.stm">Minerals of Franklin, NJ</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Muntyan, Barbara L. (1999). "Colorado Sphalerite". Rocks & Minerals. 74 (4): 220–235. Bibcode:1999RoMin..74..220M. doi:10.1080/00357529909602545. ISSN 0035-7529 – via Scholars Portal Journals. <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529909602545" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529909602545</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Nesse, William D. (2013). Introduction to optical mineralogy (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-19-984627-6. OCLC 817795500. <a href="978-0-19-984627-6" target="_blank">978-0-19-984627-6</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Glocker, Ernst Friedrich. Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt mineralium nomina complectens. : Adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis. Systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus. 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"Connoisseur's Choice: Sphalerite, Eagle Mine, Gilman, Eagle County, Colorado". Rocks & Minerals. 78 (5): 330–334. Bibcode:2003RoMin..78..330C. doi:10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742. ISSN 0035-7529. S2CID 130762310. <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Klein, Cornelis (2017). Earth materials: introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Anthony R. Philpotts (2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 962853030.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1-107-15540-4" target="_blank">978-1-107-15540-4</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Cook, Robert B. (2003). "Connoisseur's Choice: Sphalerite, Eagle Mine, Gilman, Eagle County, Colorado". Rocks & Minerals. 78 (5): 330–334. 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