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Compukit UK101
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>The UK101 design was published in <i><a href="/facts/Everyday_Practical_Electronics/EfaPNNsN">Practical Electronics</a></i>, a popular hobbyists magazine at the time. The August, September, October and November 1979 issues carried the four parts of the article, by Dr. Anthony A Berk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Later issues of the magazine contained information on modifications and additions to the machine, including a series of articles on building an expansion unit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Kits of parts for building the machine were available from Compukit Ltd. / CompShop Ltd. of 14 Station Road, Barnet, <a href="/facts/Hertfordshire/TcBlCoSp">Hertfordshire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It is thought that around 5000 kits were produced. </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <h3>Processor</h3> <p>The Compukit UK101 is powered by a <a href="/facts/MOS_Technology_6502/q9YLwkzm">6502</a> microprocessor CPU running at 1 <a href="/facts/MHz/6Wshj5qm">MHz</a>, and is equipped with up to 8 <a href="/facts/Kilobytes/jIe6t4yv">kilobytes</a> of <a href="/facts/Random_access_memory/DuD4bxh6">RAM</a> using 2114 <a href="/facts/Static_RAM/Pmyo4V5e">static RAM</a> chips of 1024×4-bit. An additional memory-mapped 1 KB of RAM is used for the video display. It has the <a href="/facts/Microsoft_BASIC/SuctFIyc">8K Microsoft BASIC</a> interpreter stored in <a href="/facts/Read-only_memory/P9QMuDLH">ROM</a>. In addition to Basic, a 6502 <a href="/facts/Machine_code_monitor/fv05amgv">machine code monitor</a> (2K bytes) is built into ROM. It allows programming by entering sequences of 6502 <a href="/facts/Opcode/UaLMp56C">opcodes</a>. Later a <a href="/facts/Two-pass_assembler/7XuV0cla">two-pass assembler</a> was available which allows the use of <a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">assembly language</a>. </p><p>Although the 6502 has two interrupt input pins (NMI and IRQ), neither is used by the UK101. </p> <h3>Display</h3> <p>The UK101 has a 16-row, 48-column <a href="/facts/Memory-mapped_I%2fO/PmLNFq01">memory-mapped</a> character semigraphics display, with each character taking up 8x8 pixels with an aspect ratio of about 1:2 (corresponding to an effective resolution of 384x128).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> All <a href="/facts/Scrolling/tPEjrRM8">scrolling</a> and character output functions are handled by firmware. In the original ROMs, the output functions were rudimentary and did not include a clear-screen function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> CPU access to video memory causes noticeable glitches (known as "snow") on the screen. </p> <h3>Keyboard</h3> <p>The keyboard of the UK101 is located on the main <a href="/facts/Printed_circuit_board/muSR2p43">PCB</a>, and comprises a matrix of keyswitches. The matrix is interfaced to the CPU via two 8-bit I/O ports, and is polled by firmware in the machine's ROMs. One key is a latching type, the shift-lock key. When supplied as a kit, the keyboard was assembled by the purchaser from a bag of switches and keytops. </p><p>The keyboard ports are located at address DF00 (<a href="/facts/Hexadecimal/02ohQW22">hex</a>), or 57088 (decimal). <a href="/facts/BASIC/VYMl5TmA">BASIC</a> programs typically poll for real-time keyboard input by using the PEEK and POKE commands at that address. Because the keyboard lacks any way to generate an interrupt, it is not possible to implement a <a href="/facts/Typeahead/2WUVpTQE">typeahead</a> buffer. The keyboard matrix also lacks any diodes at the intersections of the matrix. This leads to problems when reading certain combinations of keys pressed simultaneously. The matrix was designed to allow only the shift, control and shift-lock keys to be pressed simultaneously with another key. The keyswitches themselves were originally manufactured by Cherry. </p> <h3>Program Storage</h3> <p>In common with other home computers of the time, software can be saved and loaded on standard cassette tapes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The UK101 uses the <a href="/facts/Kansas_City_standard/aohbCQus">Kansas City standard</a> tape format.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> I/O is managed by a Motorola 6850 <a href="/facts/Asynchronous_Communications_Interface_Adapter/HUpg2bUG">ACIA</a>. This allows a full <a href="/facts/RS-232/NCpvGuyq">RS-232</a> port to be implemented, with the addition of a few extra components and minor modifications to existing jumpers on the board. </p> <h3>Compared to the Superboard</h3> <p>Although very similar to the Ohio Scientific Superboard II, the Compukit UK101 differed from that machine in a few places: </p> <ol><li>Video display of the UK101 works at UK frequency and resolution.</li> <li>RF output is UHF (channel 36) to suit domestic TVs in the UK.</li> <li>Power supply is located on the main PCB and accepts UK 240v AC mains input, via an external 9v AC transformer.</li> <li>Display improved to 16 lines of 48 characters per line.</li> <li>Memory increased to 8 KB.</li></ol> <p>However, similarities in the PCB layout make it clear that this machine is a clone. The people involved with the modifications were <a href="/facts/Spangles_Muldoon/7AFcU5PF">Chris Cary</a> and Bill Wood. </p> <h2 id="expansion">Expansion</h2> <p>The 40 pin expansion socket opened up the world to the UK101. One could attach a dual <a href="/facts/Floppy_disk/rShxfuxa">floppy disk</a> controller (5.25") and a memory expansion card (40K max) to allow faster and reliable save/load of programs/data. </p><p>A sound card became available, built around the <a href="/facts/General_Instrument_AY-3-8910/j8cYbH3f">General Instrument AY-3-8910</a>, which together with a Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) <a href="/facts/WDC_65C21/dxcrDYcX">WDC 65C21</a> chip, gave the UK101 audio abilities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>The UK101 floppy disk interface utilised a PIA to control the floppy disk drive stepper motor and another ACIA to serialise the data written to the disk. A disk operating system was used to provide file storage capability but this resided in RAM and so reduced the available program space. Typically single or double sided 40 track floppy drives could be supported. </p><p>The power consumption of an expanded UK101 could require up to 5 Amps at 5.0Vdc (25 Watts), so heat dissipation and power supply de-coupling were common challenges. Compare with a modern ARM microcontroller with similar capability at 0.5 Watts. </p> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Compukit UK101. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123033/http://www.gifford.co.uk/~coredump/uk101.htm">Compukit UK101 Home Page</a> – At BeeJay's home page</li> <li><a href="http://www.compukit.org">Ian's Compukit Home Page</a></li> <li><a href="http://searle.x10host.com/uk101/uk101.html">How to build a UK101</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#CUTS">Kansas City Tape Decoder</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306132346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#UK101">A collection of UK101 software rescued from tapes</a></li> <li><a href="https://uk101.sourceforge.net">Simulation in Java</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>BeeJay (2003). "Compukit UK101 Home Page". BeeJay's Home Page. Archived from the original on 2004-10-10. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123033/http://www.gifford.co.uk/~coredump/uk101.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20041010123033/http://www.gifford.co.uk/~coredump/uk101.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Searle, Grant (December 29, 2019). "How to build your own micro UK101". The Compukit UK101. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="http://searle.x10host.com/uk101/uk101.html" target="_blank">http://searle.x10host.com/uk101/uk101.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Compukit UK101". Centre for Computing History. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/8099/Compukit-UK101/" target="_blank">http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/8099/Compukit-UK101/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"UK-101 Compukit". www.old-computers.com. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=2&c=802" target="_blank">https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=2&c=802</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"UK101 main page". BBC Educational Software Archive. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="https://www.flaxcottage.com/UK101/Default.asp" target="_blank">https://www.flaxcottage.com/UK101/Default.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Honniball, John (January 31, 2008). "The original UK101 character set" – via Flickr. <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/anachrocomputer/2233994303/" target="_blank">https://www.flickr.com/photos/anachrocomputer/2233994303/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Berk, A. A. (1979). The Compukit UK 101 Manual (PDF). Compukit Ltd. <a href="http://www.compukit.org/images/8/8e/Compukit-manual.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.compukit.org/images/8/8e/Compukit-manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>BERK, A.A. (August 1979). "COMPUKIT UK 101 - SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER" (PDF). Practical Electronics: 24. <a href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Practical-Electronics/70s/Practical-Electronics-1979-08-S-OCR.pdf" target="_blank">https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Practical-Electronics/70s/Practical-Electronics-1979-08-S-OCR.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>BERK, A. A. (June 1980). "COMPUKIT UPDATE" (PDF). Practical Electronics: 71. <a href="https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Practical-Electronics/80s/Practical-Electronics-1980-06.pdf" target="_blank">https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Practical-Electronics/80s/Practical-Electronics-1980-06.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Berk, A. A. (1979). The Compukit UK 101 Manual (PDF). Compukit Ltd. <a href="http://www.compukit.org/images/8/8e/Compukit-manual.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.compukit.org/images/8/8e/Compukit-manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Honniball, John (January 31, 2008). "The original UK101 character set" – via Flickr. <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/anachrocomputer/2233994303/" target="_blank">https://www.flickr.com/photos/anachrocomputer/2233994303/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>This is not technically correct. There is a screen clear function used during the reset cycle, but it is buried as an in-line routine in the reset code and is not available as a callable subroutine. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Ward, Martin (March 6, 2016). "Software written by Martin Ward". Martin Ward's Home Page. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#UK101" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#UK101</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Ward, Martin (March 6, 2016). "Software written by Martin Ward". Martin Ward's Home Page. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#CUTS" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181346/http://www.cse.dmu.ac.uk/~mward/martin/software/index.html#CUTS</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Compukit UK101". WARD ELECTRONICS. 2012. Retrieved 2023-01-09. <a href="http://www.wardelectronics.co.uk/ward_electronics_010.htm" target="_blank">http://www.wardelectronics.co.uk/ward_electronics_010.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>