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Norman Stone
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<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2> <p>Stone was born in <a href="/facts/Kelvinside/AsLtkNI7">Kelvinside</a>, Glasgow, the son of Mary Robertson (née Pettigrew, died 1991), a schoolteacher, and Norman Stone, a <a href="/facts/Flight_lieutenant/xJVxPmcI">flight lieutenant</a> and <a href="/facts/Spitfire/7qD9ujY6">Spitfire</a> pilot in the <a href="/facts/Second_World_War/2efV5L1U">Second World War</a> who fought in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Britain/gKfVsxR5">Battle of Britain</a>. His father was killed in a training accident in 1942. The younger Norman attended <a href="/facts/The_Glasgow_Academy/H9mt6d31">the Glasgow Academy</a> on a scholarship for the children of deceased servicemen, before winning a modern languages scholarship to study at <a href="/facts/Gonville_and_Caius_College%2c_Cambridge/61gbInWw">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, where he graduated with <a href="/facts/First_class_honours/fPs3fpsu">first-class honours</a> in Part II of the history <a href="/facts/Tripos/MN9B0Atb">tripos</a> in 1962.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Following his undergraduate degree, Stone did research in Central European history in <a href="/facts/Vienna/NSpIURsA">Vienna</a> and <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a> (1962–65), studying archives on the Austro-Hungarian Army from the years before 1914. During this period he spent three months imprisoned in <a href="/facts/Bratislava/mr28JyEg">Bratislava</a>, having been caught trying to smuggle a Hungarian dissident in his car boot across the <a href="/facts/Iron_Curtain/V19wsHct">Iron Curtain</a> at the Czech–Austrian border.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <h3>Cambridge</h3> <p>Stone did not complete his doctorate,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> having been offered a <a href="/facts/Research_fellow/v0wgBCGl">research fellowship</a> by Gonville and Caius College, where he later became an assistant lecturer in <a href="/facts/Russian_History/HfXrheLa">Russian</a> and <a href="/facts/German_History/wpsDxebT">German History</a> (1967), and a full lecturer (1973). In 1971, he transferred from Caius to <a href="/facts/Jesus_College%2c_Cambridge/2KEUvfPF">Jesus College</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> While Stone was well regarded as a teacher, over time he increasingly neglected his duties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Oxford</h3> <p>Stone was appointed in 1984 as Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Stone's tenure at Oxford was not without controversy. <a href="/facts/Petronella_Wyatt/LhGwwCNH">Petronella Wyatt</a> wrote that Stone "loathed the place as petty and provincial, and for its adherence to the Marxist-determinist view of history."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> During his period at Oxford Stone gained a reputation for groping female students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Stone published a column in <i><a href="/facts/The_Sunday_Times/15om0zLf">The Sunday Times</a></i> between 1987 and 1992, and was also employed by the <a href="/facts/BBC/qFateIz8">BBC</a>, the <i><a href="/facts/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung/RuAvTR3E">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>, and <i><a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Stone became <a href="/facts/Margaret_Thatcher/E4JKgfJE">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s <a href="/facts/Foreign_policy/sXwA3pIh">foreign policy</a> advisor on Europe,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> as well as her speechwriter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>In May 1994 Stone gave a half-hour <i><a href="/facts/Opinions_(TV_series)/7Y3jsgVB">Opinions</a></i> lecture televised on Channel 4 and subsequently published in <i><a href="/facts/The_Independent/g1P75Mfz">The Independent</a></i>. That newspaper later reviewed the lecture as "Little England has never had such great lines: there were the Germans (They want to be good Europeans because it stops them being bad Germans), and the Scandinavians (They only unite around the principle of finding the goody-goody Swedes very irritating)... But as he led us through the corridors of EC lunacy, you saw the point: only through a Lewis Carroll mirror could you meet such grotesques as the Gatt kings: Not so long ago a cow cost more than a student. Nowadays, a non-cow costs even more ... On 1 September 1939, the League (of Nations) ignored Hitler's invasion of Poland because it was embarrassing, it moved instead to discuss the standardisation of level-crossings."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Turkey</h3> <p>In 1997, Stone retired from his chair at Oxford and left to teach at the department of International Relations at <a href="/facts/Bilkent_University/9dRH7T3t">Bilkent University</a>, <a href="/facts/Ankara/llGIJ0vj">Ankara</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> As an example of Stone's wit and acute understanding, <a href="/facts/Niall_Ferguson/e8gVdNLX">Niall Ferguson</a> shares in his obituary paper the answer Stone gave when asked why he had moved: "in the depth of my being, I'm a Scotsman and feel entirely at home in an enlightenment that has failed".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In 2005 Stone transferred to <a href="/facts/Ko%25C3%25A7_University/VqjmuN22">Koç University</a>, <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>. He later returned to Bilkent University to teach for the 2007–2008 academic year. He guest lectured at <a href="/facts/Bo%25C4%259Fazi%25C3%25A7i_University/Se5yHul2">Boğaziçi University</a>, Istanbul. After moving to Turkey, Stone became a frequent contributor to <i><a href="/facts/Cornucopia_(magazine)/HrHN9EET">Cornucopia</a></i>, a magazine about the history and culture of Turkey. In 2010, Stone published a book on Turkish history, from the 11th century to the present day, <i>Turkey: A Short History</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h3>Views</h3> <p>Stone received some criticism for an obituary he wrote in 1983 for the <i><a href="/facts/London_Review_of_Books/fxaXVJzS">London Review of Books</a></i> of <a href="/facts/E._H._Carr/Vt7yp6v1">E. H. Carr</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> denouncing Carr's support of the Soviet Union, which some felt bordered on the defamatory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Goldman/Hf4J0GnE">Lawrence Goldman</a> notes however that "Stone's critique of an unreadable multi-volume chronicle of Soviet policy based only on official sources was undoubtedly correct, and foreshadowed the collapse of the Soviet Union itself."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p><p>In 1990 Stone was one of the historians behind the setting up of the History Curriculum Association. The Association advocated a more knowledge-based history curriculum in schools. It expressed "profound disquiet" at the way history was being taught in the classroom and claimed that the integrity of history was threatened.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>Stone questioned the use of the word <a href="/facts/Genocide/IjkNvg7y">genocide</a> in connection with the <a href="/facts/Armenian_genocide/n4qY58hs">deaths of approximately 1.5 million Armenians</a> in the <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/facts/First_World_War/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>, arousing significant controversy. In 2004, he took part in a notable letter exchange on the pages of <i><a href="/facts/The_Times_Literary_Supplement/qFUqnAlD">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i>, where he strongly criticized <a href="/facts/Peter_Balakian/q0cahDHu">Peter Balakian</a>'s 2003 book <i><a href="/facts/The_Burning_Tigris/kUk01Cvp">The Burning Tigris</a></i>, saying that Balakian "should stick to the poems". Stone praised <a href="/facts/Guenter_Lewy/kbHwoGuD">Guenter Lewy</a>, <a href="/facts/Bernard_Lewis/YMWUq53C">Bernard Lewis</a> and France-based scholar Gilles Veinstein [fr], all of whom do not believe a genocide took place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p><p>In 2009, he argued: "The myth of <a href="/facts/Winston_Churchill/Wm8LXNzH">Winston Churchill</a> is dangerous. Was it a sensible strategy in 1944 and 1945 to bomb Germany to bits? It was very bad realpolitik, whatever its moral purpose."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In his biography of Hitler, Stone critiqued <i><a href="/facts/Mein_Kampf/rLmJKugG">Mein Kampf</a></i> as "long-winded, self-important, and written in an extraordinarily opaque jargon, though not much more so than other works of sociology".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p><p>Stone described <a href="/facts/John_Keegan/mylJr9um">John Keegan</a>'s <i>The Second World War</i> as his preferred book on the subject, saying: "There have been many and varied, and sometimes splendid, books on the Second World War, but my own preference is John Keegan's <i>The Second World War</i> (1990)".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h3>Writing</h3> <p>For <i>The Eastern Front 1914–1917</i> (1975) Stone won the <a href="/facts/Wolfson_History_Prize/pm6vgxSN">Wolfson History Prize</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> He also wrote <i>Hitler</i> (1980), <i>Europe Transformed 1878–1919</i> (1983), which won the Fontana History of Europe Prize; and <i>World War One: A Short History</i> (2007).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h3>Assessments</h3> <p>In his obituary of Stone in <i><a href="/facts/The_Guardian/H84wwJYM">The Guardian</a></i>, the historian <a href="/facts/Richard_J._Evans/rTE0Pl4D">Richard J. Evans</a> states that unlike <a href="/facts/Niall_Ferguson/e8gVdNLX">Niall Ferguson</a> or <a href="/facts/A._J._P._Taylor/wJ6YcFmh">A.J.P. Taylor</a>, "Stone's provocations were little more than the voicing of his own personal political prejudices, and so had little or no effect on the way we think about the past". Evans also comments: "Journalists often described [Stone] as 'one of Britain's leading historians', but in truth he was nothing of the kind, as any serious member of the profession will tell you."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/facts/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography/QCm9t1Sn">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> entry on Stone, <a href="/facts/Lawrence_Goldman/Hf4J0GnE">Lawrence Goldman</a> writes that: </p> <blockquote><p>His behaviour was often erratic, his life sometimes chaotic, his promise unfulfilled. He tested to destruction the traditional indulgence of academic brilliance and eccentricity in both Cambridge and Oxford. He retained the admiration and support of a group of younger historians whom he had taught, or whom he inspired as a Conservative historian in a left-leaning profession. They included <a href="/facts/Niall_Ferguson/e8gVdNLX">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a href="/facts/Orlando_Figes/ue1gRgj0">Orlando Figes</a>, and <a href="/facts/Andrew_Roberts%2c_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia/3HS0YMce">Andrew Roberts</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></p></blockquote> <p>Evans quotes with some approval an observation by former prime minister <a href="/facts/Edward_Heath/uduKQcHs">Edward Heath</a> on Stone's time in Oxford: "Many parents of Oxford students must be both horrified and disgusted that the higher education of our children should rest in the hands of such a man."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> According to David Herman, when Stone heard of Heath's comment he retorted: "Everything good about Britain is due to Lady Thatcher. Everything bad is the fault of Edward Heath."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2> <p>While in Vienna in the 1960s, Stone met (Marie) Nicole Aubry, the niece of the <a href="/facts/Finance_minister/RtX0Y2gR">finance minister</a> in <a href="/facts/Papa_Doc_Duvalier/vR6oEJ6G">"Papa Doc" Duvalier</a>'s <a href="/facts/Haiti/yjgyeK9w">Haiti</a> dictatorship. They married on 2 July 1966 and had two sons, <a href="/facts/Nick_Stone_(author)/aaedm0En">Nick</a> (born 1966), a thriller writer, and Sebastian (born 1972). Stone and his first wife divorced in 1977.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> On 11 August 1982, he married Christine Margaret Booker (née Verity), a leading member of the <a href="/facts/British_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Group/l8jvKAPX">British Helsinki Human Rights Group</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> They had a son,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Rupert (born 1983), and remained married until her death in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>According to Evans, Stone suffered from alcoholism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p><p>He owned a house in the <a href="/facts/Galata/EDRa7xUE">Galata</a> neighbourhood of Istanbul,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> and divided his time between Turkey and England, although he spent the last years of his life in <a href="/facts/Budapest/VdcUAkxm">Budapest</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <p>The protagonist of <a href="/facts/Robert_Harris_(novelist)/zVJDC5In">Robert Harris</a>'s novel <i><a href="/facts/Archangel_(Harris_novel)/Afm48mT9">Archangel</a></i> (1998), Christopher "Fluke" Kelso, an Oxford historian of the Soviet Union who tracks down the covert son of <a href="/facts/Joseph_Stalin/SHtxGyQn">Joseph Stalin</a>, is based on Stone.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>Another thinly veiled version of Stone appears in Charles Beaumont's novel <i>A Spy Alone</i> (2023) as Peter Mackenzie, a hard-drinking Oxford historian with right-wing views and connections who once tried to smuggle a dissident over the Iron Curtain in the boot of his car.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="published-works">Published works</h2> <ul><li><i>The Eastern Front, 1914–1917</i> (1975); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-340-12874-7<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li><i>Hitler</i> (1980); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-340-24980-3 <a href="/facts/Hodder_and_Stoughton/XzutdWuL">Hodder and Stoughton</a></li> <li><i>Europe Transformed, 1878–1919</i> (1983), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-00-634262-0; 2nd ed. (1999); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-631-21507-7</li> <li><i>The Makers of English History</i> (1987), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-297-78933-3 (ed.) <a href="/facts/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson/tAr9xFnx">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a></li> <li><i>Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88</i> (1989); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-333-48507-6</li> <li><i>The Times Atlas of World History</i> (1989); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7230-0304-1 (ed.)</li> <li><i>The Other Russia</i> (1990); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-571-13574-9 (with <a href="/facts/Michael_Glenny/UolXjm6E">Michael Glenny</a>)</li> <li>"Turkey in the Russian Mirror" in Ljubica Erickson and Mark Erickson (ed.), <i>Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy. Essays in Honour of John Erickson</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005, pp. 86–100.</li> <li><i>Islam in Turkey</i>, in <a href="/facts/Caroline_Y._Robertson-von_Trotha/Rux51fjA">Caroline Y. Robertson-von Trotha</a> (ed.), <i>Europa in der Welt – die Welt in Europa</i> (= Kulturwissenschaft interdisziplinär/Interdisciplinary Studies on Culture and Society, Vol. 1), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2006, pp. 139–145.; <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-8329-1934-4</li> <li><i>World War One: a Short History</i> (2007); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-84614-013-7 <a href="/facts/Penguin_Press/smLs3pup">Penguin Press</a></li> <li><i>The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A Personal History of the Cold War</i> (2010); <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84614-275-8 <a href="/facts/Allen_Lane/htRK4gnN">Allen Lane</a></li> <li><i>Turkey: a Short History</i> (2010), <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-500-25175-4; <a href="/facts/Thames_%2526_Hudson/lqgkao43">Thames & Hudson</a></li> <li><i>World War Two: a Short History</i> (2013), <a href="/facts/Allen_Lane/htRK4gnN">Allen Lane</a>/<a href="/facts/Basic_Books/mfV01W4C">Basic Books</a></li> <li><i>Hungary: a Short History</i> (2019), <a href="/facts/Profile_Books/yhePB2Es">Profile Books</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_stone_01_russia.html">"Russia – Getting Too Strong for Germany"</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001213635/https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_stone_01_russia.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2016 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://archive.today/20130129211252/http://newbooksinhistory.com/?p=875">Interview</a> with Stone on "New Books in History"</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Harry, Mount. "A tribute to Norman Stone". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619155530/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/06/a-tribute-to-norman-stone/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190619155530/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2019/06/a-tribute-to-norman-stone/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Norman Stone, Professor, Bilkent University, Department of History <a href="http://history.bilkent.edu.tr/index_files/EuropeanHistoryFaculty.htm" target="_blank">http://history.bilkent.edu.tr/index_files/EuropeanHistoryFaculty.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Advisory Board, Avrasya İncelemeleri Merkezi (Center for Eurasian Studies) <a href="http://avim.org.tr/en/Menu/Advisory-Board" target="_blank">http://avim.org.tr/en/Menu/Advisory-Board</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Millard, Rosie (5 August 2007). "Britain's a terrible bore, that's why I left". The Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Millard" target="_blank">/wiki/Rosie_Millard</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Professor Norman Stone obituary". The Times. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"Professor Norman Stone obituary". The Times. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Professor Norman Stone obituary". The Times. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/professor-norman-stone-obituary-bcjrmsq55</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"STONE, Prof. Norman". Who's Who. Vol. 2019 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U36397" target="_blank">https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U36397</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Faculty Profile: Norman Stone, Professor of Modern History, Director of the Center for Russian Studies". Department of International Relations, Bilkent University. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2005. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Wyatt, Petronella (1 December 2012). "I was bullied out of Oxford for being a Tory". The Daily Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/Petronella_Wyatt" target="_blank">/wiki/Petronella_Wyatt</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Univ. Prof. Dr. Norman Stone: Europe in the Turkish Mirror". Austrian-Turkish Forum of Sciences. 2 February 2003. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220055218/http://www.otw.co.at/otw/index.php/e/a/78" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110220055218/http://www.otw.co.at/otw/index.php/e/a/78</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Faculty Profile: Norman Stone, Professor of Modern History, Director of the Center for Russian Studies". Department of International Relations, Bilkent University. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2005. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Griffiths, Lyndsay (13 April 1997). "Britain's Iron Lady is back, but who is she supporting?". Turkish Daily News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203336/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=2518" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203336/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=2518</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Tweedie, Neil (12 May 2010), Norman Stone: 'I'm not a nasty person', The Telegraph <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/7715518/Norman-Stone-Im-not-a-nasty-person.html" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/7715518/Norman-Stone-Im-not-a-nasty-person.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Pearson, Allison (7 May 1994), "The rising cost of non-cows", The Independent <a href="/wiki/Allison_Pearson" target="_blank">/wiki/Allison_Pearson</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Norman Stone: 'There is No Armenian Genocide' – Famous British Historian says he is ready to be prisoned by France" (PDF). Journal of the Turkish Weekly. Turkish Coalition of America. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2009. (reproduced) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505105330/http://www.turkishcoalition.org/media/stone.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170505105330/http://www.turkishcoalition.org/media/stone.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Ferguson, Niall (2019). "Norman Stone served up wise words to Thatcher, and Guinness and Nietzsche to me". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 January 2024. <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/norman-stone-served-up-wise-words-to-thatcher-and-guinness-and-nietzsche-to-me-n0hs5d7jp" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/norman-stone-served-up-wise-words-to-thatcher-and-guinness-and-nietzsche-to-me-n0hs5d7jp</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Alev Scott (21 February 2011), "A Turkish Delight – book review of Turkey: A Short History by Norman Stone", Standpoint <a href="http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/books-march-11-a-turkish-delight-alev-scott-turkey-a-short-history-norman-stone?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1" target="_blank">http://www.standpointmag.co.uk/books-march-11-a-turkish-delight-alev-scott-turkey-a-short-history-norman-stone?page=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Turkey: A Short History", Insight Turkey, 14 (2), SETA Foundation, 1 April 2012 <a href="http://www.insightturkey.com/turkey-a-short-history/book-reviews/153" target="_blank">http://www.insightturkey.com/turkey-a-short-history/book-reviews/153</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Laqueur, Walter (1987). The Fate of the Revolution. New York City: Scribner. p. 235. ISBN 9780684189031. <a href="9780684189031" target="_blank">9780684189031</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Grim Eminence, London Review of Books, Vol. 5 No. 1 · 10 January 1983, pages 3–8 <a href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v05/n01/norman-stone/grim-eminence" target="_blank">http://www.lrb.co.uk/v05/n01/norman-stone/grim-eminence</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Goldman, Lawrence. "Stone, Norman (1941–2019)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/90000381487. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Daily Telegraph 19 March 1990 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Stone, Norman "A Bungled Case for the Prosecution" Archived 13 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Spectator, 24 April 2004; "Armenia and Turkey", Times Literary Supplement, 15 October 2004; "Armenia in History," Times Literary Supplement, 5 November 2004; World War One: a Short History, London: Penguin Books, 2008, pp. 72–73 and 209; and Turkey: a Short History, London: Thames & Hudson, 2010, pp. 147–148 and 181. <a href="http://vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/archive/904/904574.htm" target="_blank">http://vif2ne.ru/nvk/forum/archive/904/904574.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Dominiczak, Peter (4 September 2009). "US politician puts blame on Churchill for Second World War". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908014821/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23740204-details/US+politician+puts+blame+on+Churchill+for+Second+World+War/article.do" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090908014821/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23740204-details/US+politician+puts+blame+on+Churchill+for+Second+World+War/article.do</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Stone, Norman (2013). Hitler. London: Bloomsbury Reader. ISBN 9781448211418 – via Google Books. <a href="9781448211418" target="_blank">9781448211418</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Stone, Norman (2014). World War Two: a short history. London: Penguin. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-14-103714-1. OCLC 864085552. <a href="978-0-14-103714-1" target="_blank">978-0-14-103714-1</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"Interview: Norman Stone has both entered history and written it". The Independent. 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210413/http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/features/article2829372.ece" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210413/http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/features/article2829372.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"Faculty Profile: Norman Stone, Professor of Modern History, Director of the Center for Russian Studies". Department of International Relations, Bilkent University. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2005. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050322003235/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/bilkent/academic/graduate/gracatalog/inter/inter5.html</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Goldman, Lawrence. "Stone, Norman (1941–2019)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/90000381487. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Herman, David (26 June 2019), What's wrong with Richard Evans's obituary of Norman Stone?, The Article <a href="https://www.thearticle.com/whats-wrong-with-richard-evanss-obituary-of-norman-stone" target="_blank">https://www.thearticle.com/whats-wrong-with-richard-evanss-obituary-of-norman-stone</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Interview: Norman Stone has both entered history and written it". The Independent. 3 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210413/http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/features/article2829372.ece" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210413/http://arts.independent.co.uk/books/features/article2829372.ece</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Yanukovich's friends". The Economist. 2 December 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2009. [T]he British Helsinki group ... lost almost all its supporters when it threw its weight behind people like Mr Milosevic. Another leading member, Christine Stone, has also written approvingly of Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe. <a href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3446916" target="_blank">http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3446916</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Goldman, Lawrence. "Stone, Norman (1941–2019)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/90000381487. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Stone, Norman (11 May 2003), "Turkish delights", The Times <a href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/turkish-delights-j6l33j335k8" target="_blank">https://www.thetimes.com/article/turkish-delights-j6l33j335k8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>McKie, Andrew (20 June 2019). "Obituary: Norman Stone, hard-living Glaswegian historian who became an advisor to Margaret Thatcher". The Herald. Retrieved 23 June 2019. <a href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17720274.obituary-norman-stone-hard-living-glaswegian-historian-who-became-an-advisor-to-margaret-thatcher/" target="_blank">https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/17720274.obituary-norman-stone-hard-living-glaswegian-historian-who-became-an-advisor-to-margaret-thatcher/</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Goldman, Lawrence. "Stone, Norman (1941–2019)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/90000381487. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Goldman, Lawrence. "Stone, Norman (1941–2019)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/90000381487. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman" target="_blank">/wiki/Lawrence_Goldman</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>"Too good to be untrue: A Spy Alone: Charles Beaumont". Private Eye. No. 1615. 19 January 2024. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" target="_blank">/wiki/Private_Eye</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Evans, Richard J. (25 June 2019). "Norman Stone obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 June 2019. <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_J._Evans</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>