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Research Unix
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p><a href="/facts/AT%2526T/y3Lo9uhk">AT&T</a> licensed Version 5 to educational institutions, and Version 6 also to commercial sites. Schools paid $200 and others $20,000, discouraging most commercial use, but Version 6 was the most widely used version into the 1980s. Research Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the <a href="/facts/Man_page/S2yYjy0J">manual</a> that describes them,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> because early versions and the last few were never officially released outside of Bell Labs, and grew organically. So, the first Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is as "Version <i>x</i> Unix" or "V<i>x</i> Unix", where <i>x</i> is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix—excepting <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> implementations such as <a href="/facts/Coherent_(operating_system)/0N5lb15h">Coherent</a>, <a href="/facts/Minix/dzdlkN6g">Minix</a>, and <a href="/facts/Linux/9FvCKSTq">Linux</a>—derive from the 7th Edition. </p><p>Starting with the 8th Edition, versions of Research Unix had a close relationship to <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">BSD</a>. This began by using 4.1cBSD as the basis for the 8th Edition. In a <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> post from 2000, <a href="/facts/Dennis_Ritchie/I1yu1UWU">Dennis Ritchie</a> described these later versions of Research Unix as being closer to BSD than they were to <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">UNIX System V</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> which also included some BSD code:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>Research Unix 8th Edition started from (I think) BSD 4.1c, but with enormous amounts scooped out and replaced by our own stuff. This continued with 9th and 10th. The ordinary user command-set was, I guess, a bit more BSD-flavored than SysVish, but it was pretty eclectic.</p></blockquote> <h2 id="versions">Versions</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th>Manual Edition</th><th>Release date</th><th>Description</th></tr><tr><td>1st Edition</td><td>Nov 3, 1971</td><td>First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP-11 at the time. The operating system was two years old,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> having been ported from the PDP-7 to the PDP-11/20 in 1970. Includes <a href="/facts/Ar_(Unix)/1MUuS0pp">ar</a>, <a href="/facts/As_(Unix)/e4o6lqho">as</a>, <a href="/facts/BCD_(character_encoding)/5obwN7hT">bcd</a>, <a href="/facts/Cal_(command)/FplhbrQY">cal</a>, <a href="/facts/Cat_(Unix)/KQPATH6w">cat</a>, <a href="/facts/Cd_(command)/GRT0BkeF">chdir</a>, <a href="/facts/Chmod/aGRdWvvk">chmod</a>, <a href="/facts/Chown/JPm7Xv6u">chown</a>, <a href="/facts/Cmp_(Unix)/EGTTz5A8">cmp</a>, <a href="/facts/Cp_(Unix)/T7n2B1Fg">cp</a>, <a href="/facts/Date_(Unix)/d8Et1sa2">date</a>, <a href="/facts/Dc_(computer_program)/bzeN0TwH">dc</a>, <a href="/facts/Df_(Unix)/XYWlcgm9">df</a>, <a href="/facts/Du_(Unix)/ckVT5ceF">du</a>, <a href="/facts/Ed_(software)/a3lSk6Ry">ed</a>, <a href="/facts/Glob_(programming)/IIPcqW8o">glob</a>, <a href="/facts/Init/0NuCuc1g">init</a>, <a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">ld</a>, <a href="/facts/Ln_(Unix)/Ioq2y31h">ln</a>, <a href="/facts/Ls/5GsH3v2a">ls</a>, <a href="/facts/Mail_(Unix)/PvrTPnnS">mail</a>, <a href="/facts/Mesg/jUT9fEz2">mesg</a>, <a href="/facts/Mkdir/YI42PsYJ">mkdir</a>, <a href="/facts/Mkfs/GYk5jJR9">mkfs</a>, <a href="/facts/Mount_(Unix)/VlDPf1Hm">mount</a>, <a href="/facts/Mv_(Unix)/BScugd1B">mv</a>, <a href="/facts/Nm_(Unix)/msepYzgk">nm</a>, <a href="/facts/Od_(Unix)/eS8QjQSD">od</a>, <a href="/facts/Pr_(Unix)/Xwze4vfX">pr</a>, <a href="/facts/Rm_(Unix)/FPB4Q2wM">rm</a>, <a href="/facts/Rmdir/1dMYlg6C">rmdir</a>, <a href="/facts/Roff_(software)/oAkp6L5m">roff</a>, <a href="/facts/Thompson_shell/qISwy6xJ">sh</a>, <a href="/facts/Sort_(Unix)/oa9wxsq2">sort</a>, <a href="/facts/Stat_(system_call)/5DeWQJFS">stat</a>, <a href="/facts/Strip_(Unix)/qNQd9fgu">strip</a>, <a href="/facts/Su_(Unix)/doJ74AIv">su</a>, <a href="/facts/Sum_(Unix)/BayJQ3xg">sum</a>, <a href="/facts/Tty_(Unix)/czsCkfWP">tty</a>, <a href="/facts/Umount/VlDPf1Hm">umount</a>, <a href="/facts/Wc_(Unix)/XxRPj8b1">wc</a>, <a href="/facts/Who_(Unix)/3XnJumIz">who</a>, <a href="/facts/Write_(Unix)/WSEkhguY">write</a>; also precursors of <a href="/facts/Fsck/v9IpnBLS">fsck</a>, <a href="/facts/Reboot/BfdNXeNu">reboot</a>, and <a href="/facts/Advanced_Debugger/Dl49m1Th">adb</a>. The system also had a <a href="/facts/B_(programming_language)/b9n2WoNN">B</a> and <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a> <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiler</a>, a <a href="/facts/BASIC/VYMl5TmA">BASIC</a> interpreter, <a href="/facts/Device_file/t8ISnXft">device files</a> and functions for managing <a href="/facts/Punched_tape/8HI7dThI">punched tape</a>, <a href="/facts/DECtape/aX1WcwKu">DECtape</a>, and <a href="/facts/RK05/U22Vk2ul">RK05</a> disks.</td></tr><tr><td>2nd Edition</td><td>Jun 12, 1972</td><td>Total number of installations at the time was 10, "with more expected", according to the preface of the manual.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a>: ii Adds <a href="/facts/Echo_(command)/ue5jH01X">echo</a>, <a href="/facts/Exit_(command)/uWcVMq12">exit</a>, login, m6 <a href="/facts/Macro_processor/fFKXWVUT">macro processor</a>, <a href="/facts/Man_page/S2yYjy0J">man</a>, <a href="/facts/Nroff/E6JGTTbE">nroff</a>, <a href="/facts/Strip_(Unix)/qNQd9fgu">strip</a>, <a href="/facts/Stty_(Unix)/EEuIsUx9">stty</a>, <a href="/facts/TMG_(language)/eDEYHIXx">tmg</a> compiler-compiler and the first <a href="/facts/C_compiler/cPL7x9ld">C compiler</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3rd Edition</td><td>Feb 1973</td><td>Introduced a C <a href="/facts/Debugger/mCe6UsWj">debugger</a>, <a href="/facts/Pipeline_(Unix)/EIhovuT2">pipes</a>, <a href="/facts/Crypt_(Unix)/5lkSXkHF">crypt</a>, <a href="/facts/Kill_(command)/PjqmLTUR">kill</a>, <a href="/facts/Passwd/zumE69MQ">passwd</a>, size, <a href="/facts/Speak_(Unix)/4YTcB642">speak</a>, <a href="/facts/Split_(Unix)/k0lPCYva">split</a>, <a href="/facts/Uniq/jNKDdY7M">uniq</a>, and <a href="/facts/Yacc/sXp5I7Tw">yacc</a>. Commands are split between /bin and /usr/bin, requiring a <a href="/facts/Search_path/9Xu9Ifrv">search path</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> (/usr was the mount point for a second hard disk). Total number of installations was 16.</td></tr><tr><td>4th Edition</td><td>Nov 1973</td><td>First version written in C. Also introduced <a href="/facts/Comm/NvuxhDwE">comm</a>, <a href="/facts/Dump_(Unix)/0GhPTYJj">dump</a>, <a href="/facts/File_(command)/P5Nvve4C">file</a>, <a href="/facts/Grep/PdGQeFfD">grep</a>, <a href="/facts/Nice_(Unix)/TRfCer6a">nice</a>, <a href="/facts/Nohup/fAdxfMJm">nohup</a>, <a href="/facts/Ps_(Unix)/WWR5zQkC">ps</a>, <a href="/facts/Sleep_(command)/pghbFcxl">sleep</a>, <a href="/facts/Sync_(Unix)/adtIxczx">sync</a>, <a href="/facts/Tr_(Unix)/Ev2SREmK">tr</a>, <a href="/facts/Wait_(command)/WByDwJCn">wait</a>, and <a href="/facts/Printf/Sc6Czbp2">printf</a>(3).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> Included a <a href="/facts/SNOBOL/cdF7ezMJ">SNOBOL</a> interpreter. Number of installations was listed as "above 20". The manual was formatted with <a href="/facts/Troff/NtPk6T03">troff</a> for the first time. Version described in Thompson and Ritchie's <a href="/facts/Communications_of_the_ACM/Ix1DvEAk">CACM</a> paper,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> the first public exposition of the operating system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>5th Edition</td><td>Jun 1974</td><td>Licensed to selected educational institutions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> Introduced col, <a href="/facts/Dd_(Unix)/Ksttbob5">dd</a>, <a href="/facts/Diff/MtzRWwql">diff</a>, <a href="/facts/Eqn_(software)/zM72sqq4">eqn</a>, <a href="/facts/Find_(Unix)/bg18ASlI">find</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol/FAGe70Yn">lpr</a>, <a href="/facts/Pwd/D8NjW3nY">pwd</a>, <a href="/facts/Spell_(Unix)/0lbNSlxJ">spell</a>, <a href="/facts/Tee_(command)/EvXj51Sw">tee</a>, <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Sticky_bit/13lVSEfb">sticky bit</a>. Targeted the PDP-11/40 and other 11 models with 18 bit addresses. Installations "above 50".</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Version_6_Unix/ev0YCVb4">6th Edition</a></td><td>May 1975</td><td>Includes <a href="/facts/Ratfor/xY77EmUQ">ratfor</a>, <a href="/facts/Bc_(Unix)/8nUNyNeD">bc</a>, <a href="/facts/Chgrp/L1sDNa1r">chgrp</a>, <a href="/facts/Cron/y2tTGCQI">cron</a>, newgrp, <a href="/facts/Ptrace/lct1NzSQ">ptrace</a>(2), <a href="/facts/Tbl/NtPk6T03">tbl</a>, <a href="/facts/Units_(Unix)/1h1xfCSY">units</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wall_(Unix)/r8betlTM">wall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> First version widely available outside of Bell Laboratories, licensed to commercial users,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> and to be ported to non-PDP hardware (<a href="/facts/Interdata_7%2f32/RSEFj02y">Interdata 7/32</a>). May 1977 saw the release of MINI-UNIX, a "cut down" v6 for the low-end PDP-11/10.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Version_7_Unix/ju5nRs7k">7th Edition</a></td><td>Jan 1979</td><td>Includes the <a href="/facts/Bourne_shell/wUCh3Qkl">Bourne shell</a>, <a href="/facts/Ioctl/119Wrsz9">ioctl</a>(2), <a href="/facts/Stdio/m5n82Fqz">stdio</a>(3), and <a href="/facts/Portable_C_Compiler/F1pVvjjt">pcc</a> augmenting <a href="/facts/Dennis_Ritchie/I1yu1UWU">Dennis Ritchie</a>'s C compiler.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> Adds <a href="/facts/Advanced_Debugger/Dl49m1Th">adb</a>, <a href="/facts/At_(command)/DRx3Fyav">at</a>, <a href="/facts/Awk/lAQ0leyj">awk</a>, <a href="/facts/Banner_(Unix)/DtlghAva">banner</a>, <a href="/facts/Basename/EwoA4aB3">basename</a>, cu, <a href="/facts/Diff3/Hxq5N54e">diff3</a>, <a href="/facts/Expr/QCIoHt60">expr</a>, <a href="/facts/F77/m1KqjcMU">f77</a>, <a href="/facts/Factor_(Unix)/WK4tEevN">factor</a>, <a href="/facts/Fortune_(Unix)/CW9WuQ5U">fortune</a>, <a href="/facts/Iostat/Lpg4ETYt">iostat</a>, <a href="/facts/Join_(Unix)/bI2dS0dJ">join</a>, <a href="/facts/Lex_(software)/elaAUUIz">lex</a>, <a href="/facts/Lint_(software)/Yjg4pfM5">lint</a>, look, <a href="/facts/M4_(computer_language)/Q4gX4ske">m4</a>, <a href="/facts/Make_(software)/5q1DQ4ot">make</a>, rev, <a href="/facts/Sed/0WIHgA3S">sed</a>, tabs, <a href="/facts/Tail_(Unix)/g6xRo1nd">tail</a>, <a href="/facts/Tar_(computing)/DCJ37j3d">tar</a>, <a href="/facts/Test_(Unix)/r7uIjBmz">test</a>, <a href="/facts/Touch_(command)/3yXqX9Aa">touch</a>, <a href="/facts/True_(Unix)/ju0HALI8">true</a>, <a href="/facts/False_(Unix)/ju0HALI8">false</a>, <a href="/facts/Tsort/TIkWzlnn">tsort</a>, <a href="/facts/Uucp/dQ055F7b">uucp</a>, <a href="/facts/Uux/dQ055F7b">uux</a>. The ancestor of <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_III/nkoNsbM6">UNIX System III</a> and the last release of Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged most of the utilities of <a href="/facts/PWB%2fUNIX/jXR0LT4j">PWB/UNIX</a> with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80% more lines of code than V6. Ported to <a href="/facts/PDP-11/9HkGUzFn">PDP-11</a>, <a href="/facts/Interdata_8%2f32/RSEFj02y">Interdata 8/32</a> and <a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a> (<a href="/facts/UNIX%2f32V/hKyF5cqS">UNIX/32V</a>). 32V was the basis for <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Software_Distribution/XQKcURrh">3BSD</a>.</td></tr><tr><td>8th Edition</td><td>Feb 1985</td><td>A modified 4.1cBSD for the <a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a>, with a <a href="/facts/UNIX_System_V/Epm6GEY4">System V</a> shell and <a href="/facts/Berkeley_sockets/edRVDP8C">sockets</a> replaced by <a href="/facts/STREAMS/MWSDgwBL">Streams</a>. Used internally, and only licensed for educational use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Adds <a href="/facts/Berkeley_DB/lWwNrclz">Berkeley DB</a>, <a href="/facts/Curses_(programming_library)/IdMt3bH8">curses</a>(3), <a href="/facts/Cflow/7JefaA3B">cflow</a>, <a href="/facts/Clear_(Unix)/dFMsSbpT">clear</a>, <a href="/facts/Compress/RLSgGNUX">compress</a>, <a href="/facts/Cpio/ylj9ArS3">cpio</a>, <a href="/facts/C_shell/8XRuIg0K">csh</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Cut_(Unix)/M9qXNlAB">cut</a>, <a href="/facts/KornShell/MMp8fQ4A">ksh</a>, <a href="/facts/Last_(Unix)/f6Im5epU">last</a>, <a href="/facts/Netstat/h2lAhfA5">netstat</a>, netnews, <a href="/facts/Seq_(Unix)/jlRuc5t9">seq</a>, <a href="/facts/Telnet/hxT0e85h">telnet</a>, tset, ul, <a href="/facts/Vi_(text_editor)/d8G1PkDh">vi</a>, <a href="/facts/Vmstat/hsCtzyLN">vmstat</a>. The <a href="/facts/Blit_(computer_terminal)/zWf3htCY">Blit</a> graphics terminal became the primary user interface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Includes <a href="/facts/Lisp_(programming_language)/xJHA3CrX">Lisp</a>, <a href="/facts/Pascal_(programming_language)/b3yvp8bF">Pascal</a> and <a href="/facts/ALTRAN/9LHy2TzS">Altran</a>. Added a <a href="/facts/Distributed_file_system/Bz61f7Ce">network file system</a> that allowed accessing remote computers' files as /n/<i>hostname</i>/<i>path</i>, and a regular expression library that introduced an API later mimicked by <a href="/facts/Henry_Spencer/09QFAchc">Henry Spencer</a>'s reimplementation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> First version with no assembly in the documentation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>9th Edition</td><td>Sep 1986</td><td>Incorporated code from 4.3BSD; used internally. Featured a generalized version of the <a href="/facts/STREAMS/MWSDgwBL">Streams</a> <a href="/facts/Interprocess_communication/cIQYyT6y">IPC</a> mechanism introduced in V8. The mount system call was extended to connect a stream to a file, the other end of which could be connected to a (user-level) program. This mechanism was used to implement network connection code in user space.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Other innovations include <a href="/facts/Sam_(text_editor)/8pGp7GIx">Sam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> According to Dennis Ritchie, V9 and V10 were "conceptual": manuals existed, but no OS distributions "in complete and coherent form".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>10th Edition</td><td>Oct 1989</td><td>Last Research Unix. Although the manual was published outside of AT&T by Saunders College Publishing,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> there was no full distribution of the system itself.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Novelties included graphics <a href="/facts/Typesetting/CsKmfY0t">typesetting</a> tools designed to work with <a href="/facts/Troff/NtPk6T03">troff</a>, a <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> <a href="/facts/Interpreter_(computing)/JB85fbyb">interpreter</a>, animation programs, and several tools later found in Plan 9: the <a href="/facts/Mk_(software)/5q1DQ4ot">Mk</a> build tool and the <a href="/facts/Rc_(Unix_shell)/T5K22UcR">rc shell</a>. V10 was also the basis for <a href="/facts/Doug_McIlroy/6WowR6Lr">Doug McIlroy</a> and James A. Reeds' <a href="/facts/Multilevel_security/yyCAmDEP">multilevel-secure</a> operating system IX.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs/pQjPlS7w">Plan 9</a> 1st Edition</td><td>1992</td><td>Plan 9 was a successor operating system to Research Unix developed by Bell Laboratories Computing Science Research Center (CSRC).</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Inferno_(operating_system)/baKPoWRU">Inferno</a> Release 1.0</td><td>1997</td><td>Inferno is a descendant of Plan 9, and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel, particularly around devices and the Styx/9P2000 protocol. It shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the Unix philosophy.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="legacy">Legacy</h2> <p>In 2002, <a href="/facts/Caldera_International/eWvSmghv">Caldera International</a> released<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Unix V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, <a href="/facts/Version_6_Unix/ev0YCVb4">V6</a>, <a href="/facts/Version_7_Unix/ju5nRs7k">V7</a> on <a href="/facts/PDP-11/9HkGUzFn">PDP-11</a> and Unix 32V on <a href="/facts/VAX/N3r13IHH">VAX</a> as <a href="/facts/Free_and_open_source_software/1cHtjLCB">FOSS</a> under a <a href="/facts/Permissive_license/TFoufrub">permissive</a> <a href="/facts/BSD-license/XLtmLp5x">BSD-like</a> <a href="/facts/Software_license/7enfIqhL">software license</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/facts/The_Unix_Heritage_Society/PAqr4uUA">The Unix Heritage Society</a> and <a href="/facts/Alcatel-Lucent/X0rLGYr7">Alcatel-Lucent</a> USA Inc., on behalf of itself and <a href="/facts/Nokia/bCleFoF4">Nokia</a> <a href="/facts/Bell_Laboratories/fKP5Gk0H">Bell Laboratories</a>, released V8, V9, and V10 under the condition that only non-commercial use was allowed, and that they would not assert copyright claims against such use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ancient_UNIX/PAqr4uUA">Ancient UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/History_of_Unix/TNaH2xxb">History of Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lions%2527_Commentary_on_UNIX_6th_Edition%2c_with_Source_Code/NnKKTM0T">Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/PWB%2fUNIX/jXR0LT4j">PWB/UNIX</a> - A version of Unix for internal use at Bell Labs for production use</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Research Unix. <ul><li><a href="http://www.collyer.net/who/geoff/history.html">UNIX Evolution</a> (<a href="http://www.collyer.net/who/geoff/history.ps">PostScript</a>) by Ian F. Darwin and <a href="/facts/Geoff_Collyer/o726nGN1">Geoffrey Collyer</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.tuhs.org/">Unix heritage</a> - More links and source code for some Research Unix versions</li> <li><a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.html">The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System</a> by <a href="/facts/Dennis_M._Ritchie/I1yu1UWU">Dennis M. Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix09/tech/full_papers/toomey/toomey.pdf">The Restoration of Early UNIX Artifacts</a> by Warren Toomey, School of IT, Bond University</li> <li><a href="http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/">Full Manual Pages documentation for Research Unix 8th Edition</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/comp.unix.wizards/9iC6Z3LboDA/AVjXvtLxpcMJ">List of new features in Research Unix 9th Edition</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/ambiamber/Run-UNIX-v9">Emulator for running UNIX v9</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ritchie, Dennis (26 October 2000). "alt.folklore.computers: BSD (Dennis Ritchie)". Retrieved 3 July 2014. <a href="http://yarchive.net/comp/bsd.html" target="_blank">http://yarchive.net/comp/bsd.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Thompson, Ken; Ritchie, Dennis M. (June 12, 1972). UNIX Programmer's Manual, Second Edition (PDF). Bell Telephone Laboratories. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034736/http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034736/http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Thompson, Ken; Ritchie, Dennis M. (June 12, 1972). UNIX Programmer's Manual, Second Edition (PDF). Bell Telephone Laboratories. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-06. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034736/http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034736/http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/UnixArchive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/1972_stuff/unix_2nd_edition_manual.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ritchie, D. M.; Thompson, K. (1974). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System". Communications of the ACM. 17 (7): 365–375. doi:10.1145/361011.361061. S2CID 53235982. <a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.html" target="_blank">https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/cacm.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Ritchie, Dennis (27 June 2003). "[TUHS] Re: V7 UNIX on VAX 11/750". minnie.tuhs.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 9 April 2014. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" target="_blank">/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"csh". The Unix Heritage Society. n.d. Retrieved December 19, 2022. <a href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V8/usr/src/cmd/csh" target="_blank">https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V8/usr/src/cmd/csh</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Spencer, Henry (1986-01-19). "regexp(3)". Newsgroup: mod.sources. Usenet: 1316@panda.UUCP. Retrieved 9 January 2013. <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/mod.sources/OqVZYQNSmDs/G_T2jHu5QI8J" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/forum/#!original/mod.sources/OqVZYQNSmDs/G_T2jHu5QI8J</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Presotto, David L.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1990). "Interprocess Communication in the Ninth Edition Unix System". Software: Practice and Experience. 19. <a href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/ipcpaper.html" target="_blank">https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/ipcpaper.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" target="_blank">/wiki/Doug_McIlroy</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Ritchie, Dennis (27 June 2003). "[TUHS] Re: V7 UNIX on VAX 11/750". minnie.tuhs.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 9 April 2014. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" target="_blank">/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"Unix Tenth Edition Manual". Bell Labs. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203070035/http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150203070035/http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Ritchie, Dennis (27 June 2003). "[TUHS] Re: V7 UNIX on VAX 11/750". minnie.tuhs.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05. Retrieved 9 April 2014. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" target="_blank">/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"The IX Multilevel-Secure UNIX System". <a href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/IX/" target="_blank">http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/IX/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Caldera releases original unices under BSD license on slashdot.org (2002) <a href="http://slashdot.org/articles/02/01/24/0146248.shtml" target="_blank">http://slashdot.org/articles/02/01/24/0146248.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"UNIX is free!". lemis.com. 2002-01-24. <a href="http://www.lemis.com/grog/UNIX/" target="_blank">http://www.lemis.com/grog/UNIX/</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Broderick, Bill (January 23, 2002). "Dear Unix enthusiasts" (PDF). Caldera International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219220353/http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Caldera-license.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090219220353/http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Caldera-license.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Darwin, Ian F. (2002-02-03). "Why Caldera Released Unix: A Brief History". Linuxdevcenter. O'Reilly Media. Archived from the original on 2004-06-01. Retrieved 2022-01-18. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040601025000/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2002/02/28/caldera.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040601025000/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2002/02/28/caldera.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Chirgwin, Richard (30 March 2017). "Samizdat no more: Old Unix source code opened for study". The Register. <a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/30/old_unix_source_code_opened_for_study/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/03/30/old_unix_source_code_opened_for_study/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>