Intelligent computer-assisted language learning

<h2 id="history">History</h2>
ICALL developed from the field of <a href="/facts/Computer-assisted_language_learning/Hm30fEyI">Computer Assisted Language Learning</a> (CALL) in the late 1970s<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> and early 1980s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> ICALL is a smaller field, and not yet fully formed. 
Following the pattern of most language learning technologies, <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> is a prominent language featured in ICALL technology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> ICALL programs have also been developed in languages such as <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> <a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> <a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a> <a href="/facts/Mandarin_Chinese/yxvDg67C">Mandarin Chinese</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> and <a href="/facts/Arabic/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> ICALL systems are also contributing to the learning of languages that are not as accessible to learn (due to a lesser amount of language resources), or less commonly learned languages, such as <a href="/facts/Cree_language/MJnRxAHY">Cree</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> 

<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
Intelligent CALL is sometimes called parser-based CALL, due to the heavy reliance that ICALL has on <a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">parsing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> An example of the function of parsing in an ICALL software is a parser detecting errors in the syntax and morphology of sentences freely generated by student users. After using parsing to find any errors, ICALL can provide <a href="/facts/Corrective_feedback/2u2HrHMA">corrective feedback</a> to students.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> <a href="/facts/Natural_language_processing/1hjMKsSN">Parsing</a> is considered a task of natural language processing. 
The ability for students to receive feedback on random, uniquely produced sentences places ICALL in a more engaging teacher role. If students are struggling in certain areas, some ICALL systems will invent new sentences or questions in those areas, giving students more practice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> Basically, ICALL is meant to intelligently adapt to student learning needs as a student progresses; this often means (partially or wholly) fulfilling a tutor or teacher role.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Programs that attempt to fulfill this role are categorized as tutorial ICALL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a>
Non-tutorial ICALL systems include various language tools and <a href="/facts/Dialogue_system/gbMVkBVf">dialogue systems</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> such as a digital <a href="/facts/Interlocutor_(linguistics)/2CHEJ0ft">interlocutor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a> Programs for automatically evaluating student-written essays have also been invented,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> such as the <a href="https://www.ets.org/erater">E-rater</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a>

<h2 id="limitations">Limitations</h2>
ICALL technology still has many issues and limitations, due to the recency of artificial intelligence being integrated into CALL systems, and the complexity of this enormous task.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> Artificially intelligent educational software should do its best to encompass the linguistic knowledge and pedagogy of a language teacher in order to resolve these issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> This includes tracking student learning, giving feedback, creating new challenging material in response to student needs, understanding effective teaching strategies, and detecting linguistic errors (grammar, spelling, semantics, morphology, and so on).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> 
Additionally, ICALL systems take a long time to develop, and developers must consult professionals in many disciplines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Programming ICALL software is a necessarily multi-disciplinary project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
Further research and development in ICALL will benefit the fields of <a href="/facts/Applied_linguistics/UYWLCecs">applied linguistics</a>, <a href="/facts/Computational_linguistics/XmegJ6LC">computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/facts/Educational_technology/5lf2A2Vj">educational technology</a>, to name a few. ICALL will also expand current knowledge about <a href="/facts/Second-language_acquisition/lkMLQsur">second language acquisition</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> Despite its limitations, ICALL is a worthwhile field, especially as technology progresses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Computer-assisted_language_learning/Hm30fEyI">Computer Assisted Language Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Educational_technology/5lf2A2Vj">Educational technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Intelligent_tutoring_system/DsaIre48">Intelligent tutoring systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Language_acquisition/bwdh0CVG">Language acquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Language_education/MQb6Iu8q">Language education</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Natural_language_processing/1hjMKsSN">Natural language processing</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Second-language_acquisition/lkMLQsur">Second language acquisition</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Thomas, Michael, 1969-, Reinders, Hayo., Warschauer, Mark. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4411-1300-9. OCLC 820029337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-4411-1300-9" target="_blank">978-1-4411-1300-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Gamper, Johann; Knapp, Judith (2002). "A Review of Intelligent CALL Systems". Computer Assisted Language Learning. 15 (4): 329–342. doi:10.1076/call.15.4.329.8270. ISSN 0958-8221. S2CID 11814439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Gamper, Johann; Knapp, Judith (2002). "A Review of Intelligent CALL Systems". Computer Assisted Language Learning. 15 (4): 329–342. doi:10.1076/call.15.4.329.8270. ISSN 0958-8221. S2CID 11814439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Bontogon, Megan; Arppe, Antti; Antonsen, Lene; Thunder, Dorothy; Lachler, Jordan (2018). "Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) for nêhiyawêwin : An In-Depth User-Experience Evaluation". Canadian Modern Language Review. 74 (3): 337–362. doi:10.3138/cmlr.4054. ISSN 0008-4506. S2CID 149711542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Sentance, Susan (1993). Recognising and responding to English article usage errors : an ICALL based approach. ed.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/20176. OCLC 605993412. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.661745.
 <a href="/wiki/Sue_Sentance" target="_blank">/wiki/Sue_Sentance</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Matthews, Clive (1993). "Grammar Frameworks in Intelligent CALL". CALICO Journal. 11 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1558/cj.v11i1.5-27. S2CID 60842088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Matthews, Clive (1993). "Grammar Frameworks in Intelligent CALL". CALICO Journal. 11 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1558/cj.v11i1.5-27. S2CID 60842088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Thomas, Michael, 1969-, Reinders, Hayo., Warschauer, Mark. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4411-1300-9. OCLC 820029337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-4411-1300-9" target="_blank">978-1-4411-1300-9</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Shaalan 1, Khaled F (2005). "An Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning System for Arabic Learners". Computer Assisted Language Learning. 18 (1–2): 81–109. doi:10.1080/09588220500132399. ISSN 0958-8221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Chen, Nancy F.; Wee, Darren; Tong, Rong; Ma, Bin; Li, Haizhou (2016-11-01). "Large-scale characterization of non-native Mandarin Chinese spoken by speakers of European origin: Analysis on iCALL". Speech Communication. 84: 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.specom.2016.07.005. ISSN 0167-6393. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.specom.2016.07.005" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.specom.2016.07.005</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Shaalan 1, Khaled F (2005). "An Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning System for Arabic Learners". Computer Assisted Language Learning. 18 (1–2): 81–109. doi:10.1080/09588220500132399. ISSN 0958-8221.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Bontogon, Megan; Arppe, Antti; Antonsen, Lene; Thunder, Dorothy; Lachler, Jordan (2018). "Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) for nêhiyawêwin : An In-Depth User-Experience Evaluation". Canadian Modern Language Review. 74 (3): 337–362. doi:10.3138/cmlr.4054. ISSN 0008-4506. S2CID 149711542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Bailin, Alan; Levin, Lori (1989). "Introduction: Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Instruction". Computers and the Humanities. 23 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1007/BF00058765. ISSN 0010-4817. JSTOR 30204410. S2CID 64307424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Thomas, Michael, 1969-, Reinders, Hayo., Warschauer, Mark. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4411-1300-9. OCLC 820029337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-4411-1300-9" target="_blank">978-1-4411-1300-9</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Thomas, Michael, 1969-, Reinders, Hayo., Warschauer, Mark. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4411-1300-9. OCLC 820029337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-4411-1300-9" target="_blank">978-1-4411-1300-9</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Gamper, Johann; Knapp, Judith (2002). "A Review of Intelligent CALL Systems". Computer Assisted Language Learning. 15 (4): 329–342. doi:10.1076/call.15.4.329.8270. ISSN 0958-8221. S2CID 11814439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Attali, Yigal; Burstein, Jill (2006-02-01). "Automated Essay Scoring With e-rater® V.2". The Journal of Technology, Learning and Assessment. 4 (3). ISSN 1540-2525. <a href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jtla/article/view/1650" target="_blank">https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jtla/article/view/1650</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Contemporary computer-assisted language learning. Thomas, Michael, 1969-, Reinders, Hayo., Warschauer, Mark. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4411-1300-9. OCLC 820029337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="978-1-4411-1300-9" target="_blank">978-1-4411-1300-9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Bailin, Alan; Levin, Lori (1989). "Introduction: Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Instruction". Computers and the Humanities. 23 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1007/BF00058765. ISSN 0010-4817. JSTOR 30204410. S2CID 64307424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Bailin, Alan; Levin, Lori (1989). "Introduction: Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Instruction". Computers and the Humanities. 23 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1007/BF00058765. ISSN 0010-4817. JSTOR 30204410. S2CID 64307424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Bailin, Alan; Levin, Lori (1989). "Introduction: Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Instruction". Computers and the Humanities. 23 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1007/BF00058765. ISSN 0010-4817. JSTOR 30204410. S2CID 64307424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Heift, Trude. (2007). Errors and intelligence in computer-assisted language learning : parsers and pedagogues. Schulze, Mathias, 1962-. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-01221-5. OCLC 191541349. <a href="978-0-203-01221-5" target="_blank">978-0-203-01221-5</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Höhn, Sviatlana (2019-06-21). Artificial companion for second language conversation : chatbots support practice using conversation analysis. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-15504-9. OCLC 1105896323.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-3-030-15504-9" target="_blank">978-3-030-15504-9</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Intelligent computer-assisted language learning open-in-new

Intelligent computer-assisted language learning